Parental Assessment Research Articles

Multidimensional assessment of infant, parent and staff outcomes during a family centered care enhancement project in a tertiary neonatal intensive care unit: study protocol of a longitudinal cohort study

BackgroundThe therapeutic advances and progress in the care for preterm infants have enabled the regular survival of very immature infants. However, the high burden of lifelong sequelae following premature delivery constitutes an ongoing challenge. Regardless of premature delivery, parental mental health and a healthy parent–child relationship were identified as essential prerogatives for normal infant development. Family centered care (FCC) supports preterm infants and their families by respecting the particular developmental, social and emotional needs in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit. Due to the large variations in concepts and goals of different FCC initiatives, scientific data on the benefits of FCC for the infant and family outcome are sparse and its effects on the clinical team need to be elaborated.MethodsThis prospective single centre longitudinal cohort study enrols preterm infants ≤ 32 + 0 weeks of gestation and/or birthweight ≤ 1500 g and their parents at the neonatal department of the Giessen University Hospital, Giessen, Germany. Following a baseline period, the rollout of additional FCC elements is executed following a stepwise 6-months approach that covers the NICU environment, staff training, parental education and psychosocial support for parents. Recruitment is scheduled over a 5.5. year period from October 2020 to March 2026. The primary outcome is corrected gestational age at discharge. Secondary infant outcomes include neonatal morbidities, growth, and psychomotor development up to 24 months. Parental outcome measures are directed towards parental skills and satisfaction, parent-infant-interaction and mental health. Staff issues are elaborated with particular focus on the item workplace satisfaction. Quality improvement steps are monitored using the Plan- Do- Study- Act cycle method and outcome measures cover the infant, the parents and the medical team. The parallel data collection enables to study the interrelation between these three important areas of research. Sample size calculation was based on the primary outcome.DiscussionIt is scientifically impossible to allocate improvements in outcome measures to individual enhancement steps of FCC that constitutes a continuous change in NICU culture and attitudes covering diverse areas of change. Therefore, our trial is designed to allocate childhood, parental and staff outcome measures during the stepwise changes introduced by a FCC intervention program.Trial registrationClinicaltrials.gov, trial registration number NCT05286983, date of registration 03/18/2022, retrospectively registered, http://clinicaltrials.gov.

Malay Version of Asthma Knowledge Questionnaire: A Validation and Reliability Study

Introduction: The Asthma Knowledge Questionnaire developed by C. Rodriguez Martinez in 2005 was proved to be a valid instrument for asthma knowledge assessment for parents of children with asthma. 17 items were included in the questionnaire including their myths and beliefs, knowledge, and associated aspects. The objective of this study is to analyse the validity and reliability of the Malay version of the questionnaire. Methods: Forward-Backward translation method was used by language experts to obtain the Malay version of the questionnaire. The questionnaire was then given to twenty respondents at the Paediatric Institute Hospital Kuala Lumpur to ensure the clarity and relevance of the questionnaire as a pilot study. Subsequently, 60 respondents who fulfilled the inclusion and exclusion criteria were selected to proceed with the reliability test of the Malay version questionnaire. The results were analysed with SPSS version 26.0. The reliability and internal consistency were confirmed by intra-class correlation and Cronbach’s alpha coefficient. Results: There were 60 respondents to the questionnaire consisting of parents and caretaker who has child with asthma at the Institute of Paediatric Hospital Kuala Lumpur. The mean age of respondents was 34 ± 7.5year old. 91.7% of the respondents were female. The overall Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of the questionnaire was 0.84. Conclusion: The Malay version of the Asthma Knowledge Questionnaire has a good degree of validity, reliability and is culturally acceptable equivalent to the original version.

