Cultures Of Aspergillus Niger Research Articles

Biopesticides from plants: Calceolaria integrifolia s.l.

The effects of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) on humans and biodiversity are multiple and varied. Nowadays environmentally-friendly pesticides are strongly preferred to POPs. It is noteworthy that the crop protection role of pesticides and other techniques, i.e. biopesticides, plant extracts, prevention methods, organic methods, evaluation of plant resistance to certain pests under an integrated pest management (IPM), could improve the risks and benefits which must be assessed on a sound scientific basis. For this directive it is crucial to bring about a significant reduction in the use of chemical pesticides, not least through the promotion of sustainable alternative solutions such as organic farming and IPM. Biopesticides are derived from natural materials such as animals, plants, bacteria, and certain minerals. Most of them are biodegradable in relatively short periods of time. On this regard, substances from Calceolaria species emerge as a strong alternative to the use of POPs. The American genus Calceolaria species are regarded both as a notorious weeds and popular ornamental garden plants. Some have medicinal applications. Other taxa of Calceolaria are toxic to insects and resistant to microbial attack. These properties are probably associated with the presence of terpenes, iridoids, flavonoids, naphthoquinones and phenylpropanoids previously demonstrated to have interesting biological activities. In this article a comprehensive evaluation of the potential utilization of Calceolaria species as a source of biopesticides is made. The chemical profile of selected members of the Chilean Calceolaria integrifolia sensu lato complex represents a significant addition to previous studies. New secondary metabolites were isolated, identified and tested for their antifeedant, insect growth regulation and insecticidal activities against Spodoptera frugiperda and Drosophila melanogaster. These species serve as a model of insect pests using conventional procedures. Additionally, bactericidal and fungicidal activity were determined. Dunnione mixed with gallic acid was the most active fungistatic and fungicidal combination encountered. Several compounds as isorhamnetin, combined with ferulic and gallic acid quickly reduced cell viability, but cell viability was recovered quickly and did not differ from that of the control. The effect of these mixtures on cultures of Aspergillus niger, Fusarium moniliforme, Fusarium sporotrichum, Rhizoctonia solani, and Trichophyton mentagrophytes, was sublethal. However, when fungistatic isorhamnetin and dunnione were combined with sublethal amounts of both ferulic and gallic acid, respectively, strong fungicidal activity against theses strains was observed. Thus, dunnione combined with gallic acid completely restricted the recovery of cell viability. This apparent synergistic effect was probably due to the blockade of the recovery process from induced-stress. The same series of phenolics (iridoids, flavonoids, naphthoquinones and phenylpropanoids) were also tested against the Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli, Enterobacter agglomerans, and Salmonella typhi, and agaisnt the Gram-positive bacteria Bacillus subtilis, Sarcinia lutea, and Staphyllococcus aureus and their effects compared with those that of kanamycin. Mixtures of isorhamnetin/dunnione/kaempferol/ferulic/gallic acid in various combinations were found to have the most potent bactericidal and fungicidal activity with MFC between 10 and 50μg/ml. Quercetin was found to be the most potent fungistatic single compound with an MIC of 15µg/ml. A time-kill curve study showed that quercetin was fungicidal against fungi assayed at any growth stage. This antifungal activity was slightly enhanced by combination with gallic acid. The primary antifungal action of the mixtures assayed likely comes from their ability to act as nonionic surfactants that disrupt the function of native membrane-associated proteins. Hence, the antifungal activity of isorhamnetin and other O-methyl flavonols appears to be mediated by biophysical processes. Maximum activity is obtained when the balance between hydrophilic and hydrophobic portions of the molecules of the mixtures becomes the most appropriate. Diterpenes, flavonoids, phenylpropanoids, iridoids and phenolic acids were identified by chromatographic procedures (HPLC-DAD), ESI-MS, and NMR hyphenated techniques.

Electrochemical monitoring of citric acid production by Aspergillus niger

Hybrid electronic tongue was developed for the monitoring of citric acid production by Aspergillus niger. The system based on various potentiometric/voltammetric sensors and appropriate chemometric techniques provided correct qualitative and quantitative classification of the samples collected during standard Aspergillus niger culture and culture infected with yeast. The performance of the proposed approach was compared with the monitoring of the fermentation process carried out using classical methods. The results obtained proved, that the designed hybrid electronic tongue was able to evaluate the progress and correctness of the fermentation process.

