Fire Hazard Assessment Research Articles

Analysis of fire and explosion hazards caused by industrial dusts with a high content of volatile matter

The objective of the study is to indicate and analyse the influence of the parameters describing the composition and properties of the tested samples on their behaviour under fire and explosion hazard conditions. Research was carried out on six combustible dust samples from various industry sectors, in which dust is created due to technological processes and, consequently, fire and explosion hazards occur. A physicochemical analysis of the tested samples was performed to determine the technical and elemental composition and particle distribution, and TGA analysis was performed to determine the conditions of the devolatilization. The cloud and hot surface ignition tests were performed and the basic explosive parameters were determined. The analysis of the results obtained shows that there are no mutual dependencies between the parameters describing fire and explosion hazards, and the physicochemical parameters are not explicitly decisive when it comes to the occurrence of these hazards. It was found that the main factor influencing dust ignition is the devolatilization, especially the temperature at which the devolatilization rate is the highest. The research showed that there are certain dependencies and connections between the properties of the samples and their susceptibility to ignition or explosion proneness. However, to develop a precise assessment of dust fire and explosion hazards considering the ATEX directives, it is still necessary to carry out complete dust tests.

Experimental studies on sidewall pool fire for assessing green façades hazard

Fire hazard assessment on green façade used to be carried out by a window plume. Large amount of fuel was burnt. A small pool fire placed adjacent to the façade can give similar effect on assessing the hazardous consequences. Fire plume characteristics provide important information of fire hazards adjacent to façade. The average flame height of rectangular source fire located against different sidewall materials were investigated in this study.Burning tests were conducted with rectangular burners of different dimensions with adjacent walls of different thermal properties, including steel plate and calcium silicate board. Experimental results of fire source with sidewall were compared with those in open space. Due to sidewall blockage, a deep necking-in structure was observed at the flame base and entrained air for combustion. Effect of aspect ratio of the fire pool and effect of heat loss through a sidewall on the average flame height were investigated. Convection lost would decrease the temperature of the fuel-air mixture and should not be ignored. On average, the mean flame height of the fire source with steel plate was 1.08 times that with calcium silicate board. A model for estimating the average flame height was developed by modifying the mirror model.

A Study on Enhanced Spatial Clustering Using Ensemble Dbscan and Umap to Map Fire Zone in Greater Jakarta, Indonesia

This research investigated ensemble clustering algorithms and dimensionality reduction for fire zone mapping, specifically DBSCAN + UMAP. We evaluated six clustering methods: DBSCAN, ensemble DBSCAN, DBSCAN + UMAP, ensemble DBSCAN + UMAP, HDBSCAN and Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM). We evaluated our results based on the Silhouette Score and the Davies-Bouldin (DB) index, emphasizing handling irregular cluster shapes, smaller clusters and resolving incompact clusters. Our findings suggested that ensemble DBSCAN + UMAP outperformed five other methods with zero noise clusters indicating clustering results are resistant to outliers, leading to a clearer identification of fire-prone areas, a high Silhouette Score of 0.971, indicating accurate cluster separation of distinct areas of potential fire hazards and an exceptionally low DB Index of 0.05 that indicates compact clusters to identify well-defined and geographically concentrated areas prone to fire hazards. Our findings contribute to the advanced techniques for minimizing the impacts of fires and improving fire hazard assessments in Indonesia.

A Study on Enhanced Spatial Clustering Using Ensemble DBscan and UMAP to Map Fire Zone in Greater Jakarta, Indonesia

This research investigated ensemble clustering algorithms and dimensionality reduction for fire zone mapping, specifically DBSCAN + UMAP. We evaluated six clustering methods: DBSCAN, ensemble DBSCAN, DBSCAN + UMAP, ensemble DBSCAN + UMAP, HDBSCAN and Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM). We evaluated our results based on the Silhouette Score and the Davies-Bouldin (DB) index, emphasizing handling irregular cluster shapes, smaller clusters and resolving incompact clusters. Our findings suggested that ensemble DBSCAN + UMAP outperformed five other methods with zero noise clusters indicating clustering results are resistant to outliers, leading to a clearer identification of fire-prone areas, a high Silhouette Score of 0.971, indicating accurate cluster separation of distinct areas of potential fire hazards and an exceptionally low DB Index of 0.05 that indicates compact clusters to identify well-defined and geographically concentrated areas prone to fire hazards. Our findings contribute to the advanced techniques for minimizing the impacts of fires and improving fire hazard assessments in Indonesia.

