Assessment Of Dietary Diversity Research Articles

Does COVID-19 Influence the Urban Household’s Food Security in Horo Guduru Wollega Zone, Ethiopia?

Household food insecurity is an important variable for understanding the nutritional status of children and women in low-income countries. This study was therefore initiated to determine household food insecurity status and to analyse the impact of COVID-19 on household food security in a selected number of households in the Horo Guduru Wollega Region of Ethiopia. Multistage sampling methods were used in this study. First, 4 were randomly selected from 12 found in the Horo Guduru Wollega area. The population/size ratio is then used to select households in each city. Finally, the eligible households for the study were randomly selected. Accordingly, 360 sample data were collected from 5,710 poor households in four urbans in the Horo Guduru Wollega zone. Both qualitative (in-depth interview) and quantitative data (structured questionnaires) were included in this study. The data collected were analysed using the propensity score matching model. The result of the concordant estimation of the propensity score showed supportive indications for improving the food security standard of living. All consistent test methods used for analysis showed that there was a statistically significant difference in the assessment of dietary diversity between safe and unsafe foods. This study concludes that the COVID-19 pandemic is affecting household food security in the study area. Therefore, all concerned bodies are responsible to overcome the problem of food insecurity that occurred due to the COVID-19 in the region and nationally. The data analysed to know impact COVID-19 on food security in the study area. The propensity score matching estimation result has shown supportive evidence about the improvements of the living standard of food security. All of the matching test methods employed for the analysis showed that there was statistically significant dietary diversity scores difference between food secure and insecure. In general, this study revealed that COVID-19 pandemic affects household food insecurity status in study area.

The effects of dietary diversity on health status among the older adults: an empirical study from China

BackgroundDietary diversity is an indicator of nutrient intake among the elderly. Previous researches have primarily examined dietary diversity and the risks with chronic and infectious disease and cognitive impairment, limited evidence shows the association between dietary diversity and the overall health status of specific populations with a heterogeneity analysis. This study aimed to probe the effects of dietary diversity on health status among Chinese older adults.MethodsThere were 5740 sample participants aged 65 and above selected from the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey, among which 3334 samples in 2018 wave and 2406 samples in 2011 wave. Dietary diversity was assessed by Dietary Diversity Score ranged from 0 to 9, the higher the score, the better dietary diversity. Health status was assessed into healthy, impaired and dysfunctional state by three indicators: Activities of Daily Living, Instrument Activities of Daily Living and Mini-Mental State Examination. Multinomial logistic regression was employed to assess the effects of dietary diversity on the health status among the elderly. Heterogeneity analysis between different groups by age was further discussed.ResultsOlder adults with better dietary diversity are in better health status, the mean dietary diversity score for healthy group was higher than that of impaired and dysfunctional groups (In 2018 wave, the scores were 6.54, 6.26 and 5.92, respectively; and in 2011 wave, they were 6.38, 5.93 and 5.71, respectively). Heterogeneity analysis shows that the younger groups tend to have more diversified dietary and be in better health status. Dietary diversity was more significantly associated with health status of the younger elderly (OR, 1.22, 95% CI, 1.04–1.44, p < 0.05) than the older elderly (OR, 1.01, 95% CI, 0.37–2.78, p > 0.05) in 2018 wave; and in 2011 wave, dietary diversity was more significantly related to health status among the younger elderly (OR, 1.62, 95% CI, 1.26–2.08, p < 0.001) than the older elderly (OR, 0.08, 95%CI, 0.31–1.94, p > 0.05).ConclusionsBetter dietary diversity has positive effects on health status and is more significantly related to the younger elderly than the older elderly. So interventions including available dietary diversity assessment, variety of dietary assistance services in daily life, keeping nutrient digestion and absorption capacity for the venerable age might benefit to ensure the effects of dietary diversity on health status among older adults especially in maintaining intrinsic ability and physical function. In addition, healthy lifestyle should also be recommended.

