Translational Aspects Research Articles

Ностальгическая тональность исходного текста как проблема перевода (на материале французского перевода сборника рассказов И. А. Бунина «Темные аллеи»)

The research aims to determine the adequacy of the techniques of rendering nostalgization means into French in I. A. Bunin’s short stories included in the collection “Dark Avenues”. Nostalgization is recognized as the leading principle of the author-individual aesthetics of Bunin’s émigré creative work, the basis of his individual style. The work is based on an approach to the literary text as a carrier of the cultural potential of the language collective, of which the author is a representative, as well as on a holistic investigation of all elements of the literary text, which allows realizing the macro-meaning of the work. The research is novel in that it is the first to examine the translation aspects of the phenomenon of nostalgization in Bunin’s texts. The paper studies the means of rendering explicit and implicit culturally relevant components of the source texts as the most obvious markers of the writer’s nostalgia. The techniques of compensation and filling in cultural background lacunae and text lacunae are revealed, some cases where the national color of the Russian texts is lost are noted. The nostalgic tonality of the source texts is also represented by the means implementing I. A. Bunin’s poetic and philosophical principle of the importance of the sensory perception of life. The rendering of these means in the French translation is characterized by a high degree of adequacy. The results show that the problem of rendering the nostalgic tonality of Bunin’s short stories was solved in the French translation within the framework of a culturally oriented translation strategy. The main technique used was compensation, which is complex in nature.

Light transmittance in human atrial tissue and transthoracic illumination in rats support translatability of optogenetic cardioversion of AF

Abstract Background Optogenetics could offer a solution to the current lack of an ambulatory method for rapid automated cardioversion of AF, but key translational aspects remain to be studied. Objective To investigate whether optogenetic cardioversion of AF is effective in the aged heart and whether sufficient light penetrates the human atrial wall. Methods Atria of adult (7 weeks old) and aged (2 years old) rats were optogenetically modified to express light-gated ion channels (i.e. ReaChR), followed by AF induction and atrial illumination to determine effectivity of optogenetic cardioversion. The irradiance level was determined by light transmittance measurements on human atrial tissue. Results AF could be effectively terminated in remodelled atria of aged rats (97%, n=6). Next, in terms of ReaChR activation, it was shown that light pulses of 25mW/mm2 are expected to fully penetrate the human atrial wall (∼2 mm). Applying such irradiation onto the chest of adult rats resulted in full transthoracic illumination (also ∼2 mm) as evidenced by optogenetic cardioversion of AF (90%, n=4). Conclusion Optogenetic cardioversion of AF is effective in the aged rat heart and can also be realized with irradiation levels compatible with human atrial transmural light penetration.

Low level CO2 supplementation maintains isocapnia and reveals ventilatory long-term facilitation in rats

Acute, intermittent hypoxia (AIH) induces ventilatory long-term facilitation (vLTF) in awake, freely behaving rats under poikilocapnic and isocapnic experimental conditions. Establishing pre-clinical methods for vLTF induction that more closely align with successful protocols in humans and anesthetized rats would minimize dissonance in experimental findings and improve translational aspects of vLTF. Here, we tested several levels of low-dose CO2 supplementation during and after AIH to determine 1) the lowest amount of inspired CO2 that would maintain isocapnia in rats during a vLTF protocol, and 2) the net impact of supplemental CO2 on vLTF expression. Rats received one of four levels of inspired CO2 (0%, 0.5%, 1% or 2%) administered during AIH and for the 60 min following AIH to quantify vLTF. Our findings indicated that 2% inspired CO2 was sufficient to maintain isocapnia across the AIH protocol and reveal significant vLTF. These findings provide evidence-based support for using 2% supplemental CO2 during and after AIH when assessing vLTF in rats.