Mental health and health behaviors of parents of survivors of childhood cancer in the early COVID-19 pandemic: Exploring the role of intolerance of uncertainty

Abstract Introduction: Parents of survivors of childhood cancer may be particularly vulnerable to the experience of poor mental health amid the COVID-19 pandemic. This study aimed to (1) describe the mental health of parents of childhood cancer survivors; (2) explore the role of intolerance of uncertainty (IU) in mental health; and (3) explore the associations of parent mental health and health behaviors with IU. Methods: A cross-sectional, quantitative assessment of parents of survivors of childhood cancer (younger than 18 years) was conducted between May and June 2020. Participants completed an online questionnaire regarding their mental health (PROMIS anxiety, depression), IU (Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale), and health behaviors. Recruitment was conducted through social media and community organizations using convenience and snowball sampling. Results: Seventy-two participants from 6 countries completed the study (99% mothers, mean age of survivors = 11.4 years). Fifty percent of participants reported that their mental health had declined since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, whereas 46% reported their mental health did not change. More than half of the participants (56%) reported decreased physical activity and 38% reported increased alcohol use. Exploring associations of parent mental health and health behaviors with IU, parent depression, and hours of exercise emerged as significant predictors (B = 3.62, P < .01; B = –1.58, P < .01, respectively), whereby higher depression and less exercise was associated with higher IU. Conclusions: At the height of the COVID-19 global pandemic, some parents of survivors of childhood cancer experienced poor mental health. IU plays a significant role in mental health outcomes, but this does not translate to health behaviors.

Development and Validation of the Parental Expectations Scale (PES) in Parents From Romania

Abstract: Social cognitive models of parenting consider the role of unrealistic parental expectations (UE) regarding children’s abilities and behaviors as antecedents to the occurrence of child abuse. However, existing self-report measures of UE yield inconsistent results, often failing to differentiate aggressive and non-aggressive parents, raising questions about their validity and utility in understanding maladaptive parenting. To address these concerns, we developed and tested a new measure of parental UE in two samples of parents. The first sample ( N = 179) was used to test the initial structure of the scale, while the second sample ( N = 249) was used to replicate the structure and examine the concurrent validity, criterion validity, and internal consistency of the new measure. The final scale demonstrated adequate internal consistency, criterion, and concurrent validity. More unrealistic expectations predicted unique variance in parental negative behavior after controlling for other related variables. The current study provides preliminary evidence for the reliability and validity of the Parental Expectations Scale (PES), discussing its utility in the clinical assessment of parents at risk for child abuse and in tailoring parenting interventions.

Personality Development and Behavior in Adolescence: Characteristics and Dimensions

This article aims to present the specifics and characteristics of personality development during adolescence in light of the family’s influence on the adolescent’s self-esteem, self-perception, and behavior. Self-concept holds a particular importance in an individual’s psychological and social development and expression. Self-concept contributes to an individual’s communication, personal confidence, and independence. The objectives of the article are as follows: to trace some basic aspects of the influence of family on personality and its formation; to present concrete empirical dimensions of the Self-concept of students in a Bulgarian environment as well as their relationships with their parents; to show whether there are differences among the main ethnic groups in terms of their Self-concept and parental influence. The empirical analysis of the article is based on research conducted with secondary school students in 2018 within the framework of the “Modern Bulgarian Education: Status and Deficits” project, of which there were 130 Bulgarian, 70 Turk, and 70 Roma students aged 14–16 and of both sexes. The students were randomly selected from several Bulgarian secondary schools. To establish Self-images and the formation of various qualities, we used a method highlighting the types of personality tests used to register Self-concept profiles, including various personal qualities in different areas of personality expression. Students rate the qualities as real and as their desire to possess them on a five-degree scale from “1”—I do not possess at all to “5”—I completely possess the corresponding quality. The survey results showed that young people to a large extent tend to strive for the construction of their Self-image as open to sociability, contacts, and communication to attain affirmation among peers and autonomy. The article also analyzes assessments of parents’ involvement in children’s lives as well as the importance of family as a value. The main conclusion of the article is that upbringing in the family is key to the development of a child’s Self-concept and success, the value structure and emotional state, as well as overall personal activity.