Іmproving the methodology of natural fire hazard assessment for forested lands based on a risk-oriented approach

An analysis of the combustibility of the forests of «Zhovtneve» State Enterprise was carried out, with the identification of the most fire-prone forests. The distribution of the forest fund plots of each of the researched forestry by classes of natural fire hazard was analyzed. The spatial distribution of the fire density including forest fires as well as wildfires in the 500- meter buffer zone around forest was studied. The article describes a methodology that allows improving the existing methodology for assessing the natural fire hazard of forest lands based on a risk-oriented approach. According to the Kernel density algorithm with the use of desktop GIS systems, a map of the probability of fire occurrence was built. According to the results of the Kernel Density algorithm, the main flammability centers and the density of fires were identified and the territory of the enterprise was divided into classes according to the probability of fires. According to the proposed classification of the fire probability occurrence: low (up to 10.6 cases is the arithmetic average for the entire map); medium (from 10.7 to 28 — 1.01–1.5σ); high (over 28 — over 1.5σ). The integration of the probability of fire occurrence into the scale of natural fire hazard was carried out through the technique of «risk matrices». Thus, the combination of the classes of natural fire hazard classes with the classes of the fire probability occurrence made it possible to obtain an integrated FRS indicator (Fire Risk Score), which includes both: the level of natural fire hazard and the probability of fire occurrence. In order to verify the results, calculations of actual flammability (fire density and flammability by burnt area) were carried out for each class of the national scale of fire hazard and for the FRS classes of each plot. It was found that significant levels of flammability are characteristic only for the first two classes of natural fire hazard (fire density 83.64 cases per 1000 hectares of forests), the flammability of forests with higher natural hazard classes is practically absent, which indicates the need to differentiate the tree stands that are belongs to these two classes. On the other hand, classifying forests with the assignment of points according to FRS revealed an increase in the indicators of forest combustibility and fire density as the FRS indicator increases (at FRS values of 2–3 there are no fires, at FRS values from 4 to 8, combustibility is moderate (from 1.25 to 3.7 cases per 1000 ha), at values above 9 points, the flammability increases sharply and reaches its peak at the FRS value of 13 points (224.5 cases per 1000 ha). Thus, the improved scale based on the risk-oriented approach (fire risk score) more fully reflects the level of danger in the forest based not only on the natural features of the area and fuel complexes characteristics, but also taking into account the spatial location of fire sources and the frequency of fires in each location.

Experimental Study of Thermal and Fire Reaction Properties of Glass Fiber/Bismaleimide Composites for Aeronautic Application.

Thermal behavior and fire reaction properties of aerial glass fiber (GF)/bismaleimide (BMI) composites were tested using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), thermogravimetric coupled with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (TG-FTIR), cone calorimeter, limiting oxygen index, and smoke density chamber. The results showed that the pyrolysis process was one stage in a nitrogen atmosphere with the prominent volatile components of CO2, H2O, CH4, NOx, and SO2. The release of heat and smoke increased with the increase in heat flux, while the time required to reach hazardous conditions decreased. The limiting oxygen index decreased monotonically from 47.8% to 39.0% with increasing experimental temperature. The maximum specific optical density within 20 min in the non-flaming mode was greater than that in the flaming mode. According to the four kinds of fire hazard assessment indicators, the greater the heat flux, the higher the fire hazard, for the contribution of more decomposed components. The calculations of two indices confirmed that the smoke release in the early stage of fire was more negative under flaming mode. This work can provide a comprehensive understanding of the thermal and fire characteristics of GF/BMI composites used for aircraft.