Proteogenomic Features Define Novel Subtypes of Mantle Cell Lymphoma

Introductions Recent advancements in mass spectrometry-based proteomics have unveiled novel translational and post-translational aspects of tumor biology. The joint characterization of tumor proteomics with genomics and transcriptomics enables proteogenomic analysis, improving our understanding of the molecular mechanisms, identifying new proteome-specific markers associated with clinical outcomes, and discovering novel treatment approaches. However, proteogenomic features remain largely uncharted due to a scarcity of information on MCL proteome. Methods We conducted a proteogenomic profiling study with 4 normal and 27 MCL B cells derived from healthy donors and MCL patients, integrating whole-exon sequencing (WES), transcriptome sequencing and mass spectrometry-based proteomics with data-independent acquisition (DIA) mode. We assessed the relationship among genetic lesions, RNA and protein expression, and further classified MCL based on omics information using k-means clustering. Results To this end, we first identified 1107 differentially expressed proteins between MCL and normal B cells (FDR<0.05) (329 upregulated and 778 downregulated in MCLs). The up-regulated proteins are highly enriched for RNA splicing and DNA repair pathway while the down-regulated proteins are primarily involved in cytoskeleton and endosomal transport. When integrated with 33 recurrent genetic lesions we previously reported, we found that mutations in CCND1 and NOTCH1 had significant impact on protein expression. Key genes including ATM and BCL10 were differentially expressed between samples with and without NOTCH1 mutation. Next, we computed Pearson correlation coefficients between RNA and protein levels for each gene to define the relationships between them. RB1 (0.88), PML (0.81) and CDK2 (0.81) showed high correlation efficiency, however, the overall correlation between RNA and protein abundance was low (0.26), suggesting that proteome abundance profiles may provide unseen information not previously discovered from WES and transcriptome data. Last, we evaluated protein expression level and their associations with progress free survival and overall survival to identify proteins potentially influencing clinical outcomes. Our comprehensive analysis led us to identify 40 proteins that could play a crucial role in disease progression. To assess the prognostic value of the omics data, we performed multi-omics clustering by incorporating genomics, transcriptomics and proteomics. This enabled us to identify four distinct clusters, each characterized by key driver genetic lesions as well as RNA and protein signatures. Notably, patients in these four clusters exhibited significantly different median overall survival (C1 to C4: not reach, 28.9, 15.8 and 7.9 months; log-rank test, P<0.001). Importantly, the protein signature remained significant even when considering the MIPI stage as a covariate (P<0.001), suggesting its potential as an independent prognostic factor. We then conducted an in-depth protein feature analysis and found that cluster 1 exhibited a significant enrichment of genes involved in ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis pathway. Cluster 2 showed a remarkable upregulation in DNA replication and cell cycle pathways. C3 displayed a significant upregulation of genes associated with BCR pathway and oxidative phosphorylation. Cluster 4 had an upregulation of RNA polymerase, pyrimidine metabolism, and RNA splicing, along with a notable downregulation in the BCR pathway. Our cluster analysis not only stratified MCL patients but also uncovered critical cellular pathways that could serve as potential therapeutic targets. Conclusions In this study, we investigated proteome changes and identified protein signatures associated with overall survival in MCL. Our integrative analysis unveiled four clusters, each characterized with unique genetic features, distinct gene and protein signatures, and different clinical outcomes. This study emphasizes the significance of protein abundance data as a nonredundant layer of information in MCL biology. Moreover, we have provided a protein expression reference map for MCL, offering valuable insights for future research and clinical applications.

넷플릭스 K-드라마 <오징어 게임>의 한국 문화 관련 어휘 번역 양상

The purpose of this paper is to examine the translation of Korean culture-bound lexis into English, identify any translation problems that arise, and discuss the preferred direction for translation. In order to achieve this goal, the focus was placed on <Squid Game>, which is released through Netflix's official channel, and extracted 40 Korean culture-bound lexis for analysis and the translation aspects of these lexis into English were divided into seven strategies. As a result, indirect translation strategies were frequently employed instead of direct translations. In such cases, various techniques such as transposition, modulation, equivalence and adaptation were utilized, particularly when significant cultural differences existed in terms of material, social, and linguistic culture. Through this, it was confirmed that the indirect translation strategy for domestification is mainly used in media translation. In an era when Korean culture is gaining global recognition through diverse media platforms, this study aims to provide valuable insight into translating culture-bound lexis that accurately reflect the core values and unique characteristics of Korean culture.

