Aspiration Research Articles

Primary carcinoma of the Fallopian tube with positive vaginal, endometrial and culde-sac smears

This is a case of 53 years-old female, gravida 0 with positive vaginal, endocervical, and endometrial aspira tion cytology. Preoperative diagnosis was carcinoma of the endometrium. Postoperative examination of the removed uterus and both ovaries failed to reveal a ma lignancy, but on the basis of the positive cul-de-sac smear taken at the operation, malignancy of the fallo pian tube was suspected and very small lesion was fo und in the left fallopian tube. In this case, cul-de-sac smear was very helpful making the correct diagnosis.

NOTES ON THE POSSIBILITY AND THE JUSTIFICATIONS  POPULATION RESETTLEMENT PROJECTS IN LIBYA

In this theoritical paper, an attempt has been made to answer two er questions : 1) Is it possible to resettle those Libyans who are living insmall groups scattered in the Libyan desert ? 2) And, what are thejustifications, if any, of population resettlement projects ? The writer sees that it is possible to develop a number of popula tioncenters. Libyans living in scattered oasis are to be moved into suchcenters. However, it is suggested that socio-economic research should becarried on among the small communities for whom the population centersare going to be developed. Such research should focus on providingplanners with an adequate picture of the major social and economiccharacteristics of these small communities. Because, it is very importantthat planners know in advance the age and sex distributions of individualsof these communities, their skills, mojor values, habits, customs, attitudes,and even their level of aspira tions. In other words, planners should beaware of the dominant sub cultures and social structures in order to beable to draw plans of practicle and suitable population resettlementprojects.

Ethnic and Personality Patterns in College Entrance

ALTHOUGH CONSIDERABLE attention has been given to personality differences between students of various colleges or fields of study, little is known about such differences in high school students who do and do not go on to college. For example, a re cent survey of research concerning factors related to college attendance did not include anyresearchon non-intellectual personality determinants (2). Differ ences between high school seniors and college fresh men can be determined from the norms of such tests as the California Personality Inventory and the Om nibus Personality Inventory, but the data do not al low one to decide whether they are the result of age or selection (7). Only slightly more is known about the relation ship between ethnic status and college attendance. In an early study Goetsch (5) found that Jewish and Scandinavian youths were more likely to go on to col lege than were those of French, Greek, and Italian backgrounds. Strodtbeck (9) found college aspira tion stronger in Jewish than in comparable Italian boys, and Rosen (8) reported higher educational as pirations among Greeks, Jews, white Protestants, and Negroes than in French and Italian groups. Stroup and Andrew (10) found that students from pre dominantly white high schools were more likely to attend college than were students from predominant ly colored ones. In an investigation very pertinent to the present one, Dole (3) studied the educational and vocational aspirations of Hawaii youths of various ages. Sur veying the plans of high school seniors, he found that those of Filipino or Hawaiian descent were corn par atively less likely to plan further education, those of Japanese ancestry were more likely to do so, and Caucasians were average in this regard; among those of Chinese descent, males were more likely to plan to go on, but females demon strated about average aspiration. The present investigation was designed to throw further light on the matter by studying the levels of educational attainment for persons of various per sonality and ethnic characteristics. Specifically, an attempt was made to determine the subsequent col lege status of a large group of subjects for whom cer tain personality and ethnic data had been gathered during their senior year of high school.

A Comparison of the Vocational Aspirations of Paired Sixth-Grade White and Negro Children Who Attend Segregated Schools

THE POSITIVE relationship of motivation to learning is universally accepted by both educators and behavioral scientists. This phenomenon can give impetus, purpose, and direction to an individ ual as well as make the essential difference be tween a meaningless exercise and an exciting learning experience. Though we appear to be mo tivated similarly in the area of our basic needs, individuals differ greatly outside this narrow con text. Within a culturally similar framework of conditions and pressures, individuals display vast personality and motivational differences. The high percentage of drop-outs recorded in schools today is attributed to many causes, one of which is the lack of academic motivation. This along with vo cational aspiration, forms the principal focus of this study. It was the author's intention to view aspiration and motivation from a phenomenologi cal approach since he feels that the way an indi vidual sees himself determines the significance of his perceptions. Self-concept and motivation, therefore, become closely related to the aspira tions of man. It follows also that classroom in struction will become more efficient when more is known about the way the student sees the world, and thinks about himself, both in the present and in the future. This study deals with only one aspect of the self of young adolescents: their vocational as pirations at a particular time in their lives. Their aspirations will probably change often; however, according to perceptaual psychology, they are significant in that they reveal the way in which these students viewed themselves phenomenologi cally. The research population consisted of two groups of sixth-graders who had similar economic status, regional environment, and intelligence quotients, but had difference racial backgrounds. They also attended segregated schools. The prob lem consisted of determining if the occupational aspirations of these two groups of adolescents dif fered significantly. It is hoped that from this and related studies, generalizations can be made related to desired responses gained from individuals of various backgrounds and subject to different environ mental pressures. Such data-gathering ?would lead to a better understanding of self-concept forma tion. It could also evolve into a compatibility of the effective humanistic approach to individual psycho-therapy with the broader, more educa tionally significant movement currently studying peer-dynamics among adolescents and young adults. Method

