Welfare Aspects Research Articles

The Behavioral Cost of Care: Changes in Maintenance Behavior during Equine-Assisted Interventions.

This study examined human-animal symbiosis in an animal-assisted intervention through observations of animal maintenance behaviors. The rise of psychotherapy, learning, and recreation incorporating animals warrants exploration of the welfare of the animals involved in these interventions. The analysis of welfare in multispecies engagements can be discussed in terms of symbiosis. Regarding an intervention's animal provider (e.g., therapy horse) and human recipient (psychotherapy client), the balance of cost and benefit is important. Research describing human and animal interactive behavior during interventions is limited, whether focusing on client outcomes or animal welfare. The present study adapted ethological methods to study humans and animals in an equine-assisted intervention, observing equine maintenance behaviors and equid-human interactive behavior. Maintenance behaviors were recorded before, during, and after equine-assisted (psychosocial) learning sessions with youth, providing 1600 observations. Equine alertness, eating behavior, and ambulation varied significantly before, during, and after the equine-assisted sessions. Such interruptions of typical behavior are an important aspect of welfare and unit of analysis when examining symbiotic relationships. A total of 267 sequences of equid-human approach-response behavior were also recorded, indicating that human-animal interaction was predominantly from humans toward equids. Equids' dominant response to human approach was no response, followed by avoidance, while humans' dominant response to equid approach was reciprocation. The findings are discussed in terms of symbiosis and animal welfare.

Public Service Quality in Banyuwangi District: A Study in Welfare Perspective

Administration Public service innovation must have a welfare impact on bureaucrats and citizens. Welfare for bureaucrats purpose to increase discipline and comply with the principles and objectives of public service. The habit of bureaucrats requesting something for the sake of accelerating stimulus in service is an example of how it is not easy for citizens to get their rights in public services, thus distancing citizens from aspects of welfare. This research aims to describe, analyze, and interpret welfare in the delivery of public services in Banyuwangi Regency. Researchers use a qualitative approach based on constructive and participatory patterns. Primary data was obtained from interviews, and secondary data was obtained from literature studies and government policies that were relevant to the research topic. Data analysis utilizes the Atlas Ti 8.4.23 application, 2018. The results obtained in this study: (1) Receiving awards is not commensurate with people's comfort in public services; (2) The Banyuwangi Regency Government needs to establish a policy so that additional grants to the welfare of the freelance worker bureaucrat do not violate existing policies; (3) Prosperity for citizens can be realized if service is fast, precise, non-discriminatory, and not connected to brokers; (4) It is necessary to internalize and implement systems and ways of working services from the perspective of the new administrative paradigm and Pancasila ideology.

Navigating discrepancies in macaque trade reporting: A response to Kolby et al. (2024) and a call for enhanced transparency

We extend our gratitude to the commentators for engaging with our article [1] and offering valuable insights. While we welcome constructive criticism, we find it necessary to assertively address the points raised to ensure a clear understanding of our work.1)Importance of the Long-Tailed Macaque Trade: Our article aims to underscore the conservation and public health implications associated with the long-tailed macaque (Macaca fascicularis) trade. We identified discrepancies in CITES reporting, raising concerns about the efficiency and reliability of the current system. The urgency lies in monitoring the legal wildlife trade, considering conservation, welfare, and safety aspects to safeguard biodiversity and prevent potential pandemics.2)Data Availability, Analysis, and Interpretation: Acknowledging valid concerns regarding CITES data, we concur that a comprehensive investigation into the disparities in live macaque trade reports from involved parties, including the United States and China, is imperative. The highlighted discrepancies in reported trade volumes, as depicted in Fig. 1 of the source article, emphasize potential issues in reporting accuracy, underscoring the necessity for a meticulous evaluation of CITES reporting practices. It is crucial to clarify that our intent is not to undermine the reporting system, but to draw attention to its inherent shortcomings, particularly when significant parties such as the United States display inconsistencies. Emphasizing the significance of timely reporting, our article endeavours to stimulate a thorough examination of the underlying reasons for delays in reporting by signatory parties.3)Statement about the Macaque Trade to the United States of America: Contrary to interpretations made by the commentary authors, our focus extends beyond the United States trade; rather, we delve into the global landscape of the long-tailed macaque trade. Our article highlights the shifting trends among exporting countries, notably the transition from China to Cambodia, prompting us to scrutinize current production capacities. While acknowledging recently released data detailing macaque movements between China and the United States, it is essential to note that these additions neither alter established trends nor provide conclusive answers to the queries posed in our original article.In conclusion, our article seeks to contribute to the improvement of wildlife trade data accuracy and reporting practices. We value the discourse sparked by the commentators and emphasize our commitment to transparent and evidence-based discussions for the betterment of global conservation and public health efforts.

