Assessment Of Heavy Metal Concentrations Research Articles

Distribution and assessment of heavy metal concentrations in the East Sea-Byeong ocean dumping site, Korea

Sediment cores were collected from three sites, the Control, Dumping, and Resting sites in the East Sea-Byeong ocean dumping site, Korea, and the enrichment and degree of accumulation of heavy metals were investigated. Further, to assess the level of heavy metal pollution and understand the potential effects of the ocean dumping activities that began in 1993, the results obtained corresponding to the different sampling sites were compared, and various criteria were employed. Indices, including the enrichment factor and the modified contamination degree, demonstrated that the sediments were contaminated with various heavy metals at different contamination levels. The results also indicated a significant upward enrichment in heavy metals, with the uppermost 0–10 cm sediment layer showing relatively high concentrations. Overall, this study confirmed that anthropogenic heavy metal contamination at the study sites, and the implementation of continuous monitoring, alongside the application of proper management tools, is recommended.

Assessment of heavy metal concentration in ipomoea batatas and spinach consumed in Zanzibar by Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence (EDXRF)

This work aimed to assess the levels of heavy metal concentration in ipomoea batatas and spinach associated with uncontrolled municipal waste, motor vehicles fumes, pesticides and fertilizer in the urban west region, in Zanzibar. Twenty samples were randomly collected in local markets and three farms located along a roadside in the urban west region. The samples were analysed using an energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence method at Tanzania Atomic Energy Commission in Arusha. Essential and toxic elements: Mn, Cu, Fe, As, Zn, Pb, and Ni were detected in both ipomoea batatas and spinach. Ipomoea batatas was found to have a higher concentration of Cr, Fe, Cd and Zn while spinach had a higher concentration of Ni, Cr and Zn. The essential elements concentrations of vegetables analysed in the current study were found within safety baseline levels for human consumption. However, the concentration levels of toxic elements were above FAO/WHO permissible limits. The higher concentration levels of toxic elements in ipomoea batatas and spinach might be associated with contamination of municipal waste, chicken manure, motor vehicles fumes or pesticides. Therefore, vegetable cultivation along a roadside in the urban west region in Zanzibar and the use of fertilizer and chicken manure in vegetables introducing high levels of heavy metals in the food chain.

Assessment of heavy metals concentrations, soil-to-plant transfer factor and potential health risk in soil and rice samples from Ezillo rice fields in Ebonyi State, Nigeria

This study examined the level of heavy metals (Pb, Ni, Cd and Cr) concentrations in soil and rice samples from two paddy fields (field 1 and 2) located in Ezillo, Ebonyi State by means of flame atomic spectrophotometer. Topsoil soil samples at depths 0–4 cm and 4–8 cm were collected before planting (BP), after planting (AP) and during harvesting (DH) stages. The concentrations of the metals in soil from field 1 at depth 0–4 cm decreased in this order of Cr > Ni > Pb > Cd (BP), Ni > Cr > Pb > Cd (AP) and Cr > Ni > Cd > Pb (DH) while at depth 4–8 cm, the orders were Ni > Cr > Cd > Pb (BP), Cr > Ni > Pb > Cd (AP) and Ni > Cr > Pb > Cd (DH). In field 2, at depth 0–4 cm, the order Cr > Ni > Pb > Cd was found in all the farming stages while at depth 4–8 cm orders were Cr > Ni > Cd > Pb (BP), Cr > Ni > Pb > Cd (AP) and Ni > Cr > Pb > Cd (DH). In the rice samples, the orders were Cr > Ni > Pb > Cd in field 1 and Cr > Ni > Cd > Pb in field 2. The levels of the metals in both soil and rice samples were relatively low when compared with permissible limits of some regulatory agencies. The estimated average daily intake (ADI), hazard quotients (HQ) and total hazard index (THI) of the metals in both soil and rice indicate higher values in children than the adult group. The HQ and HI values were below the permissible safe limits of 1.0. This is an indication that the selected metals in the paddy soil and rice present no appreciable threat to food safety. Therefore, with respect to the investigated metals, the rice produced from these fields is safe for human consumption.