Risk Assessment of Fire Hazards in Semarang City Residential Areas

Based on data from the Semarang City Fire Department in 2013-2016, 1028 fire incidents took place in Semarang City. This incidence reached its highest in 2015 with 399 cases of fire which caused material losses of up to IDR 398.3 billion. Based on these figures, Semarang City possesses the highest incidence rate of fire cases in Central Java Province. However, studies on the risk and mitigation of fire hazard disasters in Semarang City still need to be carried out. This study aims to identify fire risks, to mitigate the disaster’s hazards in Semarang City, and to provide recommendations for arranging relevant buildings and the environment. The method used in this study is a qualitative descriptive method, in which interviews are conducted with key persons, with the utilization of GIS analysis to assess the risk of fire. The results of this study exhibit that in Semarang City, 14 villages have a high level of fire hazard risk, one of which is Rejosari Village which has the highest level of fire risk. This occurred mainly because historically, there have been many fire incidents in this area and even claiming several lives. The density of buildings and the difficulty of access further increase vulnerability in the case of fire. Nevertheless, the inhabitants still lack an understanding of this hazard. Accordingly, the fundamental mitigation to be carried out in Rejosari Village is to increase community comprehension and to consider the addition of fire protection and safety facilities, including hydrants, in densely populated buildings and areas, in order to reduce the risk of fire hazards.

Assessment of fire hazard in Southwestern Amazon

Fires are among the main drivers of forest degradation in Amazonia, causing multiple socioeconomic and environmental damages. Although human-ignited sources account for most of the fire events in Amazonia, extended droughts may magnify their occurrence and propagation. The southwestern Amazonia, a transnational region shared by Brazil, Peru, and Bolivia and known as the MAP region, has been articulating coordinated actions to prevent disasters, including fire, to reduce their negative impacts. Therefore, to understand the fire patterns in the MAP region, we investigated their main drivers and the changes in the suitability of fire occurrence for the years 2005, 2010, 2016, and 2020. We used a maximum entropy (MaxEnt) model approach based on active fire data from satellites, climatic data, and land use and land cover mapping to spatially quantify the suitability of fire occurrence and its drivers. We used the year 2015 to calibrate the models. For climatic data and active fire count, we only considered grid cells with active fire count over the third quartile. All our models had a satisfactory performance, with values of the area under the curve (AUC) above 0.75 and p < 0.05. Additionally, all models showed sensitivity rates higher than 0.8 and false positive rates below 0.25. We estimated that, on average, 38.5% of the study region had suitable conditions for fire occurrence during the study period. Most of the fire-prone areas belong to Acre, representing approximately 74% of the entire MAP region. The percentage of deforested areas, productive lands, forest edges, and high temperatures were the main drivers of fire occurrence in southwestern Amazonia, indicating the high vulnerability of fragmented landscapes extreme climatic conditions to fire occurrence. We observed that the modeling approach based on Maxint is useful for useful for evaluating the implications of climatic and anthropogenic variables on fire distribution. Furthermore, because the model can be easily employed to predict suitable and non-suitable locations for fire occurrence, it can to prevent potential impacts associated with large-scale wildfire in the future at regional levels.

Zonal Turbulence Modeling Approach for Simulating Compartment Fire for Initial Hazard Assessment

The flow field driven by a compartment fire usually contains several flow zones with different physical structures. As each type of turbulence model has its own predominant application area, it is logical to apply two or more simple turbulence models to the same fire-induced flow field at different locations according to their predominant features to yield a comparatively simple, accurate, and stable zonal turbulence model. A zonal turbulence model, which is a hybrid of the standard k-ε model and its modification, is developed in this paper. The model is tested and compared with the experimental data. A promising improvement is observed when comparing it with the base turbulence model, i.e., the standard k-ε model, especially in the recirculating region near the corners of the compartment. This approach in having different zones in the plume region will be useful for handling more scenarios at the initial stage of fire hazard assessments.

Уточнение классификации природной пожарной опасности лесов на примере лесного фонда Свердловской области

On the basis of scientific and departmental materials, as well as the results of the authors own research, an attempt was made to distribute various sections of the forest fund according to the classes of natural fire hazard (KPPO). It is noted that the current KPPO classification does not fully take into account the regional specifics of potential burning of forests. The latter is explained by the use of various classifications of forest types during forest management work, as well as the absence of certain types of land when compiling in 1963 the scale of natural fire danger by I.S. Melekhov. It has been established that a number of land categories are not taken into account in the current classification of the KPPO and that is why, the revised classification will provide a more objective assessment of the potential fire hazard in the Sverdlovsk forest fund. The distribution of the latter according to KPPO using the proposed classification will improve the efficiency of both measures for the fire-fighting arrangement of the territory of the forest fund and the protection of forests from fires in general.

