Assembly Equipment Research Articles

RATIONING ASSEMBLY-MOUNTING WORKS AT THE DEVELOPING ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT FOR NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS

Objectives The aim of the study is to simulate assembly and installation work when creating equipment for nuclear power plants based on radio electronicsMethod The study is based on methods of mathematical modeling of technological processes.Result This work is the structuring of knowledge on the assembly and installation of electronic equipment for nuclear power plants. Known methods for the production of printed circuit boards are described. Since the application of solder paste is one of the most responsible technological methods, to minimize the occurrence of defective prints, it is necessary to precisely select the components and make the appropriate chemical composition. For the model of the “Entry-Exit” system, the parameters of the input and disturbing array are shown.Conclusion Taking into account the parametric dependences and the effect of fatigue during sequential operation, an equation is obtained that allows, as a first approximation, to normalize assembly and installation works. Mounted mounting is not taken into account in the equation, as This process is more rational to carry out during the direct assembly of equipment or its components.

Vision guided geometric regulation of PTC frame structures

PurposeGeometric structure error of parabolic trough concentrator (PTC) frame affects the installation accuracy of mirrors and absorber tubes and thus decreases the solar energy concentrating efficiency. Until now, there is no effective method to instruct the assembly and regulation of PTC frames. This paper aims to propose a vision guided method for fast and accurate regulation of mirror and absorber supports to improve the geometric quality of PTC frames.Design/methodology/approachThe PTC frame support regulating system consists of a general-purpose online photogrammetry system, frame support measurement adaptors and data analyzing software. First, the positions and angles of all the supports are measured in real time by the online photogrammetric system. Then, the measured positions and angles are aligned to the design reference frame through the transformation calculated by an absorber position constrained nonlinear optimization so as to get the geometric errors and regulating amounts. Finally, a graduated pseudo-color-based visualization method is proposed to assist the manual or automated regulation of PTC frame supports in site.FindingsThe proposed method does not need to construct a reference system nor specify the rotation attitude of the PTC frame, and it is capable of conducting efficient and accurate regulation on PTC frame assembly line. The method is applied to manual regulation of a light type PTC frame structure. After regulation, the maximum position and angle errors of supports are reduced to less than 0.15 mm and 0.15° respectively and the intercept factor is increased to 97%, which meets the requirement for a qualified PTC concentrator.Originality/valueTo the authors’ knowledge, this paper is the first to propose a vision guided assembly or regulation method for PTC frame structures. The research uses online photogrammetry system to provide real-time geometric quality information feedback, elaborates the data analysis algorithm and provides the visualization method for accurate and efficient in site regulation. Furthermore, this paper also provides theories, methods and experiences for other applications that use vision guidance for attitude regulation and digital flexible assembly of large equipment.

Orchestration Requirements for Modular Process Plants in Chemical and Pharmaceutical Industries

AbstractThe increased flexibility resulting from the modularization of process plants requires an advanced strategy to supervise the distributed control systems (DCSs). The connection and coordination of multiple process equipment assemblies (PEAs) into a modular plant (MP) is called orchestration and conducted in a so‐called process orchestration layer (POL). Standardized interfaces enable a seamless integration of PEAs into an MP. Current process control systems do not yet meet all required features regarding to interfaces and possibility of import/export of different data structures. Several aspects are presented which shall be taken into account when designing a POL. The POL's several layers are described in detail, resulting especially in flexibility and reusability of modular plants.

Electrochemical synthesis of Sn–Ag alloy coatings in sulphate solution

The optimal conditions for the electrochemical synthesis in the sulfate electrolyte of low-melting Sn–Ag alloy coatings used in the assembly of electronic equipment containing 7.1–8.3 at. % of silver and with total current yield of metals equal to 88.8–87.0 % are determined. It is established that electrochemical reduction of Sn(II) and Ag(I) on the surface of the alloy is accompanied by the process of contact displacement of Ag(I) with tin included into the coating. The process of contact displacement is intensified with the electrolyte temperature growth and leads to the increase in silver content in the alloy, to the appearance of dendrites on the surface of the coating due to its passivation.