Behavioral outcomes and exposure to perfluoroalkyl substances among children aged 6–13 years: The TEDDY child study

BackgroundAlthough some studies report that exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) during pregnancy and early life stages of a child could adversely impact neurodevelopment, literature shows mixed evidence. ObjectivesUsing an ecological framework for human development, we assessed the association of risk factors for environmental PFAS exposure and childhood PFAS concentrations with behavioral difficulties among school-age children exposed to PFAS from birth, while also controlling for the important influence of the parenting and familial environment. MethodsThe study participants included 331 school-age children (6–13 years) born in a PFAS-contaminated area in the Veneto Region (Italy). We study the associations between environmental risk factors of maternal PFAS exposure (residential time, consumption of tap water, residence in Red zone A or B), and breastfeeding duration with parent assessments of children's behavioral problems (using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire [SDQ]), adjusting for socio-demographic, parenting and familial variables. The direct relationships between serum blood PFAS concentrations and SDQ scores was evaluated in a subset of children (n = 79), both with single PFAS and weighted quantile sum (WQS) regressions. ResultsPoisson regression models reported positive associations between high consumption of tap water and externalizing SDQ scores (Incidence Rate Ratio [IRR]: 1.18; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.04–1.32) and total difficulty scores (IRR: 1.14; 95% CI: 1.02–1.26). Childhood perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS) were associated with higher internalizing SDQ scores (4th vs. 1st quartile, PFOS IRR: 1.54, 95% CI: 1.06–2.25), externalizing scores (4th vs. 1st quartile, PFHxS IRR: 1.59, 95% CI: 1.09–2.32), and total difficulty scores (4th vs. 1st quartile, PFOS IRR: 1.37, 95% CI: 1.05–1.71; PFHxS IRR: 1.54, 95% CI: 1.09–1.90). The WQS regressions confirmed the associations reported by single-PFAS analyses. ConclusionsWe observed cross-sectional associations of tap water consumption and childhood PFOS, and PFHxS concentrations with greater behavioral difficulties.

Quantitative Assessment of Parent and Patient Preferences

Quantitative Assessment of Parent and Patient Preferences

Parent Gender and Assessment of Children's Health.

Caregiver-reported data on children's health are typically provided by mothers. We investigated whether measures of children's health would significantly differ between mother and father respondents to a nationally representative survey. This study used de-identified data on children age 0 to 17 years from the 2016-2019 National Survey of Children's Health (NSCH). The primary exposure was whether the survey was completed by the child's father (cases) or mother (controls). Outcome variables included general health, special health care needs (SHCN), and unmet health care needs. We identified 85 191 children meeting inclusion criteria, of whom 35.1% had a father respondent. After propensity score matching, 27 738 children with a father respondent were matched to an equal size group of children with a mother respondent. On conditional logistic regression analysis of the matched sample, we found that poor health, SHCN, and unmet health care needs were less likely to be reported for children in the sample by father respondents.

Objective and subjective barriers to the effective pediatric iron deficiency anemia control: results of questionnaire assessment of pediatricians and parents

Background. Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) remains a pressing pediatric issue to date. Despite the availability of clinical guidelines and other publications that highlight the objective causes for the lack of effectiveness of treatment and prevention of IDA in children, the subjective reasons are unrenowned.Objective. The aim of the study is to evaluate health beliefs of pediatricians and parents on the problem of anemia in children to investigation into the objective and subjective causes for inadequate control of iron deficiency conditions in childhood.Materials and methods. In September 2022, single-step parallel survey of pediatricians and parents on the problem of IDA in children was conducted by random sampling technique using original questionnaires. The questions were formulated on five topics and related to a common understanding of the term “anemia”; priority reference sources; availability of diagnosis of IDA in medical institutions (MI); the position of pediatricians and parents on the treatment and prevention of IDA in children. Based on the results, the main subjective and objective barriers to the control of IDA in children are identified. The χ2 method was used for the comparative evaluation of the responses. The differences were considered significant at statistical significance of p < 0.05.Results. Pediatricians (n = 81) and parents (n = 363) from 23 members of the Russian Federation took the survey. Among the objective barriers to the IDA control in children, the low availability of serum ferritin in MI, difficulties of venous access in children, a shortage of a range of iron preparations for children on Russian market were revealed. The subjective barriers were the skepticism of pediatricians and parents about the necessity for conservative prevention of IDA; poor knowledge of the criteria for diagnosis IDA and completion of IDA therapy by pediatricians; insufficient independence and selectivity of pediatricians when prescribing iron preparations; orientation of the majority of parents (93.7%) to the opinion of doctors, along with the actual rarity of full-fledged conversations with a pediatrician (16.3%).Conclusion. The main limitation of this study was the random sample method inclusion of respondents due to the impossibility of conducting a full-fledged population study. Elimination of the revealed subjective and objective factors can contribute to improving the detection of IDA in children, early appointment and higher effectiveness of treatment, reducing the frequency of disease recurrences, as well as increasing the confidence of parents in pediatricians.