Temporal assessment of heavy metal concentration and surface water quality representing the public health evaluation from the Meghna River estuary, Bangladesh

The Meghna River, the largest and the widest river in Bangladesh, is important for navigation, irrigation, fish spawning and shelter, industrial usages, and drinking water sources for millions of people living in nearby areas. The present study illustrated the seasonal variation of some physicochemical parameters and the four heavy metals (Cr, As, Cd, and Pb) distribution in the surface water of Meghna River estuary. It also evaluated the human health risk for adult and children due to directly contact with the surface water through ingestion and dermal pathways. The ranges of metal concentration in the study area were found in the descending order as: Cr (0.036–0.054; mean 0.045 ± 0.005) > As (0.012–0.036; mean 0.024 ± 0.007) > Cd (0.009–0.050; mean 0.018 ± 0.012) > Pb (0.007–0.014; mean 0.009 ± 0.007). In most cases, the concentrations of As, Cr, Pb, and Cd surpassed the guideline limits of human consumption. However, the one-way ANOVA study revealed that the average concentrations of the selected metals in the ten sampling sites were not significantly different at a 95% confidence level. Therefore, it is assumed that the metal contamination in the study area might have been caused due to the anthropogenic sources along with the natural phenomenon. The distribution of the metal contents and the physicochemical parameters in the surface water greatly were significantly different concerning both winter and summer seasons at a 95% confidence level. The evaluated hazard quotient (HQ) and the hazard index (HI) for the investigated metal compounds were in the acceptable limit (< 1). In addition, the attribution of metal contents did not overweigh the carcinogenic risk (CR) range (10–6 to 10–4), and the adults are more susceptible than the children. Although the risk is within the acceptable level, but adequate monitoring aspects should be implemented to control surface water pollution especially for the metal discharge to the river estuary.

Assessment of heavy metal concentration of two species of birds in Hor Al-Dalmaj, Southern Iraq

The study was carried out on Hor Al-Dalmaj in Al-Diwaniyah Governorate, this study included assessing the concentration of heavy elements (lead, cadmium and copper) in two types of birds. swamphens and moorhen (Gallinula chloropus and Porphyrio alleni). The results of measurement of the concentration of heavy elements are shown, the highest average concentration of elemental Lead. in the bird samples it was 233.8 ppm in Liver samples of Gallinula chloropus during the summer season. For Cadmium concentrations, the highest concentration for bird samples the highest concentration reached 2.316 ppm in the muscles of a bird Porphyrio alleni during the winter season. The concentration of the copper element reached the highest significant concentration in birds reached 37.7 ppm in the muscles Porphyrio alleni during the summer season.

Metal Contamination in Macrobrachium rosenbergii from Sarawak River, Malaysia and its Health Risk to Human

An assessment of heavy metal concentration in wild-captured Macrobrachium rosenbergii (giant freshwater prawns) from their natural habitat is important since it is susceptible to environmental pollution due to the rapid development and human activities along the Sarawak River. This study aimed to estimate the heavy metal contamination in muscles, exoskeletons and gills of the M. rosenbergii and to estimate the health risk assessment to human consumption. The concentration of heavy metals was analyzed by the flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer and the flow injection mercury system. The metal concentrations in prawns were detected in the following order: Hg < Cd < Co < Cu < Zn; in all body parts (P < 0.05), where a high concentration of metals was recorded in gills due to its function as the excretion site of contaminants from the body. A positive correlation of Co, Cu, and Zn in muscles and gills was observed with the increasing size of prawns. The human health risk assessment indicated a less potential adverse health effect of prawns for consumption from Sarawak River (hazard index values < 1). All samples contained metals below the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) permissible limit for human consumption (Cd < 2 mg/kg; Cu < 30 mg/kg; Zn < 150 mg/kg; Hg < 1 mg/kg). Therefore, M. rosenbergii from the Sarawak River were not contaminated enough to prevail high risk on human health, but regular monitoring is suggested for seasonal variability of heavy metals in M. rosenbergii for safeguarding human health.