Assessment of Dietary Diversity and Nutritional Status among Adolescents

Aim: The study’s objectives were to assess adolescents’ nutritional status and dietary diversity as well as examine the relationships between these variables and a few chosen sociodemographic characteristics. Introduction: To provide the nutrients needed for adolescent physical and cognitive development, dietary diversification is essential. A varied diet during this time promotes healthy growth, lowers the risk of obesity and malnutrition, cultivates wholesome eating habits for the rest of one’s life, and improves general wellbeing.Materials and Methods: 150 teenagers from two Bangalore schools participated in a descriptive cross-sectional study. The number of food groups ingested during the preceding 24 h, according to the nine food groups listed by the food and agriculture organization, was used to calculate dietary variety. A calibrated digital scale and a non-stretchable tape were used to take anthropometric measurements, such as height and weight. The Statistical Packages for the Social Sciences version 2.0 was used to analyze the data.Results: The findings showed that whereas 29.3% of teenagers had low dietary diversity, just 11.3% had great dietary diversity. In addition, 24.7% were overweight, 9.3% were obese, 8% were underweight, and 7.3% were stunted. The nutritional status of adolescents was found to be significantly correlated with the food types and jobs of their moms.Conclusion: The results highlight the need for nutritional interventions to improve the quality of adolescents’ diets, as they show a significant prevalence of malnutrition and insufficient dietary diversity.

Assessment of dietary diversity and nutritional support for children living with HIV in the IeDEA pediatric West African cohort: a non-comparative, feasibility study

BackgroundNutritional care is not optimally integrated into pediatric HIV care in sub-Saharan Africa. We assessed the 6-month effect of a nutritional support provided to children living with HIV, followed in a multicentric cohort in West Africa.MethodsIn 2014-2016, a nutritional intervention was carried out for children living with HIV, aged under 10 years, receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART) or not, in five HIV pediatric cohorts, in Benin, Togo and Côte d’Ivoire. Weight deficiency was assessed using two definitions: wasting (Weight for Height Z-score [WHZ] for children<5 years old or Body-Mass-Index for Age [BAZ] for ≥5 years) and underweight (Weight for Age Z-score [WAZ]) (WHO child growth standards). Combining these indicators, three categories of nutritional support were defined: 1/ children with severe malnutrition (WAZ and/or WHZ/BAZ <-3 Standard Deviations [SD]) were supported with Ready-To-Use Therapeutic Food (RUTF), 2/ those with moderate malnutrition (WAZ and/or WHZ/BAZ = [-3;-2[ SD) were supported with fortified blended flours produced locally in each country, 3/ those non malnourished (WAZ and WHZ/BAZ ≥-2 SD) received nutritional counselling only. Children were followed monthly over 6 months. Dietary Diversity Score (DDS) using a 24h recall was measured at the first and last visit of the intervention.ResultsOverall, 326 children were included, 48% were girls. At baseline, 66% were aged 5-10 years, 91% were on ART, and 17% were severely immunodeficient (CD4 <250 cells/mL or CD4%<15). Twenty-nine (9%) were severely malnourished, 63 (19%) moderately malnourished and 234 (72%) non-malnourished. After 6 months, 9/29 (31%) and 31/63 (48%) recovered from severe and moderate malnutrition respectively. The median DDS was 8 (IQR 7-9) in Côte d’Ivoire and Togo, 6 (IQR 6-7) in Benin. Mean DDS was 4.3/9 (sd 1.2) at first visit, with a lower score in Benin, but with no difference between first and last visit (p=0.907), nor by intervention groups (p-value=0.767).ConclusionsThis intervention had a limited effect on nutritional recovery and dietary diversity improvement. Questions remain on determining appropriate nutritional products, in terms of adherence, proper use for families and adequate energy needs coverage for children living with HIV.Trial registrationPACTR202001816232398, June 01, 2020, retrospectively registered.