Do Animal Welfare Education Campaigns Really Work? An Evaluation of the RSPCA’s #DogKind Campaign in Raising Awareness of Separation-Related Behaviours in UK Dog Owners

One of the main aims of companion animal welfare charities is to educate the public about the needs of animals. This is frequently performed through campaigns focusing on specific aspects of welfare. The Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (RSPCA), Britain’s biggest animal welfare charity, launched the nationwide #DogKind campaign in March 2019. Targeted mainly at 25–34-year-olds, the campaign aimed to increase awareness of separation-related behaviour (SRB) among dog owners and encourage them to seek help for SRB from reliable sources. This research involved a quasi-experimental, non-equivalent control group design evaluating the campaign’s effectiveness. It was conducted through a series of online surveys at three different time points: before the launch of the campaign (n = 2002), six months after (n = 2423), and, again, two months later (n = 269), during which we asked the same questions regarding knowledge of SRB. An experimental trial of 269 participants tested whether accessing a video alongside the campaign web pages increased the effectiveness of the campaign objectives. Overall, the campaign appeared to be effective in reaching its target audience but not at raising awareness of SRB or increasing the number of owners intending to seek help. The inclusion of a video in the campaign made no difference to its effectiveness. This study shows that this campaign had limited success in achieving its targets and highlights the importance of thorough evaluations of education interventions that aim to improve the welfare of companion animals.

An Empirical Study on the Relationship between Economic Growth and Public Welfare

This paper investigates the relationship between economic growth and public welfare, where the criticality of this study is to assist governments in issuing policies regarding economic growth to maximise the prosperity and welfare in particular countries. This study adopts a pooled ordinary least squares (OLS) analysis, a regression with year fixed effects as well as a regression with both year fixed effects and country fixed effects, proposing that economic growth has an effect on social well-being. The aspects of welfare researched on are comprised of income inequality, crime severity, national educational level, national healthcare level and carbon emission level, and standardisation method is applied to unify the five welfare variables. In the pooled OLS, a positive coefficient is found with a p-value less than 0.001, while the coefficients perceive an opposite sign with p-values both higher than 0.1 in the latter two regressions. Thus, the growth effect on welfare is significant for the first regression and not significant for the latter two regressions, manifesting that country-specific and year-specific characteristics strongly influence the results. In consideration of the results and analyses of this research, in an attempt to facilitate public well-being, governments should consider the factors specific to countries and years when deciding on economic policies rather than unconditionally prioritise the pursuit of growth in economies.

Exploring uses for an algorithmically generated Animal Welfare Indicator for welfare assessment of dairy herds