Assessment of Heavy Metal Concentrations and Public Health Risk in Fish Species of Sakarya River, Turkey

In this study, heavy metal concentrations including cadmium, lead, zinc, copper and arsenic concentrations were determined in five fish species (Capoeta sieboldii, Capoeta tinca, Scardinius erythrophthalmus, Squalius pursakensis and Barbus escherichii) obtained from the Sakarya River. The metal concentrations of fish supplied in four different seasons (winter, spring, summer and autumn) were determined by using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Although the metal concentrations showed seasonal variations in some fish species and also varied with respect to particular fish species, the concentrations of these metals were found to be within the permissible limits. In addition, it was concluded that the concentration of metal contamination in the evaluated fish species would not pose a risk for human consuming fish species obtained from Sakarya River by considering estimated daily intake (EDI), target hazard quotient (THQ), hazard index (HI), and target cancer risk (TCR) values.

Assessment of Heavy Metals Concentration in the Soil and Crops Grown around Dumpsites

Assessment of Heavy Metals Concentration in the Soil and Crops Grown around Dumpsites

Heavy metals in soil, plants, and associated risk on grazing ruminants in the vicinity of Cu-Ni mine in Selebi-Phikwe, Botswana.

The impact of BCL Cu-Ni mines on the surrounding environment has indicated high levels of heavy metal contamination in soil and some plant species. A comprehensive assessment of heavy metal concentration in plants, heavy metal concentration and availability in soils, and the estimates of risk associated with grazing animals in the area are presented. Exhaustive quantification of heavy metal contents in 82 plant samples revealed that some plants such as Boscia albitrunca and Boscia foetida are suitable for multi-metal phytoextraction, and others can accumulate one or two of the metals in soils or tolerate high levels of contamination. Current levels of soil contamination were manifested by acidification and high electrical conductivity, high contamination factor, and a pollution index between 8.31 and 10.79. The amount of exchangeable fractions of metals was higher than ordinary soils which is attributed to the high solubility of deposited materials on the soil surfaces. Daily intake estimates showed a possible risk associated with Pb and Cu contamination among grazing animals in the study area. Overall, the information has identified potential plants or combination of plants that could be utilized for the rehabilitation of the study area through phytoremediation. In addition, the estimates of the daily intake of the minerals due to consumption of plants in the vicinity of the BCL mines warrant for evaluation of the actual levels of heavy metals in grazing animals near the study area and in other mining areas in Botswana.

Assessment of Pollution and Health Risks of Heavy Metals in Particulate Matter and Road Dust Along the Road Network of Dhanbad, India.

Background.The rise in particulate matter (PM) concentrations is a serious problem for the environment. Heavy metals associated with PM10, PM2.5, and road dust adversely affect human health. Different methods have been used to assess heavy metal contamination in PM10, PM2.5, and road dust and source apportionment of these heavy metals. These assessment tools utilize pollution indices and health risk assessment models.Objectives.The present study evaluates the total mass and average concentrations of heavy metals in PM10, PM2.5, and road dust along selected road networks in Dhanbad, India, analyzes the source apportionment of heavy metals, and assesses associated human health risks.Methods.A total of 112 PM samples and 21 road dust samples were collected from six stations and one background site in Dhanbad, India from December 2015 to February 2016, and were analyzed for heavy metals (iron (Fe), lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), chromium (Cr), and zinc (Zn)) using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Source apportionment was determined using principal component analysis. A health risk assessment of heavy metal concentrations in PM10, PM2.5, and road dust was also performed.Results.The average mass concentration was found to be 229.54±118.40 μg m−3 for PM10 and 129.73 ±61.74 μg m−3 for PM2.5. The average concentration of heavy metals was found to be higher in PM2.5 than PM10. The pollution load index value of PM10 and PM2.5 road dust was found to be in the deteriorating category. Vehicles were the major source of pollution. The non-carcinogenic effects on children and adults were found to be within acceptable limits. The heavy metals present in PM and road dust posed a health risk in the order of road dust> PM10> and PM2.5. Particulate matter posed higher health risks than road dust due to particle size.Conclusions.The mass concentration analysis indicates serious PM10 and PM2.5 contamination in the study area. Vehicle traffic was the major source of heavy metals in PM10, PM2.5, and road dust. In terms of non-carcinogenic risks posed by heavy metals in the present study, children were more affected than adults. The carcinogenic risk posed by the heavy metals was negligible.Competing Interests.The authors declare no competing financial interests