THE USE OF MOTHER TONGUE BASED-BILINGUAL EDUCATION THROUGH MODULAR TEACHING: PARENTS’ ASSESSMENT ON ITS EFFECTIVENESS TO CHILDREN’S EDUCATION

This study was conducted to determine the assessment of parents on the effectiveness of using the Mother Tongue Based-Bilingual Education through modular teaching in the areas of self-reading of learners on module lessons and activities, oral instruction comprehension of learners, and comprehension of learners on written test instruction and their challenges encountered. Quota sampling was used. The study was conducted on 250 parents whose children are enrolled in grade 1 for the school year 2021-2022 in the six schools of Midsayap Central District. The parents agreed that MTB in modular teaching is effective in the areas of self-reading of module lessons and activities, oral instruction comprehension of learners, and understanding of learners on written test instruction. Regardless of age, sex, tribe, religion, or academic ability, parents agreed that MTB worked well in modular teaching. However, the parents assessment of MTBs effectiveness in modular teaching differs when grouped according to educational attainment in the area of learners comprehension on written test instruction. The parents perception on the effectiveness in the three areas employing Mother Tongue Based-Bilingual Education is significantly related to parents challenges. The delivery of appropriate learning to the learners is hindered by lack of strategies to strengthen their speaking and understanding abilities in their mother tongue, limited knowledge and skills in teaching, and insufficient sources of information.

10 Year Longitudinal Evaluation of the Spilstead Model of Milieu Intervention.

Although international research has defined best-practice intervention for children from vulnerable families as integrated and comprehensive, limited implementation and longitudinal evaluation of this approach has been conducted. The Spilstead Model (SM) of early years milieu intervention provides a uniquely integrated one stop shop model of care incorporating a comprehensive range of best-practice programs within a trauma-informed approach. Results from an initial evaluation involving 23 families (mean child age 3.7 years) indicated large effect size improvements 12 months post entry in family functioning as well as child development and emotional wellbeing (ES 0.8 -1.46, p < 0.001). This study aimed to evaluate the sustainability of these outcomes for both children and families via follow-up of the initial study co-hort 10 years post the initial evaluation. The study targeted families who participated in the original evaluation. Clinician and parent-rated adolescent measures paralleled the original assessments of parent, child and family functioning. Qualitative evaluation was also conducted via a semi-structured interview with parents.83% of the original sample participated. Mean youth age was 13.2 years. Results indicated sustained improvements in parent-child relationship, child-wellbeing and reduction of parent stress with large effect size (1.14 - 1.92 p < 0.001). On average 73% of the adolescents scored within the normal range on each measure of functioning. Few had repeated school grades or been suspended. None had been arrested. Emerging themes from the qualitative evaluation confirmed the value of the integrated model. The results further support the value of the one stop shop Spilstead Model and have the potential to inform international policy and practice.

Exploring the Acceptability, Feasibility, and Effectiveness of a Digital Parenting Program to Improve Parental Well-being After the Christchurch Earthquakes: Cluster-Randomized Trial.