Assessment of Biological and Environmental Factors Influence on Fire Hazard in Pine Forests: A Case Study in Central Forest-Steppe of the East European Plain

Vast forest areas are spreaded in Russia and perform environment-forming, nature-protective and climate-regulating functions, including carbon sequestration. At the same time, increasing of destructive forest fires scale in recent decades has led to depletion of forest resources. To combat forest fires, it is necessary to develop preventive measures to reduce the number and severity of forest fires and establish reliable evaluation criteria for fire hazard assessment in forestry. However, indices of fire hazard assessment that exist in Russia are not always allowed to determine the degree of fire hazard reliably. The studies were performed in pine forests on the territory of the Central Forest-Steppe. The key forestry factors influencing the fire hazard situation in pine stands are identified: the presence and amount of combustible materials, the state of the stand, as well as the age structure of tree stand. According to burning indices, the highest fire hazard was common for young and middle-aged pine stands, while for ripening, mature and old-growth forests, fire hazard increasing was not observed. A set of parameters that characterize soil moisture and ground cover peculiarities have also a significant impact. Forest growth conditions were shown to be an important indicator for assessment of fire hazard class. Identified factors that have a key impact on the fire hazard in forests will make it possible to improve methodological approach for monitoring and preservation of forests.

Improvement of the Classification Method for the Fire Hazard Level in Forests Using Meteorological and Aerospace Data

The article proposes improvements to the method for determining the fire hazard level in forests based on predictive meteorological and aerospace data. A brief analysis of various methods for the fire hazard level determining in forests and the sets of initial parameters used in this case was carried out in order to determine the final method's optimal characteristics and properties for further application. The calculation of the fire hazard assessment is based on the flammability basic indicator according to weather conditions and correction factors based on the vegetation indices values. Vegetation indices division into quartiles is proposed for a vegetation relative assessment in the territory under consideration. Maps of the forest blocks distribution by fire hazard classes for the Volozhinsky forestry enterprise territory were obtained according to the proposed and other methods. A comparative analysis of the numerical and spatial characteristics of the obtained assessments of forests fire hazard using various methods was carried out. According to the improved methodology assessment results, its application results correlate with the assessment according to the standardized methodology, but adjusted according to the vegetation assessment results. It is advisable to verify the proposed methodology during a fire hazard period in real conditions, followed by an assessment of the results and refinement if necessary.

Fire hazard assessment at different scales in the wildland-urban interface of semiarid areas of northern Patagonia

Wildland-urban interface (WUI) fires have increased in the last decades, putting lives and homes at risk, and fire hazard assessment is a useful tool to develop plans for prevention and fire management. In northwestern Patagonia, the WUI areas are principally located around the urbanized zones that are not only cities or towns but settlements surrounded by the natural environment. In Patagonia, there are the largest and most ancient national parks of Argentina with areas where former settlers develop their livestock activities. We assessed the fire hazard in the Laguna Blanca National Park (LBNP) located in Neuquén province (Patagonia, Argentina) dominated by steppe vegetation. We performed the study at two scales: community and species. Community scale comprised the variables vegetation cover, slope, and rock fragments, whereas species scale included flammability variables of dominant species (tussock grasses and shrubs) at leaf- and plant-level. We integrated all variables at different scales and grouped the vegetation units into three classes using multivariate analysis. Finally, we established three fire hazard categories for each vegetation unit: low, moderate, and high, to elaborate a fire hazard map. Three vegetation units, which represented 37% of the area of the park, were categorized with high fire hazard because of the high cover and horizontal continuity of dominant vegetation. The tussock grass Pappostipa speciosa and the shrubs Mulinum spinosum, Nassauvia axillaris, and Anarthorphyllum rigidum were the most flammable species and the most frequent species in the park. Land uses in the park (i.e., transhumance and tourism) would be regulated with the collaboration of settlers because increase the vulnerability to wildfires. Our fire hazard map constitutes a valuable tool because it identified the most vulnerable WUI in the LBNP. This study emphasizes the need to include flammability and fuel load studies in fire management plans to better protect human lives and natural resources in protected areas.