Impact of Nutrients, Aeration and Agitation on the Bioremediation of Crude Oil Polluted Water Using Mixed Microbial Culture

Crude oil polluted water was treated using a bioremediation strategy encompassing natural attenuation and biostimulation using a mixed microbial culture of Aspergillus niger and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Four (4) samples of petroleum hydrocarbon polluted water; Control (no nutrient), A (nutrient from NPK 15:15:15), B (nutrient plus aeration), and C (nutrient, aeration and agitation) were monitored for 8 weeks for bioremediation indicating parameters such as Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Total Hydrocarbon Content (THC) and pH. The results obtained showed an increase in DO levels of 86.4, 87.0 and 87.5 % for samples A, B, and C respectively. The BOD of the samples was observed to decrease in the course of bioremediation with reduction levels of 98.6, 98.7 and 98.8% recorded for samples A, B, and C respectively. Reductions in THC corresponded to 92.3, 93.6, and 94.4% respectively for samples A, B and C. The pH of all samples fell within the acceptable limit of 6-9 as stipulated by regulatory agencies such as the Federal Environmental Protection Agency (FEPA) and the department of petroleum resources (DPR). The final values of BOD and THC fell within the values of 30 and 10 mg/l respectively stipulated by FEPA and DPR with the exception of sample A which had a final THC value of 14 mg/l.

Removal of silver nanoparticles using live and heat shock Aspergillus niger cultures

Silver nanoparticles (SNPs) are extensively used in many industrial and medical applications; however, the impact of their release in the environment is still considered an understudied field. In the present work, SNPs present in aqueous lab waste water (average size of 30nm) were used to determine their impact on microflora if released in soil rhizosphere and sewage waste water. The results showed that 24h incubation with different SNP concentrations resulted in a 2.6-fold decrease for soil rhizosphere microflora and 7.45-fold decrease for sewage waste water microflora, both at 24ppm. Live and heat shock (50 and 70°C) Aspergillus niger cultures were used to remove SNP waste, the results show 76.6, 81.74 and 90.8% SNP removal, respectively after 3h incubation. There was an increase in the log total bacterial count again after SNP removal by A. niger in the following order: live A. niger<50°C heat shock A. niger<70°C heat shock A. niger. The pH value decreased from 5.8 to 3.8 in the same order suggesting the production of an acid in the culture media. Scanning electron microscopy images showed agglomeration and/or complexation of SNP particles, in a micron size, in between the fungal mycelia, hence settling on and in between the mycelial network. The results suggest that silver was reduced again and agglomerated and/or chelated together in its oxidized form by an acid in A. niger media. More studies are recommended to determine the acid and the heat shock proteins to confirm the exact mode of action.

Biodegradation of Low-Density Polyethylene (LDPE) by Mixed Culture of Lysinibacillus xylanilyticus and Aspergillus niger in Soil

In this study, two strains of Aspergillus sp. and Lysinibacillus sp. with remarkable abilities to degrade low-density polyethylene (LDPE) were isolated from landfill soils in Tehran using enrichment culture and screening procedures. The biodegradation process was performed for 126 days in soil using UV- and non-UV-irradiated pure LDPE films without pro-oxidant additives in the presence and absence of mixed cultures of selected microorganisms. The process was monitored by measuring the microbial population, the biomass carbon, pH and respiration in the soil, and the mechanical properties of the films. The carbon dioxide measurements in the soil showed that the biodegradation in the un-inoculated treatments were slow and were about 7.6% and 8.6% of the mineralisation measured for the non-UV-irradiated and UV-irradiated LDPE, respectively, after 126 days. In contrast, in the presence of the selected microorganisms, biodegradation was much more efficient and the percentages of biodegradation were 29.5% and 15.8% for the UV-irradiated and non-UV-irradiated films, respectively. The percentage decrease in the carbonyl index was higher for the UV-irradiated LDPE when the biodegradation was performed in soil inoculated with the selected microorganisms. The percentage elongation of the films decreased during the biodegradation process. The Fourier transform infra-red (FT-IR), x-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to determine structural, morphological and surface changes on polyethylene. These analyses showed that the selected microorganisms could modify and colonise both types of polyethylene. This study also confirmed the ability of these isolates to utilise virgin polyethylene without pro-oxidant additives and oxidation pretreatment, as the carbon source.