Up to 6 years after the 2011 Christchurch earthquakes, approximately one-third of parents in the Christchurch region reported difficulties managing the continuously high levels of distress their children were experiencing. In response, an app named Kākano was co-designed with parents to help them better support their children's mental health. The objective of this study was to evaluate the acceptability, feasibility, and effectiveness of Kākano, a mobile parenting app to increase parental confidence in supporting children struggling with their mental health. A cluster-randomized delayed access controlled trial was carried out in the Christchurch region between July 2019 and January 2020. Parents were recruited through schools and block randomized to receive immediate or delayed access to Kākano. Participants were given access to the Kākano app for 4 weeks and encouraged to use it weekly. Web-based pre- and postintervention measurements were undertaken. A total of 231 participants enrolled in the Kākano trial, with 205 (88.7%) participants completing baseline measures and being randomized (101 in the intervention group and 104 in the delayed access control group). Of these, 41 (20%) provided full outcome data, of which 19 (18.2%) were for delayed access and 21 (20.8%) were for the immediate Kākano intervention. Among those retained in the trial, there was a significant difference in the mean change between groups favoring Kākano in the brief parenting assessment (F1,39=7, P=.012) but not in the Short Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale (F1,39=2.9, P=.099), parenting self-efficacy (F1,39=0.1, P=.805), family cohesion (F1,39=0.4, P=.538), or parenting sense of confidence (F1,40=0.6, P=.457). Waitlisted participants who completed the app after the waitlist period showed similar trends for the outcome measures with significant changes in the brief assessment of parenting and the Short Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale. No relationship between the level of app usage and outcome was found. Although the app was designed with parents, the low rate of completion of the trial was disappointing. Kākano is an app co-designed with parents to help manage their children's mental health. There was a high rate of attrition, as is often seen in digital health interventions. However, for those who did complete the intervention, there was some indication of improved parental well-being and self-assessed parenting. Preliminary indications from this trial show that Kākano has promising acceptability, feasibility, and effectiveness, but further investigation is warranted. Australia New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry ACTRN12619001040156; https://www.anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=377824&isReview=true.

Validation of Parenting Your Baby and Parenting Your Toddler and Associations with Engagement in Parenting Intervention.

Infants and toddlers are dependent on supportive and nurturing parenting to promote optimal child development. Assessments of parenting can identify need for parenting intervention, however measures are needed that can predict whether parents reporting challenges will engage in intervention. We validated the Parenting Your Baby (PYB) and Parenting Your Toddler (PYT) parenting measures and examined associations with engagement in parenting intervention. Participants included 403 primary caregivers and their newborns from a multisite longitudinal randomized control trial of the Smart Beginnings (SB) parenting intervention across two urban cities. Caregivers completed the PYB (6 months) and PYT (18 and 24 months) and other self-report measures of parenting and infant and toddler temperament and social-emotional functioning for validation. Observed parenting (6, 18, and 24 months) was coded from observed caregiver-child interactions. Engagement in ongoing intervention (SB) was recorded across infancy and toddlerhood. Factor structure was adequate for the PYB and strong for the PYT. Both measures demonstrated reliability and validity across concurrent and future self-report and observed measures of parenting and caregiver-reported infant and toddler functioning. Parent-reported desire for change in parenting scores on the PYT at 18 months were associated with engagement in parenting intervention 18 through 30 months. The PYB and PYT are reliable and valid measures of the parenting of young children, though more work is needed on the factor structure of the PYB. An important direction for future research is to understand and support engagement in parenting intervention for those who report desire for change but do not engage.

Comparative Assessment of Parents’ Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices Regarding Caries Preventive Measures among Elementary School Students with Carious and Healthy Permanent Mandibular First Molars in Ahvaz City

Background and Objectives The first permanent molar teeth develop at the age of 6 to 7 and usually slowly and without concern in the posterior molar second molar. Accordingly, the present study aims to compare parents' knowledge and attitudes about prevention methods. Caries in two groups of primary school children with permanent and deadly molar teeth in Ahvaz city in 1397-98. Subjects and Methods This study was descriptive-analytic. The sample size was 214 children with permanent and impaired primary molars, and their parents were selected according to the formula and randomly. Data were collected by a researcher-made questionnaire. Then it was analyzed by SPSS20 software and descriptive and inferential statistics. Results Parents 'awareness of decay prevention methods in primary school children was very low in deciduous first molars and in children with normal molar teeth, there was a significant difference between parents' knowledge scores (P &lt;0.05). The mean of the answers to all the questions related to parents' attitude in primary school children with the first molars was 6 and in the group with the first molars was 4.99. Parents' performance in children with first molar teeth was desirable and in children with impacted first molar teeth was undesirable. Parental performance of the two groups was significantly different (P &lt;0.05). Conclusion According to the results, not only did parents increase their knowledge and attitudes toward oral health of their children, but also provided the necessary facilities for the implementation and performance of the learning.