Assessment of Heavy Metal Concentration in Water, Sediment and Common Fish Species of Dhaleshwari River in Bangladesh and their Health Implications.

The present study emphasized on evaluating the extent of pollution of Dhaleshwari River in Bangladesh due to the discharge of heavy metals from tanneries and other industries along with the health risks associated with the consumption of the heavy metals accumulated fish. For this purpose, three spots of Dhaleshwari River which are in the vicinity of the industrial outlet were selected for evaluating the seasonal status of heavy metals in water, sediment, and organs of three common fish species. Average concentrations of metals in water and sediment were in the order of Cr > Cd > Pb > Cu > As and Cr > Pb > Cu > As > Cd respectively. The average HM concentrations in water and sediment exceeded WHO and USEPA standards suggesting serious pollution to the aquatic environment. In fish organs, metal concentrations were in the order of Cu > Cr > Pb > Cd > As. Accumulation was highest in gills and lowest in muscles. Fish muscles had a relatively higher concentration of heavy metals (except As) exceeding the safe limits of FAO and WHO. Seasonal variation was also observed in water for all metals (p < 0.01), in sediment for Cu and As (p < 0.05), and in fish for Cr, Cd, and Cu (p < 0.05); higher concentrations were observed in winter. Bioconcentration factor analysis indicated that Cu, Pb, and Cr were more concentrated in fish. Health risk assessment reveals that the carcinogenic risk of Cr is associated with the consumption of contaminated fish species of the studied area.

Geochemical and health risk assessment of heavy metals concentration in soils around Oke-Ere mining area in Kogi State, Nigeria

ABSTRACT This study examined the levels of some heavy metals in soils of Oke-Ere mining area in Yagba West, Kogi State, Nigeria, aim at ascertaining the degree of pollution, and risk pose to the environment, and human health to the residents in the area. A total of 48 soil samples were analysed by using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectroscopy (ICP-MS). The mean concentrations (mg/kg) were As(1.92), Cd(< 0.004), Co(29.8), Cr(117), Mo(4.00), Ni(51.4), Pb(24.1), Sc(17.8), Sn(21.9), and Zn(85.8). Principal component analysis revealed significant anthropogenic contributions of Sc, Cr, Ni, and As in soils. Geochemical assessment evaluated based on models of geochemical load index (Igeo), enrichment factor (EF), contamination factor (Cf) and pollution load index (PLI), revealed that the soils were highly polluted by Sc, moderately polluted by Sn and non-polluted to slightly polluted by other metals. Enrichment factor shows significant enrichment by Sc, while Cr, Pb, Co, Mo and Sn were moderately enriched. The contamination factor indicated low contamination for most of the studied metals except Cu and Co which recorded considerable contamination. The values of pollution load index PLI > 1, signifies that the mining activities deteriorated soil quality. The total hazard index (HI) of the metals for adult and children, indicates HI < 1 which connotes a non-carcinogenic health risk effect. The cancer risk (CR) value for ingestion and dermal exposure pathways was higher than the permissible limits (1 x 10−6 to 1 × 10−4), which indicated adverse health risk to the local resident. This study suggested adequate attention be directed to detailed risk assessment of heavy metals in the study area.