Classification of hotels taking into account fire risks

Introduction. The current Russian Regulation on classification of hotels hardly takes into account their fire safety conditions. The system, adopted in the Regulation, provides for an expert scoring assessment of hotel parameters for their assignment to a certain category (star rating). The purpose of the article is to develop methods that allow determining the level of fire safety of hotels in points commensurate with the accepted rating system, for its further use in the course of assignment of appropriate categories to hotels. Theoretical fundamentals of scoring methods of assessment of fire safety of hotels. Three approaches to the calculation of «fire points» of hotels have been developed, based on the breakdown of hotels into classes and identification of the fire safety index of hotels within one class. The first scoring method is the Gretener method used for calculating the integral fire safety index. The first and third quartiles are identified for the hotel statistics. Hotels, whose index does not exceed the first quartile, belong to the subgroup featuring a high level of fire safety; those ranging from the first (inclusively) to the third quartile belong to the medium level. If the values of the fire hazard index of hotels are not smaller than the third quartile, they belong to the subgroup that has a low level of fire safety. The second method is based on the use of a «safety reserve» in terms of evacuation time. The third model of assessing the fire hazard of hotels includes the breakdown of hotels into groups, identification of the value of individual fire risk, ranking hotels by the fire risk that varies from the lowest to the highest.Results and their discussion. As for the classification of hotels, problems that accompany the consolidation of the physical approach to the fire hazard assessment with the expert method of scoring are solved by choosing the proportion between the points of the system and the «fire points» set by the adjustment coefficient. The fire points, assigned to the subgroups of hotels, are indicative and should be corrected within the framework of the proposed approach.Conclusions. The experimental application of the developed methods using the cases of real hotel facilities will allow choosing the optimal engineering method of taking into account the fire safety of hotels in the process of their classification.

A discussion on design fires for high-speed railway train cars

High-speed rail systems are expanding everywhere for carrying thousands of passen-gers every day. Train cars in underground spaces travel under dense urban areas, tun-nels in mountainous places and bridges across rivers. Design fire in burning a train car should be studied carefully for fire hazard assessment in those long underground or en-closed spaces. There are full-scale burning testing results on the main combustibles in-cluding seat, curtain and passenger luggage in some train cars. The heat release rate of a high-speed train car model CRH1 will be studied using such data together with a two-layer fire zone model, the Consolidated Model of Fire and Smoke Transport (CFAST). Simulation will be performed on the full-sized train car with the heat release rate of the seat measured by experiment. Two fire scenarios with ignition points located in the front and rear areas of the train compartment are considered. The results of the fire simulations show that the heat release rate can reach 43 MW. The value is similar to the full-scale burning experiments on train cars in Sweden and South Korea. Active fire protection systems have to be seriously considered in those underground or enclosed areas.

Improvement of a methodological approach to assessing the fire hazard of mattresses

Introduction. Textile materials and products (upholstered furniture, curtains, bedding, decorative items, etc.) are among the most flammable materials in residential and public buildings. They largely affect the fire propagation speed and formation of dangerous fire factors in combustion. Therefore, the issues of improving the requirements governing their fire-safe use are particularly relevant.Aims and purposes. Presently, the fire safety of furniture products is regulated by the Technical Regulations of the Customs Union 025/2012 «On safety of furniture products» in Russia. However, differences in testing procedures and evaluation criteria, demonstrated by the applicable standards, do not always allow objectively assessing the flammability of upholstered furniture products and predicting their behaviour in case of fire. There is also no method for assessing the flammability of mattresses, and the currently used testing method, set by GOST R 53294–2009 (p. 5) cannot ensure a correct assessment and, hence, it results are distorted. The purpose of this work is to conduct an analytical study on foreign regulatory frameworks for the fire-safe use of upholstered furniture elements in public and residential buildings, to make an experimental assessment of the flammability parameters of materials and upholstered furniture, as well as develop proposals for improving the methodological approach to the fire hazard assessment and the use of mattresses in public and residential buildings.Results and discussion. The analytical studies have proven that fairly developed regulatory and methodological frameworks are in effect abroad. They ensure the fire-safe use of items of upholstered furniture on the premises of residential and public buildings and structures. Comparative experimental studies were conducted to assess the flammability of various composite combinations of mattresses and upholstered elements of furniture using GOST R 53294–2009 methods (p. 4 and 5), which identified large discrepancies between the test results due to the difference in the conditions of the thermal exposure in the course of testing.Conclusions. It is necessary to develop and introduce a standard method of testing the flammability of mattresses into the domestic regulatory practice. It is advisable to set the requirements limiting the use of flammable elements of upholstered furniture in places of the mass presence of people to reduce fire propagation in case of ignition and formation of dangerous factors.