Parental personality traits and emotion regulation: Its relationship with infants' socioemotional development during the perinatal period

Socioemotional development is central throughout life, and it unfolds in an interpersonal context in which each significant caregiver has an impact, particularly during infancy.However, only a relatively small number of studies have investigated associations between mothers and fathers' personality and emotional characteristics with their infant's socioemotional development during the perinatal period.Therefore, the present article examines the relationship between maternal and paternal personality traits and emotion regulation difficulties during the prenatal period with offspring's socioemotional development.This was a non-experimental and longitudinal study that included a community sample of 55 mother-father-baby triads. Parental assessments were carried out between the second and third trimester of pregnancy, and baby's socio-emotional development was assessed during their 2nd month after birth. Results evidenced differences between maternal and paternal personality traits and emotion regulation difficulties during the perinatal period as well as distinct contributions on infant's socioemotional development.

Transition Readiness in Youth with Inflammatory Bowel Disease

To examine readiness of adolescents and young adults (AYAs) with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) to transition to adult care. A cross-sectional multicenter study evaluating transition readiness in individuals with IBD 16-19 years old prospectively recruited from 8 Canadian IBD centers using the validated ON Taking Responsibility for Adolescent to Adult Care (ON TRAC) questionnaire. Secondary aims included (1) screening for depression and anxiety using the 8-item Personal Health Questionnaire Depression Scale and The Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders questionnaires, respectively; (2) evaluating the association between depression and anxiety with readiness and disease activity; and (3) subjectively evaluating AYA readiness based on physician and parent assessments. In total, 186 participants (139 adolescent, 47 young adult) were enrolled, mean age 17.4years (SD, 0.87). ON TRAC scores determined that 26.6% of AYAs at pediatric and 40.4% at adult centers reached the threshold of readiness. On multivariable linear regression analysis age was positively (P=.001) and disease remission negatively (P=.03) associated with ON TRAC scores. No statistically significant differences were determined across centers. A significant percentage of AYAs reported moderate-to-severe depression (21.7%) and generalized anxiety (36%); however, neither were significantly associated with ON TRAC scores. Notably, physician and parental assessment of AYA readiness correlated poorly with ON TRAC scores (⍴=0.11, ⍴=0.24, respectively). Assessment of transition readiness in AYAs with IBD highlighted that a large proportion do not have adequate knowledge or behavior skills needed for transition to adult care. This study infers that readiness assessment tools are essential during transition to identify deficits in knowledge and behavior skills that could be specifically targeted by the youth, caregivers, and multidisciplinary team.

Maternal executive function, authoritarian attitudes, and hostile attribution bias as interacting predictors of harsh parenting.

Executive function (EF) plays a key role in healthy development and human functioning across multiple domains, including socially, behaviorally, and in the self-regulation of cognition and emotion. Prior research has associated lower levels of maternal EF with harsher and more reactive parenting, and mothers' social cognitive attributes like authoritarian child-rearing attitudes and hostile attribution biases also contribute to harsh parenting practices. There have been few studies that explore the intersection of maternal EF and social cognitions. The present study addresses this gap by testing whether the relationship between individual differences in maternal EF and harsh parenting behaviors is statistically moderated separately by maternal authoritarian attitudes and hostile attribution bias. Participants were 156 mothers in a socioeconomically diverse sample. Multi-informant and multimethod assessments of harsh parenting and EF were utilized, and mothers self-reported on their child-rearing attitudes and attribution bias. Harsh parenting was negatively associated with maternal EF and hostile attribution bias. Authoritarian attitudes significantly interacted with EF (and the attribution bias interaction was marginally significant) in prediction of variance in harsh parenting behaviors. Commensurate with social information processing theory, EF and social cognitive attributes play critical and distinct roles in the causes of harsh caregiving practices. Findings elucidate that reforming parental social cognitions, in addition to targeting EF, may be effective prevention and intervention methods for yielding more positive parenting behaviors. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