Single-cell transcriptomic architecture and cellular communication circuits of parametrial adipose tissue in pregnant mice

AimsThe activity and interactions of cellular subpopulations in the adipose tissue microenvironment are critical for the coordination of local and systemic adaptation during pregnancy. With a particular interest in parametrial adipose tissue (PmAT), single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) was utilized to unveil the gestative cellular composition and functional shift. Materials and methodsTo identify cell-type-enriched transcriptome profiles, a total of 18,074 cells in adipose tissue were studied. The cell populations were cataloged, and signaling crosstalk between adipocytes and other composition factions via soluble and membrane-bound factors were evaluated. Key findingsA marked decline of pregnancy adipocytes and relative elevation of non-adipocyte fractions were observed. A subpopulation of adipocytes, Adipo_5, with unique properties in the response to estrogen and the embryonic processes involved in pregnancy, was defined. Interactome analysis revealed the potential contribution of PmAT to the establishment of maternal-fetal immune tolerance. During gestation, adipocytes shut down outgoing signaling, resulting in deterioration of the resistin-related incoming signaling network in B cells, which would therefore benefit tissue-specific maternal-fetal tolerance. Furthermore, a subpopulation of adipocytes, Aipo_2, was also considered to take part in a paradigm shift in the process of pregnancy-induced chemical stiffness-triggered vesicular remodeling via the THBS signaling pathway network. SignificanceThese data-derived findings will encourage investigation into the role of pregnant PmTA in pregnancy-related immunological, hypertensive and metabolic disorders, with the ultimate goal of establishing preventive strategies to mitigate these pregnancy-related health challenges. This translational aspect of our work holds significant promise for improving maternal and fetal well-being.

The intricate zone of hadith translations: navigating between translators, compilers, and intermediaries in Türkiye

This research aims to investigate the unique aspects of hadith translations in Türkiye. Hadiths, which are the sayings and actions of Prophet Muhammad, hold a significant role in Islamic teachings and provide guidance for understanding the Quran. Türkiye has a strong tradition of hadith scholarship, with notable individuals producing original texts, translations, compilations, simplifications, and annotated editions. This study aims to analyze the discourses of translatorial agents of the hadith field to comprehend preliminary principles and methods translators use when dealing with the complexities and challenges of translating hadiths. It also examines the consideration of authorship for compilers versus translators in the case of hadith translations where there is no written genuine original text or identifiable author. By utilizing Critical Discourse Analysis as a theoretical framework, this research analyzes the perspectives of selected hadith translators and explores the intricate nature of translatorial identity within various hadith contexts. Through shedding light on translators' strategies, challenges, and roles in hadith translations, this research aims to deepen our understanding of the dynamics involved in the process of hadith translations. The findings of this study provide valuable insights into translation practices, thus making a significant contribution to both Islamic studies and translation studies.

Cognitive aspects of compound translation: Insights into the relation between implicitation and cognitive effort from a translation process perspective

In this paper we analyse translation of compounds from English to German relating our observations to the phenomenon of implicitation, explicitation and structural equivalence using translation process data from the CRITT translation process research database (TPR-DB). We look into complex nominal phrases, e.g. nominal compounds in English-German translations. We determine a number of product and process features that have an impact on cognitive effort during compound translation. Our results show that in most cases translators opt for the structural equivalent, and that choosing a direct equivalent requires less cognitive effort than choosing an implicitation. This is explained by the fact that direct equivalents can be easily activated whereas changing the structure and using a more implicit, less typical translation requires more effort, which in turn leads to longer production pauses.

