Abstract
Monitoring and assessment of heavy metal concentrations in shallot fields are needed to evaluate the potential risk of contamination due to heavy metals. This study aims to define the status of heavy metal contamination in shallot fields using contamination indices. A total of 184 soil samples (0-20 cm) were taken from shallot fields in Brebes Regency, Central Java. The soil samples were analyzed for the concentration of five heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Ni, Cr, and Co) with HNO3 and HClO4 extracts and measured using AAS. Assessment of the status of heavy metals contamination in the soil using contaminant factor (CF), geo-accumulation index (I-geo), and pollution load index (PLI). The mean concentration in shallot fields showed the following order Cr > Ni > Pb > Co > Cd and the concentration were still below critical limit values. Four metals are Pb, Cr, Co, and Ni are low contamination (CF<1), while Cd is considerable until very high contamination factor. Based on I-geo values, shallot fields are practically uncontaminated of Pb, Co, Ni, and Cr (I-geo<1), meanwhile the status of Cd is uncontaminated to moderately contaminated (0<I-geo<1). Generally, the shallot fields in Brebes Regency, Central Java is unpolluted with five metals (PLI<1).
Highlights
Heavy metal contaminations in agricultural lands have the potential to harm the surrounding environment and human health due to anthropogenic activities
The research was conducted in Brebes Regency on the northern coast of Central Java, Indonesia, stretching from 6o44’ to 7o21’ S and from 108o41’ to 109o11’ E
Cr concentration was found higher than other metals, where the minimum concentration was 10.40 mg kg-1 and the maximum was 49.55 mg kg-1
Summary
Heavy metal contaminations in agricultural lands have the potential to harm the surrounding environment and human health due to anthropogenic activities. The source of metals comes from industry and agricultural activities In order to get the right solution to heavy metal contamination in soil, there is a need to identify and evaluate the role of both natural and anthropogenic factors, and the potential ecological risk posed by individual metal. While total complex indices of contamination are calculated as multielement based on single pollution like pollution load index (PLI), degree of contamination, potential ecological risk index (PERI), and integrated pollution index [2,5,6]
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