Assessment of dietary diversity and associated factors among lactating mothers in Debub Bench District

ObjectiveTo identify dietary diversity and its associated factors among lactating women in the Debub Bench district.MethodsCross-sectional study design was conducted among 836 lactating women from January 1st to March 31st, 2019, in Debub Bench district. The outcome variable of the study was determined based on the proportion of lactating mothers who fed less than five major food groups to mothers who fed more than five major food groups out of nine (9) food groups. Lactating mothers who fed less than five of the major food groups were categorized under unacceptable dietary diversity. Data were first collected through face-to-face interviews by validated structured questionerers and then entered in Epi-data version 4.6.0.2 software. A bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis were later conducted using IBM SPSS version 26 software. During the analysis, multicollinearity was check by using the tolerance test and variance inflation factors (VIF), Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness of fit test was used to see model fitness, and adjusted odds ratios and their 95% confidence interval at P values ≤0.05 were considered to determine statistically significant factors.ResultA total of 836 lactating mothers had participated in the study. The response rate was 91.26%. The mean age of the participants was 29 years (SD ± 6.7). The study found that the magnitude of unacceptable dietary diversity score was 72.4% (95% CI: 69.5–75.5). The study also found that factors such as nutrition information (OR = 4, 95% CI: 2.64–6.08), absence of garden (OR = 2.35, 95% CI: 1.19–4.61), absence of latrine (OR = 6.86, 95% CI: 3.26–14.56) and household food insecurity (OR = 5.23, 95% CI: 3.64–7.46) were significantly associated with unacceptable dietary diversity.ConclusionThe finding of this study showed that information about nutrition, absence of latrine, absence of garden, and household food insecurity were significantly associated with dietary diversity. Based on the finding of the study, the following recommendations are made. First, strategies and programs targeted towards promoting dietary diversity and good health among lactating women should be made at all levels. Second, lactating mothers should be adequately provided with nutritional information. Three, mothers should be empowered to alleviate household food insecurity by leveraging their premises for gardening diversified and nutritious vegetables.

Nutritional status of children living in orphanage home of Kathmandu district, Nepal

Introduction: Childhood period is the crucial time for overall growth and development in various aspects of life and personality. Nutrition and living arrangement are essential factors which influence overall health status of the children. But the homeless and parentless children are deprived of their childhood rights. Objective:To assess the nutritional status of children living in orphanage homes in Kathmandu district (Province 3), Nepal. Methodology:An institution based cross sectional study was conducted among 111 orphan children aged 5-17 years. A complete enumerative sampling was used. Under nutrition was assessed using anthropometric measurements to calculate percentile score for children and dietary diversity assessment was done using 24-hour dietary recall measurement. Data was collected through semi-structured questionnaire. SPSS version 20, MS-Excel and CDC references was used to entry and analyse data. Results:The study indicated that majority (72.1%) had normal weight, 14.4% of the respondent were underweight, 10.8% were overweight and 2.7% were obese. Less than half (40.5%) of the respondent had normal nutritional status, one third (33.3%), almost one forth (24.3%) and least (1.8%) had 1st, 2ndand 3rd degree malnutrition respectively. All most all (100%) respondent ate starchy staple and legume, nuts and seeds, least (9%) of the total respondents ate eggs in a day. But intake of other vitamin A rich fruits and vegetables and organ meat and fish are rare. More than half (62.2%) of total respondents had medium dietary diversity, more than one third (37.8%) respondents had lowest dietary diversity. All most all (100%) house hold presented highest dietary diversity. Conclusion: Present study shows that the prevalence of undernutrition (underweight, overweight, obesity and malnutrition) is still major health problem among underprivileged population like orphans. The nutritional status of vulnerable population comprising of children has been recognized as an important indicator of national development which in turn depends upon social development indices.

Assessment of dietary diversity, antenatal care, food taboos, meal frequency, and nutritional status of pregnant adolescents in rural Malawi: a cross-sectional study