АНАЛІЗ КОНСТРУКЦІЙ І ВИБІР СКЛАДАЛЬНО-ЗВАРЮВАЛЬНИХ ПРИСТОСУВАНЬ ДЛЯ ВИГОТОВЛЕННЯ МАЛОГАБАРИТНИХ МАШИН ІЗ ВИРОБНИЦТВА БУДІВЕЛЬНИХ МАТЕРІАЛІВ І КОНСТРУКЦІЙ

The results of investigations on the analysis of the design and choice of assembly-welding devices for the manufacture of small-sized machines for the building materials and various purposes production structures are presented. Simultaneously, the ever-increasing requirements to reduce the time needed for the development of new equipment and improve their quality with minimal labour and material costs led to sufficient progress in the development of the design of technological assembly equipment during assembly and welding.As the analysis and practice have showen in multi-unit production conditions with discrete-unstable production programs for the technical equipment of welding and assembly operations, it is advisable to use universal reusable assembly and welding re-adjustable fixtures instead of one-piece welding device. These devices consist of a set of structurally standardized elements from which various special devices for assembling a variety of welded structures are created by appropriate reusable composing or re-arranging.The possibility of such linking and re-arranging of the elements of UAD is provided by the high interchangeability and universality of their design. Moreover, the norms and accuracy established by the standards and the relative position of the surfaces of the UAD elements ensure their assembly without tightness and further adjustment.Assembly and welding devices UAD have significant advantages in accuracy and reliability of manufacture of welding and assembly products of various dimensions and configurations.It is advisable for the production of machines for the manufacture of building materials and structures to use universal collapsible re-adjustable devices.

Kinematic calibration of bracket type parallel posture alignment mechanism considering the gravity effect

Purpose The purpose of this study is to improve the position and posture accuracy of posture alignment mechanism. The automatic drilling and riveting machine is an important equipment for aircraft assembly. The alignment accuracy of position and posture of the bracket type posture alignment mechanism has a great influence on the operation effect of the machine. Therefore, it is necessary to carry out the kinematic calibration. Design/methodology/approach Based on analysis of elastic deformation of the bracket and geometric errors of the posture alignment mechanism, an improved method of kinematic calibration was proposed. The position and posture errors of bracket caused by geometric errors were separated from those caused by gravity. The method of reduction of dimensions was applied to deal with the error coefficient matrix in error identification, and it did not change the coefficient of the error terms. The target position and its posture were corrected to improve the error compensation accuracy. Furthermore, numerical simulation and experimental verification were carried out. Findings The simulation and experimental results show that considering the influence of the elastic deformation of the bracket on the calibration effect, the error identification accuracy and compensation accuracy can be improved. The maximum value of position error is reduced from 5.33 mm to 1.60 × 10−1 mm and the maximum value of posture error is reduced from 1.07 × 10−3 rad to 6.02 × 10−4 rad, which is superior to the accuracy without considering the gravity factor. Originality/value This paper presents a calibration method considering the effects of geometric errors and gravity. By separating position and posture errors caused by different factors and correcting the target position and its posture, the results of the calibration method are greatly improved. The proposed method might be applied to any parallel mechanism based on the positioner.

A Polymeric Nanocomposite for Fixing Bearings during Assembly and Repair of Equipment

The results of experimental studies of deformation-strength properties of adhesive joints of a nanocomposite based on AN-111 anaerobic sealant filled with nanoscale particles of copper and aluminum and its optimum composition are described. Comparative data on thermal conductivity and heat resistance of AN-111 sealant and a nanocomposite based on it are presented.