Biotransformation of ent-pimaradienoic acid by cell cultures of Aspergillus niger

Microbial transformation stands out among the many possible semi-synthetic strategies employed to increase the variety of chemical structures that can be applied in the search for novel bioactive compounds. In this paper we obtained ent-pimaradienoic acid (1, PA, ent-pimara-8(14),15-dien-19-oic acid) derivatives by fungal biotransformation using Aspergillus niger strains. To assess the ability of such compounds to inhibit vascular smooth muscle contraction, we also investigated their spasmolytic effect, along with another five PA derivatives previously obtained in our laboratory, on aortic rings isolated from male Wistar rats. The microbial transformation experiments were conducted at 30°C using submerged shaken liquid culture (120rpm) for 10days. One known compound, 7α-hydroxy ent-pimara-8(14),15-dien-19-oic acid (2), and three new derivatives, 1β-hydroxy ent-pimara-6,8(14),15-trien-19-oic acid (3), 1α,6β,14β-trihydroxy ent-pimara-7,15-dien-19-oic acid (4), and 1α,6β,7α,11α-tetrahydroxy ent-pimara-8(14),15-dien-19-oic acid (5), were isolated and identified on the basis of spectroscopic analyses and computational studies. The compounds obtained through biotransformation (2–5) did not display a significant antispasmodic activity (values ranging from 0% to 16.8% of inhibition); however the previously obtained diterpene, methyl 7α-hydroxy ent-pimara-8(14),15-dien-19-oate (8), showed to be very effective (82.5% of inhibition). In addition, our biological results highlight the importance to study the antispasmodic potential of a large number of novel diterpenes, to conduct further structure–activity relationship investigations.

Epoxidation of Ferutinin by Different Fungi and Antibacterial Activity of its Metabolite

Structural transformation of the sesquiterpene ester, ferutinin (1), by suspended fungal cultures of Aspergillus niger, Rhizopus stolonifer, and Fusarium lini, resulted in the formation of a metabolite. This metabolite was identified as ferutinin α-epoxide (2), by different spectroscopic techniques. Metabolite 2 showed a good antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureuscompared to ferutinin (1).

Automatic Growth Detection of Cell Cultures through Outlier Techniques using 2D Images

Using conventional statistics, we have developed a new method for cell culture analysis through outlier detection techniques. Statistical methods enable researchers in microbiology to identify experimental parameters that are critical for colony growth and inhibition. This paper reports a method for analysing 2D images of cell cultures in Petri dishs, such as fungi, bacteria or yeast. The aim of this study was to obtain a sensitive and robust method for detection of growth rate, surface coverage and the approximate number of cells in the colony. For testing we have implemented a software application called MoldATRIX. This software generates useful statistics and displays critical information about the cell colony area. Our results were obtained by analyzing a series of digital images of Aspergillus niger cultures at different time intervals. Moreover, our results show the behavior of Aspergillus niger on leather.Â

Autophagy promotes survival in aging submerged cultures of the filamentous fungus Aspergillus niger

Autophagy is a well-conserved catabolic process constitutively active in eukaryotes that is involved in maintaining cellular homeostasis by the targeting of cytoplasmic content and organelles to vacuoles. Autophagy is strongly induced by the limitation of nutrients including carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen and is clearly associated with cell death. It has been demonstrated that the accumulation of empty hyphal compartments and cryptic growth in carbon-starved submerged cultures of the filamentous fungus Aspergillus niger is accompanied by a joint transcriptional induction of autophagy genes. This study examines the role of autophagy by deleting the atg1, atg8, and atg17 orthologs in A. niger and phenotypically analyzing the deletion mutants in surface and submerged cultures. The results indicate that atg1 and atg8 are essential for efficient autophagy, whereas deletion of atg17 has little to no effect on autophagy in A. niger. Depending on the kind of oxidative stress confronted with, autophagy deficiency renders A. niger either more resistant (menadione) or more sensitive (H2O2) to oxidative stress. Fluorescence microscopy showed that mitochondrial turnover upon carbon depletion in submerged cultures is severely blocked in autophagy-impaired A. niger mutants. Furthermore, automated image analysis demonstrated that autophagy promotes survival in maintained carbon-starved cultures of A. niger. Taken together, the results suggest that besides its function in nutrient recycling, autophagy plays important roles in physiological adaptation by organelle turnover and protection against cell death upon carbon depletion in submerged cultures.