Assessment of heavy metal concentrations in the muscles of ten commercial fish species from Lagos lagoon, NigeriaAssessment of heavy metal concentrations in the muscles of ten commercial fish species from Lagos lagoon, Nigeria

The study was undertaken to assess the concentration of five heavy metals (zinc (Zn), lead (Pb), copper (Cu), iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn)) in the muscles of Tilapia zilli, Hydrocynus fiscalis, Parapristipoma humile, Caranx hippo, Cynoglossusa caudatus, Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus, Letjanus sp, Portunus validus, Sardinella maderensis, and Sphyreana sp. The concentrations of heavy metals were measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometry after digestion of the samples. There were significant differences (P&lt;0.05) in the concentration of heavy metals in fish muscles. There was no specific pattern in the levels of heavy metals among the fish species. P. validus had the highest concentration of Zinc in the fish sampled with a mean value of 14.45mg/g while T. zilli had the lowest concentrations of Zn and Mn. Sphyreana sp had the highest concentrations of Lead and Copper and Manganese in the muscles. Iron concentration was highest in the muscle of S. maderensis. In this study, the overall average concentrations of metals in fish muscles were in the order of Zn&gt; Fe &gt; Pb&gt; Cu&gt; Mn. The values of Zn and Cu were within or lower than the acceptable limits FAO/WHO (Food and Agriculture Organization Of the United Nations/World Health Organization) for concentration of heavy metals in fish while levels of Pb, Fe and Mn in the muscles of the various fishes were beyond the safe limit in foods. Close monitoring of heavy metal pollution of Lagos Lagoon is strongly advocated, in view of possible risks to the health of consumers.

Status of soil heavy metals contamination using contamination indices in shallot fields

Monitoring and assessment of heavy metal concentrations in shallot fields are needed to evaluate the potential risk of contamination due to heavy metals. This study aims to define the status of heavy metal contamination in shallot fields using contamination indices. A total of 184 soil samples (0-20 cm) were taken from shallot fields in Brebes Regency, Central Java. The soil samples were analyzed for the concentration of five heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Ni, Cr, and Co) with HNO3 and HClO4 extracts and measured using AAS. Assessment of the status of heavy metals contamination in the soil using contaminant factor (CF), geo-accumulation index (I-geo), and pollution load index (PLI). The mean concentration in shallot fields showed the following order Cr &gt; Ni &gt; Pb &gt; Co &gt; Cd and the concentration were still below critical limit values. Four metals are Pb, Cr, Co, and Ni are low contamination (CF&lt;1), while Cd is considerable until very high contamination factor. Based on I-geo values, shallot fields are practically uncontaminated of Pb, Co, Ni, and Cr (I-geo&lt;1), meanwhile the status of Cd is uncontaminated to moderately contaminated (0&lt;I-geo&lt;1). Generally, the shallot fields in Brebes Regency, Central Java is unpolluted with five metals (PLI&lt;1).

Assessment of Heavy Metal Concentration and Evaluation of Health Risk of Some Vegetables Cultivated in Loumbila Farmland, Burkina Faso

Assessment of Heavy Metal Concentration and Evaluation of Health Risk of Some Vegetables Cultivated in Loumbila Farmland, Burkina Faso

Assessment of heavy metals concentrations from surface water sources in urban areas of Himachal Pradesh, India

Surface water forms the major source of drinking water and supportive in maintaining the ground water levels in urban areas of most of the developing nation of the world. The surface water sources are mainly used for drinking and domestic purposes by urban population of India. In the last few decades, due to rapid increase in population and urbanization, we have been witnessing alarming surface water pollution all over the world. The present study was conducted with an objective to assess the concentrations of heavy metals on surface water sources in urban areas of Himachal Pradesh, India. In the study area 12 surface water samples have been collected and analyzed for the heavy metals such as nickel (Ni), iron (Fe), arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), mercury (Hg) and copper (Cu). The study revealed that heavy metals concentrations of surface waters sources were within the prescribed standard limits for drinking purposes (IS 10500: 2012) and WHO. Further, the investigation showed that the water quality of the selected urban areas possibly impacted due to increase of anthropogenic activities and improper or illegal release of sewage water and agricultural effluents.