On-farm welfare assessment is time-consuming and costly. Assessing welfare using routinely collected herd data has been proposed as a more economical alternative. The online Animal Welfare Indicator (AWI), developed by a Norwegian dairy cooperative, applies an algorithm to routinely collected health, production, and management data to "indicate" aspects of animal welfare at herd level. The overall AWI score is based on 10 AWI subindicator scores, representative of elements of animal welfare such as claw health, udder health, and mortality. Our cross-sectional study explored 2 ways in which the AWI may enable more efficient welfare assessment of Norwegian dairy herds. First, we investigated using the AWI to reduce the duration of on-farm assessments by replacing on-farm measures. Second, we examined reducing the number of on-farm welfare assessments by using the AWI to predict which herds have poorer welfare with respect to specific on-farm measures. Using Spearman rank analyses, we investigated if the AWI scores for 157 herds were associated with 24 on-farm welfare variables measured contemporaneously by Welfare Quality assessment. The mortality AWI subindicator score and the percentage mortality in the previous 12 mo were moderately correlated, as were the udder health AWI subindicator score and the percentage high somatic cell count (SCC) in the previous 3 recordings. Only negligible or weak correlations were found between the other AWI scores and the on-farm assessment variables. We built Generalized Linear Models using AWI scores as independent variables to predict herds with poorer welfare. Herds were classified as having poorer welfare based on their results in specific on-farm welfare measures. We evaluated the models' predictive ability and accuracy. Moderately accurate models were built for predicting poorer herds with respect to high SCC, mortality, and moderate or severe lameness. The other models were less accurate. The AWI scores were generally unsuitable as replacements of on-farm welfare measures. The AWI subindicators for udder health and mortality could replace the on-farm welfare measures related to those 2 topics, but there was some overlap in the data used to calculate them. Despite a lack of independence, the use of those 2 AWI subindicators may marginally reduce the duration of on-farm assessments. A prediction model based on AWI scores showed potential for identifying herds with poorer welfare in terms of moderate or severe lameness, facilitating more efficient use of resources for on-farm lameness assessment. As a consequence of the data used in the AWI, it was only reflective of health-related welfare outcomes.

Backbone of Latin America: recent developments and new directions in anthropometric history

This article examines scholarship in the anthropometric history of Latin America, published after the last survey in 2016. The field has grown in diverse senses: there are studies for countries that had not been studied before, such as Bolivia, Peru, Puerto Rico, and Trinidad, and the scholarship covers broader periods and in more detail for those countries that were first studied such as Argentina, Colombia, Mexico and especially Chile. New methodologies are used to examine height data and its determinants beyond the traditional realm of anthropometric history, such as gender dimorphism, nutrition, and Technophysio evolution. The approach has also led to assessing the effects of immigration and violence on living stan- dards. This growing scholarship contributes to deepening our understanding of the region’s socioeconomic aspects of stature, inequality, and welfare. More historical analysis would help to further our knowledge of the context in which these processes evolved in different periods for different countries. The field can expand and be part of debates on these topics beyond Latin America in many ways.

Backbone of Latin America: recent developments and new directions in anthropometric history

This article examines scholarship in the anthropometric history of Latin America, published after the last survey in 2016. The field has grown in diverse senses: there are studies for countries that had not been studied before, such as Bolivia, Peru, Puerto Rico, and Trinidad, and the scholarship covers broader periods and in more detail for those countries that were first studied such as Argentina, Colombia, Mexico and especially Chile. New methodologies are used to examine height data and its determinants beyond the traditional realm of anthropometric history, such as gender dimorphism, nutrition, and Technophysio evolution. The approach has also led to assessing the effects of immigration and violence on living stan- dards. This growing scholarship contributes to deepening our understanding of the region’s socioeconomic aspects of stature, inequality, and welfare. More historical analysis would help to further our knowledge of the context in which these processes evolved in different periods for different countries. The field can expand and be part of debates on these topics beyond Latin America in many ways.

The Influence of Welfare on the Performance of Early Childhood Education Teachers

This research aims to investigate the relationship between welfare and performance of early childhood education teachers. It employs a qualitative approach, allowing for an in-depth understanding of teachers' experiences and perceptions regarding welfare and its influence on their performance. Research participants consist of teachers teaching at TK Ar Rahman Tasikmadu, Karanganyar, selected through purposive sampling techniques to obtain variations in their experiences and perspectives. Data are collected through in-depth interviews with teachers, focusing on the aspects of welfare they experience in the workplace and their perceptions of performance as a result of welfare. Data analysis utilizes a thematic analysis approach to identify thematic patterns in the interviews and understand the relationship between welfare and teacher performance. The results of this research indicate that teacher certification serves as an indicator of teacher welfare to enhance their performance in schools. This study provides a better understanding of how teacher welfare affects their performance at TK Ar Rahman Tasikmadu and offers insights for the development of policies and human resource management practices that support welfare and performance of teachers in early childhood education institutions.
 Keywords: Welfare, Teacher Performance, Early Childhood Education