PARENTS' PERCEPTIONS OF BOS FUNDING EDUCATION FINANCING IN SDN BASIRIH 1 BANJARMASIN

The purpose of this study was to determine parents' perceptions of education funding for boss funds at SDN Basirih 1 Banjarmasin. This type of research is qualitative research with a phenomenological approach. The data sources in this study are parents, principals, school committees and supervisors who are taken through interview and documentation techniques. The research instruments used in this study include researchers and interview guidelines. The analysis technique used is the technique of analyzing and interpreting research data using the Miles and Huberman analysis model through three stages, namely; data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawing. The results showed that parents' perceptions of BOS funding education financing at SDN Basirih 1 Banjarmasin. Based on the results of the data obtained, parents' perceptions of BOS fund education financing at SDN Basirih 1 Banjarmasin, parents are very enthusiastic in responding to the policies issued by the government, namely the nine-year compulsory education program, both in terms of opinions, responses, and assessments of parents are very positive towards BOS fund education financing, this shows that the BOS fund education financing program is very helpful. Also, the implementation of BOS funding education financing at SDN Basirih 1 Banjarmasin, starting from the planning to the implementation stage, always includes all elements of the community to provide input to the school as well as oversee the implementation of the financing

Work-family balance: assessments of successful working parents

In the context of the intensification of labor activity, the spread of unstable forms of employment, the growth of informatization and digitalization of social development, the unstable economic situation, the issues of ensuring a balance between the work and personal life of the working population are being actualized. This is especially important for workers with families and, most importantly, children, because in the modern realities (depopulation, high mortality rate in working age, low birth rate), the importance of determinants of family well-being increases significantly. And in a situation where parents are successful workers building a career or developing their business, the problem of the balance between work and living space is even more relevant. The purpose of the article is to analyze the balance of personal life and work of successful working parents. The context of the success of working parents in the analysis of the work-life balance is the scientific novelty of the study, the practical significance is connected with the possibility of using data in the management activities of economic entities in development of social support measures for employees. The information base of the study was made up of data from sociological studies: the pilot sociological study "Modern Successful Man" conducted in 2018 (no. = 492 people) by an international scientific group (psychologists, economists, sociologists) in the cities of Vologda, Cherepovets, Petrozavodsk and Kolomna (Russia), Minsk (Belarus), Lublin (Poland), as well as monitoring the quality of labor potential (no.=1500people) conducted in Vologda oblast by employees of the Vologda Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences. 57% of the cross-country study participants identify themselves with successful people. 100% of working parents in Vologda oblast agree with the statement that "work is a way to achieve success." It was found out that working parents who consider themselves successful people show significantly higher satisfaction with life and work in general, including directly with the balance of personal and work life. It is shown that having a family not only does not interfere with the career aspirations of spouses, but even contributes to them. balance, work, personal life, working parents, work satisfaction.

Reliability of parental reporting of child snoring in children referred for obstructive sleep apnea.

Despite the high number of studies based on subjective reports of snoring, self-reported snoring has hardly been validated at all. As there is no "gold-standard" for objective snoring measurements, studies must evaluate whether the presence of snoring based on parental judgement is linked to objective measurements of nasal and/or pharyngeal obstruction in children referred for obstructive sleep apnea. A total of 146 children (median age 11 years) underwent polysomnography (with snoring recording using nasal cannula signal), acoustic rhinometry and pharyngometry, while their parents filled out the Spruyt-Gozal questionnaire assessing both frequency and loudness of subjective snoring. Three categories were further differentiated (null, low and high) for both frequency and loudness. The apnea-hypopnea index was significantly different in the three groups for both frequency (p=0.04) and loudness (p=0.01) of subjective snoring. Children in the low or high groups (frequency or loudness), compared with those in the null group, experienced a decline in both pharyngeal (sitting and supine positions) and nasopharyngeal (supine position) volumes (frequency, pharynx sitting: p=0.03; supine: 0.005 and nasopharynx: p=0.002; loudness, p=0.03; p=0.007 and p=0.03; three group comparisons). Objective snoring frequency during the night obtained with cannula was weakly related to loudness of subjective snoring but not to subjective snoring frequency during the week, and was biased by nasal obstruction. In conclusion, our study showed that parental assessment of snoring is related to a reduction in both pharyngeal and nasopharyngeal volumes in snorers, arguing for the adequacy of their evaluation of both snoring frequency and loudness.