New Slang Expressions-Neologisms to Denote the Phenomena of War: A Translation Aspect of the Neglect

The phenomenon of war broadcasts military discourse, which is often considered a “separate language” full of stylistic figures: rhetoric, puns, metaphors, and neologisms. The latter often function as keys to ideology and thus reflect a certain vision of the world. Such categories pose significant challenges for translation, as these “ideological keys” are often incomprehensible to the target audience. First of all, these are terms with connotations that refer to socio-cultural reality, socio-cultural reality, or derived from connotations known only to the military, which are difficult to translate and, according to some scholars, are untranslatable. The purpose of the article is to propose a theoretical model and a methodological description of the ways of translating slang expressions-neologisms of military discourse that have entered the English language as a result of the war in Ukraine. The result of the work is an analysis of the ways in which Ukrainian slang expressions-neologisms entered the English language and the ways in which they can be translated. Each neologism characterizes a certain category according to the criterion of the channel through which it spreads - through peer-to-peer networks and through the media, respectively. The application of the theory of innovation diffusion to neologism provides food for thought about the typology of speakers in terms of their sensitivity and adaptability to neologisms. The difference between disparaging slang expressions-neologisms, in particular, dysphemisms and ethnic slurs and neologisms with ironic connotations is noted. The conclusions of the study formulated the ways of translating neologisms: borrowing, calquing, literal translation, transposition, modulation, equivalence, adaptation, and translation methods: a combination of calquing/literal translation with explanation or definition, deletion and replacement, and translation by equivalent with the creation of own neologism.

An Analysis on Translation Techniques in The Subtitle of The Movie “Avatar”

Abstract: This study investigated the intricate process of translating thoughts and ideas between different languages, which goes beyond mere linguistic proficiency. Successful translation requires a deep comprehension of cultural nuances in both the source and target languages, as well as a thorough understanding of the text and the intended audience. The aim is to achieve accurate and effective translations while avoiding literal interpretations, potential misunderstandings, and inaccuracies. The focus of this study is the specific translation techniques employed in subtitling the renowned film "Avatar." To conduct this research, a qualitative approach using descriptive methods is adopted, utilizing dialogue and subtitles from the movie as the primary data source. The analysis involves the identification of translation techniques based on Newmark's framework (1988) and references Larson's classification of translation types (1945). Through this study, a comprehensive exploration of the diverse translation techniques used in subtitling "Avatar" is undertaken. The findings emphasize the significance of cultural knowledge in achieving successful translations. It is encouraged that future research delves into other films to gain a broader understanding of subtitle translation, encompassing various translation methods, procedures, and other pertinent aspects of translation.

Linguocultural Aspects of PR Translation in the Modern World

The present study deals with the topical issue of professional public relations (PR) terminology translation into the Russian language. The discipline and the field of professional activity, which emerged in Russia in the late 1980s, still poses lots of problems in terms of translation. The aim of the study is to reveal what translation procedures are applicable in rendering subject specific terminology into the target language with the absence of equivalents in the professional field. The novelty lies in the disclosure of translation features as well as translation procedures applied to PR terminology with special attention to linguistic and extralinguistic factors. The methods of comprehensive analysis of English PR terms, comprising the general scientific method, the communicative method, the method of comparative analysis, the dictionary definitions method, as well as the method of translation adequacy and the method of analysis of translation procedures and transformations have allowed to reveal the peculiarities of PR terms’ meanings and their functioning in the English professional discourse to be rendered into the Russian language. The findings illustrate the most adequate procedures to be used for the purpose of rendering PR terms and terminology as units of specific meaning into the target language. The conclusion drawn from the study postulates that along with the borrowing of PR terminological field, the English cultural and conceptual worldview was also adopted to produce a hybrid professional worldview sharing similar PR subject specific language units, which is a great advance towards English as a global language.

Accuracy of Surgical Outcome Using Computer-Aided Surgical Simulation in Fronto-Orbital Advancement for Craniosynostosis: A Pilot Study.