Analyze the Importance of Animal Mental Health - Take Captive Animals as an Example

Animals, like humans, can also experience mental health problems, a viewpoint that has been previously overlooked or denied. In the context of societal development, there is a growing trend of keeping animals in captivity for various reasons. However, regrettably, there have been minimal efforts made towards enhancing the mental well-being of these captive animals. This essay aims to comprehensively explore the significance of animal mental health and its profound impact on both animal welfare and different aspects of human society. Furthermore, it provides compelling scientific justifications for prioritizing the promotion of animal mental health, with a specific focus on the detrimental effects of captivity on their psychological well-being. The essay also emphasizes the crucial role of animal mental health in fostering harmonious coexistence between humans and animals, promoting environmental conservation, and driving social progress. By shedding light on these interconnected domains, this essay aims to contribute to a more holistic understanding of the importance of animal mental health and advocate for its prioritization in various societal, ethical, and scientific contexts.

VETERINARY, ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL ASPECTS OF CATTLE WELFARE: A REVIEW

The paper presents a review of the literature on cattle welfare. The objective of this review is to outline the veterinary, economic, and social aspects of cattle welfare and highlight the current problems, global trends, and solutions. The global major scientific reference databases (Web of Science, ScienceDirect, Scopus) were reviewed. The review brought the following findings: a change in scientific and practical approaches to the understanding and assessment of the welfare of productive animals that requires not only health maintenance, stress prevention, or the ability of animals to express natural behavior. Animal welfare gains more anthropometric traits, including such concepts as 'pleasure' or 'happiness'. The concept of 'positive welfare' has become a more popular trend in scientific research on animal welfare. The review identified positive trends of possible modification of production systems, to make them more diverse and animal welfare friendly. The research found livestock products consumers growing concerned about animal welfare and housing conditions. The concept of welfare is more commercialized, which encourages livestock producers to adhere to ethical production standards. However, the demand of consumers to meet high standards of animal welfare does not have sufficient economic leverage. Only a few are willing to pay more for the better welfare of the animals or to refuse to consume animal products from production systems with poor welfare conditions. This review was intended to draw the attention of scientists, farmers, and consumers to the problems of the humane treatment of productive animals. And to assist stakeholders in finding their place in the process of creating better conditions for animals that are used for food, helping people with their existence or with their lives.

Perceived role of the veterinarian in promoting dairy cattle welfare.

Improving the lives of animals in agricultural systems has primarily focused on minimizing negative experiences. Research is needed on the promotion of positive experiences (pleasure, enjoyment, play, choice, happiness) for animals and the role of veterinarians in their promotion. Our aims were to describe how Canadian bovine veterinarians and veterinary students perceive the role of a veterinarian in positive vs. negative experiences for dairy cows and to analyze the rationale provided to explain their answers. Canadian veterinary practitioners (n = 78) and veterinary students (n = 148) responded to an online cross-sectional survey and were asked, on a 7-point scale, how important the role of a veterinarian is to promote practices that influence the experience of dairy cows. We used qualitative description to analyse participants' open-ended text responses. Practices to minimize negative experiences were most important (mean ± SE; 6.8 ± 0.03), a balance of positive and negative experiences was less important (6.4 ± 0.05), and encouragement of positive experiences scored lowest (6.0 ± 0.06), although all scored highly. Four themes were identified to explain participants' reasoning regarding their perceived role of a veterinarian in the promotion of dairy cattle welfare, centered on: the animal, the producer, the veterinarian, and society. Participants indicated that promoting positive experiences was less important than decreasing negative experiences (5.9 ± 0.09). There were four themes identified to explain participants' reasoning regarding the relative importance of promotion of positive experiences versus decreasing negative experiences which centered on: frameworks to compare positive and negative experiences, impacts on the animal, the participant's view of their role, and the practicality of implementation. These results indicate modest differences in valuing avoidance of negative vs. promotion of positive welfare. There were no differences in the quantitative analyses between veterinarians and veterinary students. We conclude that veterinarians are favorably disposed to positive aspects of welfare for dairy cows but may be more focussed on avoidance of negative aspects of welfare.