Pleural Biopsy and Thoracentesis by a New Instrument

Since DeFrancis et al.1 first described needle biopsy of the parietal pleura in 1955, this aid to diagnosis of causes of pleural effusion has received much interest. According to previous reports, needle biopsy has been diagnostic in about one-half of the cases in which it has been used. However, it should be realized that some of these cases were selected and that needle biopsy of the parietal pleura may not be this efficacious if used in all cases. If the diagnosis appears obvious on the basis of other clinical evidence, then pleural biopsy is not recommended. If there is some question as to the cause of the pleural effusion, then Donohoe's2 approach is advisable: “At the time of the initial thoracentesis, aspira tion biopsy should be performed. If a specific cause is determined, no further diagnostic studies would be needed and appropriate treatment may be instituted. If such a specimen is either inadequate or inconclu sive, either a repeat aspiration biopsy is in order or surgical biopsy through a small intercostal approach should be undertaken. A frozen section should be obtained and if a specific cause is demonstrable, the incision may be closed. If the result is not diagnostic, then the surgeon should extend the incision and full exploration with appropriate biopsy and/or resection can be carried out, followed subsequently with appropri ate treatment.” The Vim-Silverman needle has generally been used as originally de scribed by DeFrancis.1 Following this procedure, thoracentesis must be done next. Either procedure, particularly the latter, may be complicated by pneumothorax due to puncturing or lacerating the lung. In order to combine pleural biopsy and thoracentesis and also to lessen the risk of pneumothorax, we have devised a new instrument. It has features some what similar to those previously described by Cope,3 but it is more similar to that reported by Abrams.4 The purpose of this article is to describe this instrument and its use, report our results in using it and compare the apparent efficacy of this instrument to others. We are not attempting to prove the merits of pleural needle biopsy, for we feel this has been done. Description of Instrument The instrument consists of two parts—the “sheath” and the “needle” and is shown in Fig. 1. The outer “sheath,” A, has a hook-like cutting notch on one end and a collar with three grooves on the other end. The needle, B, has a boss protruding from its hub which fits in the grooves of the collar of the sheath. The sheath has a diameter of a size 13 needle and the needle, B, fits within this snugly enough to be airtight.

The Giant Awakes: Brazil

Brazil stands at the threshold of what may be a new epoch in her history. A high tide of nationalism char acterized the November 1960 presidential elections, and in quietude prevails in many quarters in Brazil and the United States with respect to the national and international policies of the new president who took office in Brazil early in 1961. Many momentous social changes underlie the social ferment and demand for change currently prevailing throughout the Brazilian half of the South American continent. First, popu lation is increasing at the rate of 2.5 per cent per annum, and the rate itself is rising. Each year there are about 1,700,000 more Brazilians on December 31 than there were on January 1. Second, this population is concentrating in cities and towns to an unprecedented degree, due largely to the migration of people from the rural districts. All the cities literally are bursting at their seams. Third, the problems of living in inadequately supplied urban centers weigh heavily on large segments of the Brazilian population. Fourth, for many reasons, the aspira tions of Brazil's people are rising more rapidly than their levels of achievement, thus the gap between the standard of living and the level or plane of living is increasing. This means that the area of frustration is broadening. Fifth, shortages exist in Brazil of almost everything needed in a modern, urban, and industrialized society.

Arab Nationalism and Soviet-American Relations

Arab nationalism has reacted against Western policies which affected adversely their national interests; Arab attitude in the cold war has been affected by its conflict with the West over colonialism and Zionism; in its policies toward the Arab world, the West has shown a lack of awareness and respect for Arab sovereignty and nationalism. These are the reasons that in the cold war conflict the Arab countries have viewed the cause of the West with distrust. They explain the evolution of Arab policy from unconcern and indifference, to passive negative nonalignment, to active and positive neutral ity. They also explain the deterioration of the Western posi tion and the improvement of the Soviet position in the Arab world since 1955. There are signs that a more favorable Arab attitude toward the West may emerge in the future. How ever, the initiative for this transformation must come from the West, and there are factors inviting such initiative. The Arabs have shown that they are not willing to submit to Soviet inter vention in their affairs, and Arab nationalism has proved a bul wark against communism in the Arab world. If in its negotia tions the West respects the sovereignty and legitimate aspira tions of Arab countries, it will find the Arab world more ready to join the side of the West in the East-West conflict.—Ed.