Computer-aided surgical simulation (CASS) can be used to virtually plan ideal outcomes of craniosynostosis surgery. Our purpose was to create a workflow analyzing the accuracy of surgical outcomes relative to virtually planned fronto-orbital advancement (FOA). Patients who underwent FOA using CASS between October 1, 2017, and February 28, 2022, at our center and had postoperative computed tomography within 6 months of surgery were included. Virtual 3-dimensional (3D) models were created and coregistered using each patient's preoperative and postoperative computed tomography data. Three points on each bony segment were used to define the object in 3D space. Each planned bony segment was manipulated to match the actual postoperative outcome. The change in position of the 3D object was measured in translational (X, Y, Z) and rotational (roll, pitch, yaw) aspects to represent differences between planned and actual postoperative positions. The difference in the translational position of several bony landmarks was also recorded. Wilcoxon signed-rank tests were performed to measure significance of these differences from the ideal value of 0, which would indicate no difference between preoperative plan and postoperative outcome. Data for 63 bony segments were analyzed from 8 patients who met the inclusion criteria. Median differences between planned and actual outcomes of the segment groups ranged from -0.3 to -1.3 mm in the X plane; 1.4 to 5.6 mm in the Y plane; 0.9 to 2.7 mm in the Z plane; -1.2° to -4.5° in pitch; -0.1° to 1.0° in roll; and -2.8° to 1.0° in yaw. No significant difference from 0 was found in 21 of 24 segment region/side combinations. Translational differences of bony landmarks ranged from -2.7 to 3.6 mm. A high degree of accuracy was observed relative to the CASS plan. Virtual analysis of surgical accuracy in FOA using CASS was feasible.

The Gravitational Pull Hypothesis and imperfective/perfective aspect in Catalan translation

Abstract This article aims to test the Gravitational Pull Hypothesis on the imperfective/perfective aspect distinction in the language pairs English-Catalan and French-Catalan. It draws on the corresponding corpora in COVALT. The GPH posits three cognitive causes of translational effects: source or target language salience and connectivity. Different configurations of these causes, or factors, are expected to result in over- or under-representation of target language features. The imperfective/perfective aspect distinction was chosen as a testing ground for the GPH because it is morphologically marked in Catalan and French but not in English. That may give rise to different configurations of factors and, therefore, to different translational effects. It is predicted that the preterite, which conveys perfective aspect in Catalan, will be over-represented in Catalan translations from English as compared to translations from French and to Catalan non-translations. On the other hand, the imperfect, which conveys imperfective aspect, will be under-represented. Results confirm these predictions. For translations from French, both adherence to the patterns observed in Catalan non-translations and over-representation of the preterite are possible outcomes. Results lend support to the second alternative ― over-representation of the preterite. These results highlight the importance of relying on frequency and other sources of evidence when formulating hypotheses in the framework of the GPH. Research from the field of second language acquisition proved particularly significant in this respect.

Эпосоведение

The article aims to analyze the linguistic specificity of interjections in the structure of a folklore text. The material used is the outstanding Yakut heroic epic olonkho Nyurgun Bootur the Swift, created by Platon Oyunsky. This epic was translated into the Bashkir language as part of the project “Publishing mutual translations of epics of the peoples of the world.” The objectives of the study are to identify interjections that are used in olonkho; in an effort to identify the grammatical and semantic features of interjections, the specifics of which are revealed when translating an epic work from Yakut to Bashkir. To solve the assigned problems, the main method used in the work is comparative analysis, as well as the functional-semantic method. With their help, the linguistic nuances of translation from one Turkic language to another are established, and it is found out by what means the original text is most adequately conveyed in translation. The relevance of the study is due to the need to study the linguistic possibilities of achieving adequacy or equivalence of the text when translating folk epic works from related languages, including taking into account the peculiarities of the translation of individual parts of speech. The novelty of the study lies in the fact that for the first time the interjections of the Bashkir and Yakut languages used in folklore texts are analyzed in the aspect of translation. Such a study contributes to a deeper comparative study of the functional-semantic capabilities of an entire thematically organized group of words in related languages, and helps to identify their genre linguistic identity inherent in specific languages. Interjections convey the feelings and emotional experiences of the characters in the work; they are classified into universal, understandable to all languages, common to Turkic languages, or specific (these make up the majority). The classification of interjections as non-equivalent vocabulary determined their transmission during the translation process through transcription, without grammatically changing the words, which ensures the preservation of the originality, national specificity and cultural flavor of the source text. The original, deeply national interjections used in olonkho help to recreate the unique world of olonkho, help to comprehend the deep secrets of the spiritual heritage of the Yakuts, and translation allows other peoples to touch the spiritual treasury of the people. The presented research has prospects for further study of the peculiarities of the functioning of parts of speech in the language of folklore.