Interaction of tannase from Aspergillus niger with polycations applied to its primary recovery

The interaction of tannase (TAH) with chitosan, polyethyleneimine and Eudragit®E100 was studied. It was found that TAH selectively binds to these polycations (PC), probably due to the acid nature of the target protein. TAH could interact with these PC depending on the medium conditions. The effect of the interaction on the secondary and tertiary structure of TAH was assayed through circular dichroism and fluorescence spectroscopy. TAH was recovered from Aspergillus niger culture broth by means of precipitation and adsorption using chitosan.

Linking aggregation of Aspergillus niger spores to surface electrostatics: a theoretical approach

The effect of medium pH on conidial aggregation during submerged cultivation of Aspergillus niger is considered to originate from the electrostatic surface properties of the spores. As previously shown, these properties are greatly influenced by the presence of a melanin-containing surface coating covering the outer spore wall layer. The present study was designed to elucidate the impact of such a coating on the spores' surface potential and their electrostatic repulsion under acidic conditions. A Poisson-Boltzmann model was proposed and potential profiles across the surface coating of noninteracting and interacting spores were calculated. The surface potentials thus obtained were in line with the observed pH dependence of the zeta potential. This dependence was consistent with the outcome of aggregation experiments. Apparently contradictory results regarding the zeta potential and the aggregation behavior of the spores were obtained when the ionic strength was varied. However, both of these observations could be explained by the model.

Solubilization of Magnesium-Bearing Silicate Minerals and the Subsequent Formation of Glushinskite by Aspergillus niger

Microbes may play a substantial role in the weathering and alteration of minerals. However, not enough concerns have been realized about the complexity of microbe-mineral interactions. The present work reports the interactions between fungi and minerals with emphasis on the role of silicate minerals as the metal donor for the precipitation of secondary mineral. Herein, two magnesium-bearing silicate minerals with different structures, forsterite and talc, were added to the submerged cultures of Aspergillus niger (A. niger). It is shown that forsterite exhibits a better solubilization effect than talc, and the secondary mineral glushinskite only precipitates in the presence of forsterite substrates. Oxalic acid excreted by A. niger plays a key role in the biological leaching and mineralization processes. Moreover, the forsterite particles with certain size added to the cultures tend to inhibit the aggregation of fungal biomass, and therefore affect the morphology of A. niger aggregates in the submerged culture. With varying forsterite particle size, distinct fungal morphological forms including mycelial pellets and freely dispersed hyphae can be formed, which have a direct impact on fungal metabolism and ultimately result in varied crystallization habits of the neo-minerals. Particularly in the culture with −40/+60 mesh forsterite particles, the mineralized glushinskite mainly exhibit tubular forms; whereas when forsterite particles were at −100/+120 mesh or −200 mesh, pyramidal prisms are obtained. We show that the environmental factors such as the particle size of mineral substrate could influence the fungal morphology and metabolic activities, thereby leading to different morphological neo-minerals. The dependence of biomineral morphology on the environmental factors can open up a novel avenue to understanding the microorganism-environment interactions.

Production Of Bioethanol From Corncob And Sugarcane Bagasse With Hydrolysis Process Using Aspergillus niger and Trichoderma viride

Abstrack : Bioethanol is an alternative fuels derived from biomass that is more environmentally friendly and renewable. Corncob and sugarcane bagasse are a potential agricultural wastes used as raw material for bioethanol because it has a high carbohydrate content and abundant availability. The efforts to increase bioethanol production performed by enzymatic hydrolysis method using fungus cultures of Aspergillus niger and Trichoderma viride. This study aims to determine the best combination of the addition of A. niger and T. viride cultures on corncob and sugarcane bagasse raw materials which produces optimal bioethanol production with high substrate efficiency and low residual sugars content. The results showed that the use of corncob raw materials with the addition of Aspergillus niger culture is the best treatment combination that produces ethanol at 282,3 ml/kg with 90,35% substrate efficiency. While the bagasse raw material, the addition of Trichoderma viride culture is the best treatment combination that produces ethanol at 299,2 ml/kg with 90,95% substrate efficiency. Keyword: Bioethanol, hydrolysis, Aspergillus niger, Trichoderma viride, fermentation