Sanitary, hygienic, and welfare aspects of keeping Pomeranian Spitz in a breeding private kennel

The market situation regarding the breeding of decorative dogs of the Pomeranian breed and providing consumers with appropriate services in this field of activity dictate the rules and create the conditions of competition between market participants, which encourages improvement, development, and constant monitoring of it in terms of novelties and needs that provide opportunities for comfortable care and decent maintenance of pupils. The work aimed to analyze the impact of sanitary and hygienic factors and ensuring healthy housing conditions on the functional state of the body and mental health of Pomeranian Spitz dogs in the conditions of the private breeding kennel Fluffy Luxury Pom in the suburbs of Lviv. To fulfill this task, a study of the hygienic parameters of the air environment, compliance with the hygiene of feeding and drinking of the wards, peculiarities of the care of the wool coat, and compliance with the concept of animal welfare – the principle of “Five Freedoms” was carried out. It has been established that the technological solutions for keeping Pomeranian Spitz dogs in the conditions of this kennel are characterized by compliance with hygienic requirements for the air environment at the proper level and meeting sanitary standards. Thus, the air temperature was 17 °C, and its movement speed was 0.15 m/s. In the absence of the smell of ammonia, the illuminance ratio corresponded to 1:2. The animals are fed with industrial complete ration super premium 1st Choice feed, the use of which, according to recommendations, helps dogs strengthen the immune system, slow down the aging process, maintain health and activity. This type of food requires constant free access of dogs to clean water, and the containers are kept clean by changing the filling every day. Regarding the quality characteristics of the water, it was established that it fully meets the standard. Dogs of this breed are characterized by a beautiful, lush coat requiring special care. Evaluating the level of compliance with individual hygienic procedures, it was established that they are carried out at a high level, as evidenced by the appearance of the animals. According to the statements of John Webster, the welfare of animals is defined by advocating the main three conditions - to live a natural life, to be healthy, and to be happy. The dogs in this kennel are provided with a good life; the behavioral reactions of the wards themselves confirm this. During the research, the dogs behaved calmly, naturally, and playfully, which indicates the socialization of dogs; the purpose is to make the pet feel comfortable and calm in various life situations without causing trouble to its owner and his surroundings.

Slaughterhouse’s Animal Welfare Assessement at Bekasi City, West Java

The quality of meat sold in Bekasi City is affected by the implementation of animal welfare during the slaughtering process in Slaughterhouses. The research aimed to analyze the animal welfare implementation during the slaughtering process at Bekasi City slaughterhouses. The data was conducted by observing the five-freedom implementation for five slaughterhouses throughout Bekasi City, from the shelter cages to the slaughter. Herding officers ensured no disturbance in the herding route, hitting only animals' backs when the animals stopped walking, and confirmed that animals did not pile up on the herding lane and that live animals did not see the slaughter process. However, some officers still wear clothing that contrasts with the environment, hit the animals repeatedly, and shout at the animals excessively during the herding process. Animal welfare aspects of the slaughter process, such as officers already in position when the animal enters the restraining box, the sharpness of the knife being checked before slaughtering, having a spare knife, and animals slaughtered less than 30 seconds after stunning, have been implemented by all officers. The butcher animal welfare implementation, such as checking the animals' death after being slaughtered, still needs to be improved. This research concluded that Bekasi City's slaughterhouse officers had implemented aspects of animal welfare. However, some improvements are still required through training to increase the competence of officers.