Estimation of soil resistivity by the assembly of a vertical electrical sounding equipment at a university campus at Turbaco, Bolívar

A low-cost geoelectric equipment was implemented for academic purposes to carry out the Vertical Electrical Sounding method in order to determine the resistivity and depth of a point on the surface of a university zone and obtain the contrasts of that resistivity parameter for each type of soil. A model was reproduced at the laboratory to calibrate the equipment, and then the technique was tested in the field. Among the results, layers of sandy loam, soft limestone and dark clay with thicknesses of 0.3 m, 0.75 m and 12 m respectively were obtained, finally a clear clay was obtained whose thickness is unknown. These were compared with reference samples by well drilling method. There was a concordance between the results through the method of statistical confidence intervals with a normal distribution. The data behaved according to a soil model of lower-higher-lower resistivity.

Sistem E-Inventory Menggunakan Bahasa Pemograman Visual Basic.NET

Universal Computer is a business entity in Pekanbaru engaged in the assembly and sale of computers and equipment that do not have a system that integrates well between sales, purchases, and inventory. The recording process is still manual by using the ledger so that the resulting data is less effective and efficient. In addition, the Universal Computer Shop has a weakness in reporting sales, purchases, and inventory that the level of accuracy is still lacking. Entities such as Universal Computer Store will be very good if they have a good information system so that the management of sales, purchases, and inventory in the business will be better. This information system is based on desktop using visual basic programming language .Net and SQL Server 2008 database and information system design that used is Data Flow Diagram (DFD) and ER diagram for business process to be designed. Information systems are provided for Universal Computer Stores to provide convenience to system users, especially employees, suppliers, customers, inventory, goods, and sales, purchasing, sales, inventory, employees, suppliers and customers. It can be concluded that this application is able to assist the Universal Computer Shop in handling the problem of recording purchases, sales, management, inventory, employees, suppliers, customers making reports on purchases, sales, inventory, employees, suppliers, and customers.
 Keywords: Purchase, Sales, Inventory, Visual Basic. Net, SQL Server 2008

Heterogeneous Integration of GaN and BCD Technologies and Its Applications to High Conversion-Ratio DC–DC Boost Converter IC

This letter presents a novel technology for the integration of gallium nitride (GaN) power devices with silicon control circuits. It comprises stacked GaN power transistors and bipolar-CMOS-double-diffused metal-oxide-semiconductor (DMOS) (BCD) circuits. It leverages on both advantages of the high-voltage low-loss GaN devices and the high-integration BCD circuits. Using conventional manufacturing, packaging, and assembly techniques and equipment, the proposed technology is technology transferrable and applicable for commercial power electronic applications. To validate the concept, a 3.3–70 V dc–dc boost converter is designed, implemented, and verified experimentally. It features a conversion efficiency of 70.3%, output power of 1.68 W, and compact size of ${\text{0.32}}\times {\text{0.18}}\,{\text{cm}}^{2}$ .

SUPPORT FOR VIBRATION ISOLATION OF THE TECHNOLOGICAL EQUIPMENT

Introduction. The most urgent tasks of road construction is to improve the sustainability of the roadway, on which the durability of the road surface largely depends and vibration processes are widely used. Moreover, the mechanization of production processes in construction, the growth of power and speed of technological equipment lead to increasing in dynamic loads on its parts and assemblies. To reduce the dynamic loads in the parts and assemblies of construction machines and equipment, as well as to reduce the negative impact of vibration on the staff, it is necessary to isolate the vibration-generating units and assemblies from the base part of the machine.Materials and methods. The vibro-supports of various designs are used to isolate the vibro-active elements of machines. The authors propose the vibration support design with a quasi-zero stiffness effect, in which the rubber-cord shell of the I-09 type is used as a supporting elastic element, and also the toroid-shaped rubber shell that relies on four identical support segments. In addition, each segment represents the fourth part of the annular tube and cut into two parts by a vertical cylindrical plane. The outer parts of each segment are connected with hinges to the posts and fixed on the support base, and the inner parts of each segment are also connected to a supporting elastic element and a vibration-proof mass is connected by means of hinges. The authors describe the working procedure of the proposed construction and compile the mathematical model of vibration support with a quasi-zero stiffness effect.Results. As a result, the equations of the mathematical model are performed in Matlab with the Simulink extension. The values of the equations are used to plot the strain variation of the toroidal shell of the corrector, which depends on the mass displacement, as well as on the motion patterns of a vibrationproof object of 100 kg for variants of the carrier spring without additional volume and with additional volume of the 1 - 10 Hz pneumatic spring carrier.Discussion and conclusions. The authors determine the pressure in the corrector shell, depending on the isolated object mass. Therefore, the deformation of the corrector shell could be provided with a support structure due to the elasticity of the shell material. The usage of additional volume together with the stiffness corrector allows to obtain a wider area of the load characteristics with quasi-zero stiffness and to improve the vibration-protective properties of the support.