Comprehension of viscous morphology—Evaluation of fractal and conventional parameters for rheological characterization of Aspergillus niger culture broth

The filamentous fungus Aspergillus niger is a widely used host in industrial processes from food, chemical to pharmaceutical industry. The most prominent feature of this filamentous microorganism in submerged cultivation is its complex morphology which comprises dense spherical pellets as well as viscous elongated filaments. Depending on culture conditions, the exhibited morphology has tremendous effect on the overall process, making a precise understanding of fungal growth and morphology indispensable. Morphology, however, is only industrially relevant as long as it can be linked to important cultivation characteristics of filamentous microorganisms such as culture broth flow behavior. In the present study, different conventional and fractal morphological parameters gained from automatic image analysis were tested for their eligibility to predict culture broth rheology from morphologic appearance. The introduced biomass independent rheological parameters KBDW and nBDW obtained by power law relationship were successfully estimated from morphology related fractal and conventional parameters. For improved characterization of morphologic appearance of filamentous fungi newly introduced fractal quotient and lacunarity were compared to conventional particle shape parameters in form of the earlier established Morphology number (MN).

Heterogeneity in liquid shaken cultures of Aspergillus niger inoculated with melanised conidia or conidia of pigmentation mutants

Black pigmented conidia of Aspergillus niger give rise to micro-colonies when incubated in liquid shaken medium. These micro-colonies are heterogeneous with respect to gene expression and size. We here studied the biophysical properties of the conidia of a control strain and of strains in which the fwnA, olvA or brnA gene is inactivated. These strains form fawn-, olive-, and brown-coloured conidia, respectively. The ΔolvA strain produced larger conidia (3.8 μm) when compared to the other strains (3.2–3.3 μm). Moreover, the conidia of the ΔolvA strain were highly hydrophilic, whereas those of the other strains were hydrophobic. The zeta potential of the ΔolvA conidia in medium was also more negative when compared to the control strain. This was accompanied by the near absence of a rodlet layer of hydrophobins. Using the Complex Object Parametric Analyzer and Sorter it was shown that the ratio of individual hyphae and micro-colonies in liquid shaken cultures of the deletion strains was lower when compared to the control strain. The average size of the micro-colonies of the control strain was also smaller (628 μm) than that of the deletion strains (790–858 μm). The size distribution of the micro-colonies of the ΔfwnA strain was normally distributed, while that of the other strains could be explained by assuming a population of small and a population of large micro-colonies. In the last set of experiments it was shown that relative expression levels of gpdA, and AmyR and XlnR regulated genes correlate in individual hyphae at the periphery of micro-colonies. This indicates the existence of transcriptionally and translationally highly active and lowly active hyphae as was previously shown in macro-colonies. However, the existence of distinct populations of hyphae with high and low transcriptional and translational activity seems to be less robust when compared to macro-colonies grown on solid medium.

Efficacy of chloroform, ethanol and water extracts of medicinal plants, Malva sylvestris and Malva neglecta on some bacterial and fungal contaminants of wound infections

In this study, the efficacy of chloroform, ethanol and water extracts of Malva neglecta andMalva sylvestris on some bacterial and fungal contaminants of wound infections were investigated. The results showed an acceptable efficacy of chloroform, water and ethanol extracts of these medicinal plants (M. neglecta and M. sylvestris) on some bacterial and fungal contaminants of wound infections. Among all obtained extracts, ethanol extracts of both species especially that of M. sylvestris, showed the best activity against bacteria, followed by aqueous extracts. The best of antibacterial minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values was 0.4 mg/ml obtained with Streptococcus pyogenes cultures. All extracts were active against Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Proteus vulgaris. Aqueous and chloroform extracts had better antifungal activity. The best of antifungal MIC values was 0.6 mg/ml for M. sylvestris aqueous extract against Aspergillus niger cultures. All extracts had activity against A. niger, Aspergillus fumigatus and Candida albicans. Our results showed that all extracts are active against S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, and P. vulgaris which have been reported to be troublesome bacteria in wound infections, especially in the aspect of antibiotic resistance as multi-resistant microorganisms. The ethanol extracts had the highest antibacterial activity than all other solvents. Anthocyanin ofM. neglecta has approved bacteriostatic activity. This water soluble pigment can be responsible for acceptable antibacterial effects of aqueous extracts of this plant. Our results add more reasons to the clinical application of these extracts in the prophylaxis and treatment of wound infections. The wide range of the efficacy of these extracts: A. niger, A. fumigatus and C. albicans on different bacterial and fungal agents, and the healing acceleration obtained by these extracts makes them acceptable candidates for the promotion of healing in wound infections. Key words: Malva sylvestris, Malva neglecta, extracts, contamination, antimicrobial agent.