Assessment of heavy metals concentration in the intestine, kidney and muscle of Oreochromis niloticus in Federal University of Agriculture Abeokuta reservoir

Different sizes of Oreochromis niloticus (Tilapia) were caught using cast net in FUNAAB reservoir. Water samples were also collected and analyzed for five metals: Lead, Chromium, Cadmium, Zinc, and Copper by Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS). During the experiment, three tissues were compared with the level of metal in water, Intestine, Kidney and Muscles. Generally, lower concentrations of metals were recorded in water than in fish tissues; lower concentration in the tissue of O niloticus except were found in the water which is less than the recommendation for human consumption by World Health Organisation. Lead was found to be the dominant in the intestine of Oreochromis niloticus while Chromium was recorded the least of all the metals. There is a significant difference (P&lt;0.05) in heavy metal concentration in the tissue of O niloticus except for Chromium. Though, the heavy metals of interest were present in a measurable quantities, they are still within safe limits for consumption.

Assessment of Heavy Metal Concentration in Tissues of Three Owl Species From Visakhapatnam, India

Assessment of Heavy Metal Concentration in Tissues of Three Owl Species From Visakhapatnam, India

An assessment of heavy metals concentration in water around quarries and barite mine sites in part of central Cross River State, Southeastern Nigeria

The assessment of the level of heavy metal concentrations in water sources around quarries and barite mine sites in central Cross River State, Southeastern Nigeria, was carried out to evaluate the degree of contamination due to mining and quarrying activity in the area. The investigation involved the collection of twelve water samples from ponds, streams, river and boreholes around the area. The water samples were passed through 0.45 µm filter paper and preserved with a drop of 0.1M HNO3 acid. The preserved samples were analyzed for their heavy metal (Ba, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb and Zn) content, using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The results show that the average concentration of Ba, Cu, MN, Pb and Zn were above WHO guideline value for drinking water quality, hence not suitable for drinking. The average concentration of the metals is in the order Ba&gt;Mn&gt;Cu&gt;Fe&gt;Pb&gt;Zn&gt;Cr. Computed values of contamination index show that the samples from four locations were contaminated. Single factor pollution index computation indicates that the waters are not contaminated with Cr, but slightly polluted with Fe and Zn, moderately polluted with Ba and severely polluted with Cu, Mn and Pb. Further, Nemerow comprehensive pollution index indicates that samples from four locations were severely contaminated. The study revealed that the water sources around the barite mines had elevated level of heavy metal concentration compared to location around the quarries. It is recommended therefore, that the water be treated before use for drinking purpose.&#x0D; Keywords: heavy metals, contamination index, pollution index, barite mine, quarry

Assessment of Heavy Metals Concentrations in Roadside Canola Fields in Mazandaran Province, Iran

Contamination of agricultural products with heavy metals in soil and air is considered as serious threat to the quality and safety of these products. Cars and vehicles are among the major sources of heavy metals such as lead, iron and copper in the environment surrounding roads and highways. According to carcinogenic and destructive effects of these elements on human health, the aim of this study is to measure the concentrations of lead, iron and copper resulting from the traffic of vehicles available in the soil and canola plants growing in the central regions of MAZANDARAN province in Iran. In this research, sampling was conducted randomly and the values of mentioned elements were measured using flame atomic absorption device according to standard methods. The results showed that the levels of lead, iron and copper elements were higher in canola plant samples, including root, aerial parts and seeds, compared with the respective cultivated soils. The results indicated that the contamination of canola plant with mentioned pollutants has been mostly through aerial parts compared to the soil.&#x0D; Keywords: Lead, Iron, Copper, Canola, Roadside Fields