The effects of dietary diversity on health status among the older adults: an empirical study from China

Abstract

BackgroundDietary diversity is an indicator of nutrient intake among the elderly. Previous researches have primarily examined dietary diversity and the risks with chronic and infectious disease and cognitive impairment, limited evidence shows the association between dietary diversity and the overall health status of specific populations with a heterogeneity analysis. This study aimed to probe the effects of dietary diversity on health status among Chinese older adults.MethodsThere were 5740 sample participants aged 65 and above selected from the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey, among which 3334 samples in 2018 wave and 2406 samples in 2011 wave. Dietary diversity was assessed by Dietary Diversity Score ranged from 0 to 9, the higher the score, the better dietary diversity. Health status was assessed into healthy, impaired and dysfunctional state by three indicators: Activities of Daily Living, Instrument Activities of Daily Living and Mini-Mental State Examination. Multinomial logistic regression was employed to assess the effects of dietary diversity on the health status among the elderly. Heterogeneity analysis between different groups by age was further discussed.ResultsOlder adults with better dietary diversity are in better health status, the mean dietary diversity score for healthy group was higher than that of impaired and dysfunctional groups (In 2018 wave, the scores were 6.54, 6.26 and 5.92, respectively; and in 2011 wave, they were 6.38, 5.93 and 5.71, respectively). Heterogeneity analysis shows that the younger groups tend to have more diversified dietary and be in better health status. Dietary diversity was more significantly associated with health status of the younger elderly (OR, 1.22, 95% CI, 1.04–1.44, p < 0.05) than the older elderly (OR, 1.01, 95% CI, 0.37–2.78, p > 0.05) in 2018 wave; and in 2011 wave, dietary diversity was more significantly related to health status among the younger elderly (OR, 1.62, 95% CI, 1.26–2.08, p < 0.001) than the older elderly (OR, 0.08, 95%CI, 0.31–1.94, p > 0.05).ConclusionsBetter dietary diversity has positive effects on health status and is more significantly related to the younger elderly than the older elderly. So interventions including available dietary diversity assessment, variety of dietary assistance services in daily life, keeping nutrient digestion and absorption capacity for the venerable age might benefit to ensure the effects of dietary diversity on health status among older adults especially in maintaining intrinsic ability and physical function. In addition, healthy lifestyle should also be recommended.