Design of automated equipment for the assembly of automotive parts

The automotive industry has greatly developed in recent years, by automation of repetitive tasks. This enables to increase productivity and reduce errors due to labor-intensive tasks. The present work aims to design equipment for the automatic assembly of components for the automotive industry, thus achieving a major gain compared to the current manual production. The product to be assembled is a cable connector, which is comprised of a connector box, front support and lever. After the initial sketches, in which the types of mechanisms and the desired functions of the different systems were defined as a function of the intended movements and actions and the equipment structure, these systems were designed to obtain a functional unit as the final result. The moving system was also designed, powered by pneumatics. The end result is a fully-functional solution to apply in this type of equipment. The proposed solution is a viable possibility of automated equipment for automotive components’ assembly.

Efficiency testing of electric rotary actuators with non-standard reduction units for lower limb exoskeletons

The purpose of this paper is to develop a method and instruments for identifying the efficiency of an electric rotary actuator for an electromechanical orthosis of a lower limb exoskeleton, which greatly influences its weight and dimensions. The reduction units currently used as part of electric drives for exoskeletons are made in accordance with a non-standard form factor design, which impedes the use of existing methods and tools for measuring their torque and performance without considerable errors caused by mechanical losses in the bearing assemblies of test equipment. The method proposed in this paper solves this problem by identifying the values of decelerating torque associated with friction between bearing elements. In the experimental part of this work, the proposed method and the measuring system were evaluated, and it was found that the measurement error was about 1.2%, which slightly exceeds the total level of random and systematic errors of instruments applied when measuring the desired values. On the basis of the obtained results, it is possible to conclude that the developed method can be used to control the efficiency of electric rotary actuators for exoskeletons both at the stage of their production and during their operation.

Simulation of a Photovoltaic Panels Market for Promoting Solar Energy in Chad

The aim of this article is to demonstrate the existence of a potential solar energy market in Chad, in order to attract investments in the field of renewable energy to increase their share in the energy balance of the country. The evaluation of the photovoltaic panels market gave us a total of 935 billion F CFA (1,558 billion USD) turn over. The result of this study has demonstrated the existence of a solvent demand for the order of 5,000,000 panel units to be satisfied each year in Chad. The study concluded that by setting up the UPASE (Unit of Production and Assembly of Solar Equipment), we can have a cost of transfer to users of a solar panel of 200 Wp around 40,000 FCFA (67 USD), which is very competitive compared to the current selling costs which varies between 100,000 FCFA (167 USD) and 150,000 F CFA (250 USD) TTC.

An Adaptive Control of the Board Oscillations of Onboard Radio-electronic Equipment in the Resonant Mode

In the article the features of dynamic plate bending, as a basis of printed board assemblies of onboard radio-electronic equipment, with its resonance oscillations and various fixing conditions, are analyzed. Application features of the bending mode for solving the problem of radio elements placing on the plate field are considered. Methods for obtaining the eigenmodes of the plate by mathematical and experimental methods are described. An idea of adaptive control of oscillations of the plate in the resonant mode is proposed.