Kinetic modeling of the bioleaching process of iron removal from kaolin

A kinetic model was developed to assess the influence of batch cultivation of Aspergillus niger on the bioleaching of iron from kaolin. A simple model was proposed using the logistic equation for growth, and the Luedeking–Piret equations for iron removal, acid formation and sucrose consumption. The performance of the model was compared against that obtained by the empirically experimental data. The model provides a reasonable description for each parameter during the growth phase. The experimental results also suggest that the product formation depends upon both the instantaneous biomass concentration, and growth rate.

Antispasmodic activity of pimaradienoic acid derivatives obtained by microbial transformation

Pimaradienoic acid (PA, 1) is a pimarane-type diterpene which is associated with a wide spectrum of biological activities, including its great ability to inhibit rat aorta contraction [1]. In the present work, the fungal transformation of PA (0.1g/L) was performed using culture of Aspergillus niger (1.5×107 spores/mL) during 9 days of incubation. After this period, the culture was filtered and the aqueous layer was extracted with ethyl acetate to furnish the extract codified as AtPA. Chemical and NMR studies of AtPA allowed us to isolate and to identify four PA derivatives (2–5). The chemical structures of 2, 4 and 5 are described for the first time in the scientific literature.

Physiological implications and Haematological indices of Chicks fed on Feed based on Biodegraded Agrowastes

The long‐term benefits of using agrowaste residues as feedstocks will include, reduced potential for water, air, and soil pollution. The study was designed to find out the response of broiler chicks to agrowastes based formulated feed.Aboria sawdust was biodegraded using mixed Aspergillus niger and Penicillium chrysogenum culture. Poultry feed was formulated by replacing 25% (Group A), 50% (Group B), 75% (Group C ) and 100% (Group D)maize in conventional feed with degraded sawdust. The grouping of birds followed the standard procedure for animal care. Feeding was for 28 days, the body weight of chicks was monitored and blood analysis was done.The body weight showed no statistical difference in entire Group. Also, no significant difference in the glucose, Hb, WBC, differential blood count, and PCV (p&lt;0.05) in all the groups as compared to the control. However, there was significant difference in ESR (p&lt;0.05) of Group B and D and no significant difference in Group A and C when compared with the control. There was statistical significant difference in the triglycerides of all the groups except Group D when compared with the control. Cholesterol showed, no statistical significant difference in Group A and B, however, there was a high statistical significant difference in Group C and D. The result indicated the prospect of biodegraded agrowastes utilization for poultry feed formulation.

Separation and identification of hydrocarbons and other volatile compounds from cultures of Aspergillus niger by GC–MS using two different capillary columns and solvents

A simple, fast, repeatable, and less laborious sample-preparation protocol based on gas chromatography–mass spectrometry was developed and applied for the analysis of bioactive compounds derived from the filamentous fungus Aspergillus niger strain SS10. The match factors for the spectra of the samples with reference to the mass-spectral library of fungal volatile compounds were determined and used to study the complex hydrocarbons and other volatile compounds that were separated using two different capillary columns and nonpolar and medium-polar stationary phases. More than 295 volatile compounds (spectral match factor of at least 90%), such as normal saturated hydrocarbons (C7–C30), cyclohexane, cyclopentane, fatty acids, alcohols, esters, sulfur- and bromo-containing compounds, simple pyrane, and benzene derivatives, were identified. Most of these compounds have not been reported earlier. The method described in this article is a suitable research tool for the determination of volatile compounds from the cultures of A. niger.