Assessment of Economic Aspects of Animal Welfare in Farm

Bu çalışmada, işletmelerde hayvan refahını dikkate alan uygulanmaların ekonomik sonuçlarını değerlendirmek amaçlanmıştır. Çalışmanın verileri daha önce yapılmış bilimsel çalışmalardan, ulusal ve uluslararası kuruluşların raporlarından elde edilmiştir. Çalışmada hayvan refahı kavramına kısaca değinildikten sonra hayvan refahını dikkate alan çiftlik uygulamaları hakkında bilgi verilmiş ve bu uygulamaların işletmedeki ekonomik sonuçları üzerine tartışılmıştır. Hayvan refahını dikkate alan uygulamalar ilk yatırımlar, işletme maliyetleri, etkinlik ve verimlilik, pazar talebi, yasal uyumluluk, risk yönetimi ve uzun vadeli sürdürülebilirlik dâhil olmak üzere birçok açıdan işletmelerin ekonomisi etkilemektedir. İşletmeler gelişmiş hayvan refahına yatırım yaparak potansiyel olarak verimliliğini artırabilir, hastalıkla ilgili maliyetleri azaltabilir, ürün kalitesini iyileştirebilir, etik açıdan bilinçli tüketicileri çekebilir, yasal ve düzenleyici standartlara uyum sağlayabilir. Bunlar da işletmelerin karlılığını arttırmasına, pazarlamada rekabet gücüne ve uzun vadede sürdürülebilir olmasına neden olur.
 İşletmelerde hayvan refahını dikkate alan uygulamalarının ekonomik açıdan değerlendirilmesi, çiftçilerin hayvan refahı uygulamalarına ilişkin bilinçli kararlar alırken işletme yönetimlerinin finansal uygulanabilirliğini sağlamaları için çok önemlidir. İşletmelerde hayvan refahının ekonomik yönlerini anlamak, çiftçilerin hayvan refahı ile finansal hususlar arasında bir denge kurmasına yardımcı olabilir ve sonuçta hem hayvanlara etik muameleyi hem de iş başarısını artırmayı teşvik eder.

Strategic-Competitiveness for Socio-Economic Development: Unlocking the Potential of Gorontalo Province in the Context of the Nusantara Capital Integrated Development (IKN)

The development of the Capital City of Nusantara (IKN) in East Kalimantan Province was an important turning point in Indonesia's development model. As one of its close neighbors, Gorontalo Province has great potential to contribute to developing IKN. Cohesion between Gorontalo Province and IKN is key to achieving its socio-economic development goals. However, Gorontalo Province still faces problems in economic development, public services, and MSMEs, including slow local economic development, inadequate infrastructure, low community competitiveness, high levels of poverty, and socio-economic problems. This study aims to analyze the problems and potential of the Gorontalo Provincial Government in its contribution and cohesion to the socio-economic development of IKN. Through a well-being methodology (WM) approach combining qualitative and quantitative approaches, three main dimensions are emphasized: perception, participation and community acceptability of competitive strategies to provide a holistic and participatory understanding of welfare aspects. The study found that the people of Gorontalo have a positive view of IKN, with the hope that the Gorontalo Provincial Government can strengthen its contribution through improving the quality of human resources, infrastructure and economic competitiveness to support the socio-economic development of IKN. Interestingly, most respondents were generation Z. This shows that most of Gorontalo's young generation were involved in this research. In essence, the Gorontalo Provincial Government faces challenges in its contribution and cohesion to the socio-economic development of IKN, with low levels of public participation and a lack of public understanding of the benefits of development. Therefore, intensive efforts are needed in socialization, education, and public involvement to increase participation and strengthen the IKN development process. The Gorontalo Provincial Government is advised to design an integrated competitive strategy, focusing on increasing public perception through socialization, building trust, fostering public participation, and increasing the acceptability of IKN development.

Implementasi Program Keluarga Harapan (PKH) Dalam Meningkatkan Kesejahteraan Masyarakat Dalam Perspektif Ekonomi Syariah

The Family Hope Program (PKH) is a social protection program that provides non-cash assistance to poor families designated as Beneficiary Families (KPM). PKH is a program based on poor families, so the main targets are economically disadvantaged families. PKH is an effort directed towards the formation and human resources focus on aspects of education, health, and social welfare. This research is entitled "Implementation of the Family Hope Program (PKH) in Improving Community welfare in the Islamic Economic Initiative". The purpose of this study is to find out what the Family Hope Program (PKH) is in providing social welfare to the community, find out how the implementation of the Family Hope Program (PKH) in providing social protection to the community, and find out what are the driving factors and inhibiting factors in implementing the Family Hope Program (PKH). This research uses a qualitative method with a descriptive approach and in sampling researcher used sample selection techniques with the provision of characteristics and characteristics of objects in the study, as for data collection techniques, namely through observation, interviews, and documentation. The results showed that the social protection provided by PKH to the community was in the fields of education, health, and social welfare. The implementation of PKH in Mendalo Indah Village goes through several stages, the first starting from the initial meeting stage, the second stage of entering data into the Management information system, the third stage of payment, and the last stage of commitment verification. The driving and inhibiting factors of PKH carried out in Mendalo Indah Village are that although it has not been fully implemented perfectly, the community admits that this program has helped and provided relief to the community.