Investigation of an alternative testing protocol to determine the shear strength of bamboo parallel to the grain

The common testing protocol to determine the shear strength of bamboo parallel to grain is ISO 22157. However, widely documented limitations of this test procedure calls for an alternative testing protocol. This study compared ISO 22157 (TP1) and 2 alternative testing protocols proposed by Base Bahay (TP2a and 2b) in determining shear strength of bamboo parallel to grain. The study used a local bamboo known as “kawayang tinik” (Bambusa blumeana). Results showed that TP1 produced more pure shear failures at 65% compared to TP2a and TP2b at 55% each. Shear strength values between the three methods were not significantly different, although, TP2b resulted in the lowest coefficient of variation at 18%. Also, TP2b was found to be the most effective in terms of specimen preparation, ease of assembly of testing equipment, and low variability in data.

Intelligent Manufacturing Mode for Sophisticated Equipment Assembly Workshop

In order to meet with the requirements of equipment network integration, flexible customized assembly, lean logistics management and control of assembly process, an intelligent manufacturing model of sophisticated equipment assembly workshop is proposed in this paper. By modeling the requirement of intelligent manufacturing mode in sophisticated equipment assembly workshop, an intelligent manufacturing technology architecture system and its operation mode are built, which include six layers as user layer, core functional layer, system integration layer, intelligent perception layer, resource layer and basic support layer. The key technologies such as the intelligent perception technology of assembly resources by using intelligent information interaction device based on IPv6 and the abnormal early warning method of critical assembly process based on BP neural network are studied. Finally, the analysis is illustrated in the case of a realistic application from a local manufacturing enterprise to highlight the proposal’s feasibility and applicability by applying the proposed intelligent manufacturing model.

Optimization of Electronic Components Mounting Sequence for 3D MID Assembly Process

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Triple Scissor Extender Robot Arm: A Solution to the Last One Foot Problem of Manipulation

Final assembly, inspection, and maintenance of aircrafts, automobiles, and industrial equipment often requires a robot to reach confined areas that are difficult to access. While a robot can move freely in open space, the last one foot to a target site in a manufacturing environment is typically cluttered with complex obstacles. Here, we present a novel solution to the last one foot problem. Inspired by plant stem growth, a new design concept for an expandable arm, the triple scissor extender robot arm (TSERA), is developed to access a confined area through a narrow channel. The robot consists of a series of expandable segments each of which is able to extend and tilt. Thus, the robot can elongate its structure along a narrow, winding space. The novel design concept is accompanied by a new algorithm for path planning, the sequential expansion algorithm. Unlike traditional algorithms for articulated robot path planning, TSERA's sequential expansion algorithm reduces the otherwise computationally expensive multibody path planning problem to a single rigid body kinematics problem. Exploiting the serial nature of expandable structure, we can compute arm motion by sequentially solving a simple inverse kinematics problem for each segment.

Monitoring of the technical condition of semi-trailer trucks

The article presents results of the reliability study of controlled groups of vehicles possessed by two road transport enterprises working in the international transport sector (truck tractors – VOLVO FH 1242Т – 50 unit and MERCEDES-BENZ 1844 ACTROS LS -100 units, semi-trailers SCHMITZ, KRONE and KÖGEL – 50 units from each of the semi-trailers company). Possibilities for reliability increasing and reduction of the maintenance and repair cost are defined. The results of the reliability evaluation of vehicles during three years of operation with a different annual run (from brand new up to 440·103 km, including warranty period) are presented. Based on the conducted studies of failures and details malfunctions, units and systems of the vehicles, the average operating time to failure or occurrence of malfunctioning, the probability of failure-free operation, and the time spent on repairs were determined. Asymmetric graphs of working capacity disturbance were obtained, which allowed determining the level of const uction design perfection, the technological accuracy of equipment assembly and the quality of fastening works. The inadequate adaptability to operate on the roads of the CIS was reflected by symmetric distribution laws. The least reliable aggregate and assembly elements were identified.