High rates of pregnancy during adolescence in Malawi compromise the nutritional status of adolescent mothers and their infants. When a pregnant adolescent is malnourished, she is at risk for health complications. Research focusing on the nutritional status of pregnant adolescents in Malawi is minimal. The purpose of this study was to assess dietary diversity, antenatal care, food taboos, meal frequency, and nutritional status of pregnant adolescents in rural Malawi. The study included sixty-two pregnant adolescents between 15-19 years old. Data collection included the use of a pre-tested questionnaire, standardized dietary diversity survey and measurements of mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC), height, and hemoglobin. Statistical analysis included descriptive analysis, linear and logistic regression. Mean (SD) age was 17.7 (1.2) years. Mean MUAC was 25.9 (2.0) cm; 31% had MUAC <25 cm. The occurrence of stunting was 19% and 21% were ≤150 cm tall. The mean hemoglobin was 10.37 (1.93) g/dL and 66% were anemic. The mean dietary diversity score was 4.06 (1.18) and 69% did not achieve minimum dietary diversity (score ≥ five.) No participants consumed dairy and only 7% consumed eggs. Eating meat and poultry or dark green leafy vegetables predicted a 1.31g/dL (pvalue = 0.0306) or 1.08 g/dL (p-value =0.0331) increase in hemoglobin levels, respectively (R 2 =0.15). Food taboos during pregnancy were common (35%). Compared to the Malawi National Nutrition Guidelines, 87% were not eating daily from each of the six food groups and 74% were not meeting the recommended meal frequency during pregnancy (three meals and at least one snack/day). Less than 50% consumed foods from legumes/nuts and animal food groups. The majority (63%) did not take antenatal supplements and only 37% consumed ferrous sulfate. Only 52% received advice about nutrition during pregnancy and few (8%) received advice about infant and young child feeding. Girls who received nutrition advice were more likely to take an iron supplement [OR=4.19 (1.82-9.68), p =0.0008] compared to those who did not. As the number of antenatal visits increased, the participants were more likely to take a supplement [OR=11.88 (3.40-41.49) p =0.001]. Interventions for pregnant adolescents in rural Malawi should occur early in pregnancy and include education on dietary diversity, increasing hemoglobin levels, meal frequency, food taboos, antenatal supplements and infant and young child feeding. Keywords: Adolescent nutrition, Pregnant adolescents, Dietary diversity, Food taboos, Hemoglobin Afr. J. Food Agric. Nutr. Dev . 2019; 19(3): 14555-14570

Assessment of dietary diversity, antenatal care, food taboos, meal frequency, and nutritional status of pregnant adolescents in rural Malawi: A cross-sectional study

Assessment of dietary diversity, antenatal care, food taboos, meal frequency, and nutritional status of pregnant adolescents in rural Malawi: A cross-sectional study

Assessment of Dietary Diversity and Vitamin A-Rich Foods Consumption of Pre-School Children in Rural Community in Burkina Faso, an Impact Study Approach

Assessment of Dietary Diversity and Vitamin A-Rich Foods Consumption of Pre-School Children in Rural Community in Burkina Faso, an Impact Study Approach

Dietary diversity and nutritional adequacy of under-fives in a fishing community in the central region of Ghana

BackgroundThe irreversible effect of malnutrition on children as a result of micronutrient deficiency is of great public health concern. Micronutrient malnutrition is caused by the chronic lack of vitamins and minerals in diets. Dietary assessment is one of the ways in assessing micronutrient malnutrition. This assessment provides information about the quality of food consumed in terms of nutrient adequacy of children under five years in Ekumfi Narkwa, a fishing community along the Central regional coastline using the dietary diversity assessment method.MethodsA cross-sectional study involving 250 caregiver-child pairs was conducted. A pre-tested dietary diversity questionnaire was used to collect information on dietary consumption over 7 day period. The caregiver was asked whether the child had eaten foods from the seven (7) main food groups over the past seven days and the number of days they had consumed foods from each of the food groups. The individual dietary diversity score (IDDS) and minimum dietary diversity of the children in the community were calculated independently.ResultsThe main food group consumed daily was from flesh foods group 79.8% (namely; meat and fish consumption). Daily fish consumption was 78% (195 of 250), accounting for the high consumption of flesh foods. One-tenth of the children (27 of 250) consumed vitamin A rich foods daily. Almost half (118 of 250) of the children met the minimum dietary requirements with the average dietary diversity score of 2.28 ± 1.33.ConclusionThe dietary diversity of children under five in Ekumfi Narkwa is low. Though the consumption of flesh foods was very high, that of fruits and vegetables especially Vitamin A rich plant source foods was poor. Health workers need to educate parents on the importance of ensuring their wards consume food from all the various food groups including fruits and vegetables which provide essential vitamins and minerals.

Higher dietary diversity is related to better visual and auditory sustained attention.