Fuzzy Geographically Weighted Clustering Method for Grouping Provinces in Indonesia Based on Welfare Indicators Aspects of Information and Communication Technology (ICT)

The welfare of the people is a task and goal that must be realized by the Republic of Indonesia. To find out the condition of the welfare of the Indonesian people, it can be seen from 8 areas of Indonesia's welfare indicators. Indicators The welfare of the Indonesian people is undergoing a digital transformation of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in 2021. However, there was a gap in ICT development due to geographical conditions and the distribution and dynamics of each region's society. Cluster analysis is a solution for target setting for better future decisions. Fuzzy Geographically Weighted Clustering (FGWC) is one of the cluster methods with fuzzy logic that considers geographical and population elements in grouping targets. The results of the research resulted in 3 optimum clusters with different characteristics of each cluster based on indicators of ICT aspects of people's welfare. Cluster 1 has a low status of ICT indicators of people's welfare and is located in the middle or at the end of the island, provinces from cluster 2 have a medium status of ICT indicators of people's welfare with a medium area, while cluster 3 has a high status of ICT indicators of people's welfare with a large area or dense populations.

STUDY OF EGALITARIANISM IN THE SOCIAL LIFE OF THE OSING COMMUNITY IN BANYUWANGI: ASPECTS OF WELFARE, JUSTICE AND EQUALITY

This research discusses the study of egalitarianism in the social life of the Osing community in Banyuwangi, by highlighting aspects of welfare, justice and equality. The Osing people have a strong belief in the principles of egalitarianism which prioritize social equality and justice in the treatment of individuals, regardless of background or social position. The method used in this research is the research method used is a qualitative research method. Research was conducted on the Osing community in Banyuwangi. The collection technique uses data triangulation where the collection uses primary data and secondary data. The results of this research can be concluded that the study of egalitarianism in the social life of the Osing community in Banyuwangi has important implications in understanding and promoting the values ​​of equality, justice and prosperity in the context of that society. This study provides a richer picture of how the values ​​of egalitarianism are reflected in the life patterns of local communities and helps in formulating strategies and policies that can increase equality and prosperity for all members of the Osing community.

Animal lives embodied in food loss and waste

While the importance of reducing meat loss and waste is acknowledged due to its substantial environmental impacts, the aspect of animal welfare largely remains unaddressed. The suffering and death that is inflicted on animals to produce food that is never eaten remains invisible. This study aims to bridge the gap between food loss and waste (FLW) accounting literature and animal welfare considerations. It achieves this by estimating the number of animal lives embodied in meat loss and waste of six major meat-producing species along the food supply chain and by modelling three potential reduction scenarios. It shows that approximately 18 billion animal lives were embodied in losses and waste of global meat production and consumption in 2019. The scenarios reveal that wasted and lost animal lives could be reduced by 7.9 billion if best regional efficiencies were mainstreamed, and by 4.2 or 8.8 billion if Sustainable Development Goal 12.3 was implemented, achieving a 50 % loss and waste reduction in the downstream or whole supply chain, respectively. Considering species-specific conscience and sentience, and previous recommendations, the analysis finds leverage points for change at the consumption stage in developed, high-income countries, in Industrialized Asia, judging by absolute, and in North America and Oceania, judging by per-capita numbers, as well as in top countries of FLW and animal life loss. It further identifies trade-offs for animal welfare between reducing FLW of different meat types, especially chicken and beef, and reducing production-based losses while keeping emissions and resource use low and supporting food security.