R290 leakage hazards assessment of a 1 HP split-type household air conditioner by concentration detection and ignition experiment

Propane (R290) is a promising alternative natural refrigerant for refrigeration, air conditioning and heat pump systems to replace hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) and hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), but its highly flammable and explosive properties require specific attention and hinder the replacement process. A fire and/or an explosion may occur once R290 leaks. This paper evaluated the fire hazards of a 1 HP split-type household air conditioner (STHAC) with a charge of 260 g to 350 g not only by measuring the R290 concentration distribution 1.5 m above the floor after a leakage occurred in the indoor unit (IDU) under various situations, but also by ignition experiment to examine the validity of concentration distribution results. A new method for reducing fire hazards was provided by installing a check valve near the gas-liquid separator with a solenoid valve installed after the capillary to prevent the transference of refrigerant from the condenser to the evaporator, which was validated to effectively decrease the fire hazards. The effects of charge, leak hole diameter and valve arrangement on the R290 concentration profiles were studied. It was found that under a fast-leaking rate, a fire occurred though the maximal concentration was 73% LFL detected by infrared gas detectors. This indicated that the detected R290 concentration may be lower than the actual concentration at a fast-leaking rate, and the ignition test was probably the most accurate method for fire hazards assessment. The low-risk application boundaries of the 1 HP STHAC were confirmed both by concentration detection and ignition test.

Improved method of fire hazard assessment taking into account the effect of the primary temperature of a coal seam on the desorption ratio of gas indicators

The methods of fire risk assessment in its early phase employed so far used to take into account only the temperature of the heating of coal. The research works reported so far in this field have been conducted at ambient temperatures, without considering the rock mass primary temperature occurring in a particular coal seam and neglecting the depth of coal seams. The method for the determination of the composition of gases emitted from coal samples, employed in the study presented here, takes into account the effect of rock mass pressure, and therefore the depth of the coal seam, as well as the temperature typical for the rock mass in a particular coal mine. In the paper the results of the experimental research on the effects of the primary temperature of a coal seam on the content of gases emitted from coal, performed with the use of a specially designed experimental stand are presented. The method may be useful in developing fire hazard predictions for longwalls with residual coal in goafs. The relations between the self-ignition characteristics as well as selected physical properties of coal samples and carbon monoxide emission were also given. The research results proved that the accurate fire hazard assessment requires considering other than just self-heating of coal causes of carbon monoxide emission, including the rock mass primary temperature, which is expected to improve the existing methods of fire risk assessment in coal mines and post-mining areas.

An advanced German approach for screening within the framework of probabilistic fire safety assessment studies

Abstract As part of a larger nuclear regulatory investigation project, a contribution to the development of methodologies for the fire hazard assessment has been provided. Within the framework of probabilistic fire risk analyses, a methodology for the selection of critical plant areas as starting point for the detailed analysis has been developed. This method is mainly based on the systematic compilation of comprehensive fire related information for each individual compartment. The primary information gathered is used for ranking of compartments in terms of fire load, conditional fire occurrence frequency, and possibilities of fire propagation. For the implementation and application of the methodology within the framework of probabilistic safety assessment studies, an ACCESS database has been developed, both for compilation of the raw data as well as for further data analysis.

An Assessment of Fire Hazard in the Historic Town of Ouro Preto based on Four Established Analysis Methodologies

This work aims to present a comparison of 4 (four) analysis methodologies of the fire risks in historical sites. These analysis methodologies are the following: Ebrafire, Chichorro, Gretener and Multi-criteria. The Town area under study is bordered by Tiradentes Square, Senador Rocha Lagoa Street, Conêgo Camilo Veloso bystreet and Cônego de Bobadela Street in the historic center of Ouro Preto. The comparative analysis among the four methodologies presented discrepancies in the degrees of fire hazards. However the block assessed presents a high risk of fire, since the great majority of buildings in the area received insufficient fire safety results. Therefore, although the results here are not conclusive, since this research is in the initial phase, it is already possible to verify the urgency of mitigation actions to reduce the risk of fire in most buildings in the evaluated block.