Attention is a complex cognitive function that is necessary for learning, for following social norms of behaviour and for effective performance of responsibilities and duties. It is especially important in sensitive occupations requiring sustained attention. Improvement of dietary diversity (DD) is recognised as an important factor in health promotion, but its association with sustained attention is unknown. The aim of this study was to determine the association between auditory and visual sustained attention and DD. A cross-sectional study was carried out on 400 women aged 20-50 years who attended sports clubs at Tehran Municipality. Sustained attention was evaluated on the basis of the Integrated Visual and Auditory Continuous Performance Test using Integrated Visual and Auditory software. A single 24-h dietary recall questionnaire was used for DD assessment. Dietary diversity scores (DDS) were determined using the FAO guidelines. The mean visual and auditory sustained attention scores were 40·2 (sd 35·2) and 42·5 (sd 38), respectively. The mean DDS was 4·7 (sd 1·5). After adjusting for age, education years, physical activity, energy intake and BMI, mean visual and auditory sustained attention showed a significant increase as the quartiles of DDS increased (P=0·001). In addition, the mean subscales of attention, including auditory consistency and vigilance, visual persistence, visual and auditory focus, speed, comprehension and full attention, increased significantly with increasing DDS (P<0·05). In conclusion, higher DDS is associated with better visual and auditory sustained attention.

Quantitative estimates of dietary intake with special emphasis on snacking pattern and nutritional status of free living adults in urban slums of Delhi: impact of nutrition transition.

BackgroundThe nutritional landscape of India is experiencing the fallout of urbanization and globalization. The changes are manifest in dietary patterns as well as health outcomes. The study aimed at assessing household dietary intake pattern with special emphasis on snacking pattern, anthropometric and lipid profiles in low socio-economic status households in an urban slum of Delhi.MethodsCommunity based cross-sectional study in 260 households of a purposively selected urban slum in North-East district of Delhi, India. Family dietary surveys including consumption pattern of commercial food products rich in Partially Hydrogenated Vegetable Oils (PHVOs), 24 h dietary recall and assessment of dietary diversity using Household Diet Diversity Scores (HDDS) were done. Assessment of nutritional status using anthropometric and lipid profile on a subsample (n =130) were also conducted.ResultsMedian energy and fat intake were adequate. Micronutrient intake was found to be inadequate for vitamin A, riboflavin, calcium and folate. PHVO usage was low (<20 % households). Milk (39 %), green leafy vegetables (25 %) and fruits (25 %) intake were below recommendations. Mean HDDS was 7.87. Prevalence of overweight/obesity was high (66.7 %). Lipid profile showed mean HDL-C levels lower than recommendations for females.ConclusionCommunity based awareness programs for prevention of non-communicable diseases should incorporate healthy diet and lifestyle practices with emphasis on quantity and quality of nutrient intake. This must be considered as an integral part of chronic disease prevention strategy for underprivileged communities in urban India.

Design and Quality Control Issues Related to Dietary Assessment, Randomized Clinical Trials and Meta-Analysis of Field-Based Studies in Developing Countries

The essential design and quality control aspects of dietary assessment, randomized controlled trials (RCT) in developing countries and their subsequent meta-analysis are reviewed. Dietary assessment protocols consist of three stages: measurement of food intakes using a method appropriate for the study objectives, calculation of nutrient intakes and finally an evaluation of their nutrient adequacy. The latter may involve: 1) assessment of dietary diversity (average number of different foods consumed per day) and selected indices of dietary quality such as intakes of animal source foods (g/d); 2) percentage of energy from protein, fat and animal protein; 3) selected nutrient densities; and 4) dietary phytate:zinc molar ratio, as well as the prevalence of inadequate nutrient intakes calculated using a probability approach. To establish causality between the nutrient inadequacies identified and adverse health outcomes, RCT must be undertaken. A prerequisite of RCT is double-blind randomization, a procedure designed to eliminate biases arising from baseline confounding variables, unintended interventions and ascertainment bias. Results from existing RCT can be summarized via meta-analysis to gain a better understanding of the population relationship. Meta-analysis is a statistical technique involving linear models or generalized linear models, which can be performed after locating the individual studies, and selecting and abstracting all the necessary data.