Superhydrophobic Surface Modification of Polymer Microneedles Enables Fabrication of Multimodal Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy and Mass Spectrometry Substrates for Synthetic Drug Detection in Blood Plasma.

Microneedles are widely used substrates for various chemical and biological sensing applications utilizing surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), which is indeed a highly sensitive and specific analytical approach. This article reports the fabrication of a nanoparticle (NP)-decorated microneedle substrate that is both a SERS substrate and a substrate-supported electrospray ionization (ssESI) mass spectrometry (MS) sample ionization platform. Polymeric ligand-functionalized gold nanorods (Au NRs) are adsorbed onto superhydrophobic surface-modified polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) microneedles through the control of various interfacial interactions. We show that the chain length of the polymer ligands dictates the NR adsorption process. Importantly, assembling Au NRs onto the micrometer-diameter needle tips allows the formation of highly concentrated electromagnetic hot spots, which provide the SERS enhancement factor as high as 1.0 × 106. The micrometer-sized area of the microneedle top and high electromagnetic field enhancement of our system can be loosely compared with tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy, where the apex of a plasmonic NP-functionalized sharp probe produces high-intensity plasmonic hot spots. Utilizing our NR-decorated microneedle substrates, the synthetic drugs fentanyl and alprazolam are analyzed with a subpicomolar limit of detection. Further analysis of drug-molecule interactions on the NR surface utilizing the Langmuir adsorption model suggests that the higher polarizability of fentanyl allows for a stronger interaction with hydrophilic polymer layers on the NR surface. We further demonstrate the translational aspect of the microneedle substrate for both SERS- and ssESI-MS-based detection of these two potent drugs in 10 drug-of-abuse (DOA) patient plasma samples with minimal preanalysis sample preparation steps. Chemometric analysis for the SERS-based detection shows a very good classification between fentanyl, alprazolam, or a mixture thereof in our selected 10 samples. Most importantly, ssESI-MS analysis also successfully identifies fentanyl or alprazolam in these same 10 DOA plasma samples. We believe that our multimodal detection approach presented herein is a highly versatile detection technology that can be applicable to the detection of any analyte type without performing any complicated sample preparation.

The V angle compliments radiographic assessment of acute acromioclavicular joint dislocations by differentiating between Rockwood types III versus V and by considering dynamic horizontal translation in coronal radiographs.

Acromioclavicular joint (ACJ) dislocations are usually graded radiographically according to Rockwood, but differentiation between Rockwood types III and V may be ambiguous. The potentially clinically relevant horizontal instability is barely addressed in coronal radiographs. It was hypothesized that a new radiologic parameter (V angle) would complement ACJ diagnostics on anteroposterior radiographs by differentiating between cases of Rockwood III and V while also considering the aspect of dynamic horizontal translation (DHT). Ninety-five patients with acute ACJ dislocations (Rockwood types III and V) were included retrospectively between 2017 and 2020. On anteroposterior views (weightbearing: n = 62, non-weight-bearing: n = 33), the coracoclavicular (CC) distance and the newly introduced V angle for assessing scapular orientation were measured bilaterally. This angle is referenced between the spinal column and a line crossing the superior scapular angle and the crossing point between the supraspinatus fossa and the medial base of the coracoid process, reported as the side-comparative difference (non-injured side *minus* injured side). DHT on Alexander views was divided into stable, partially unstable or completely unstable. The V angle on the injured side alone (mean 50.0°; 95% confidence interval (CI), 48.6°-51.3°) showed no correlation with the side-comparative CC distance [%] (r = - 0.040; n.s.). Thus, the V angle on the non-injured side was considered, displaying a normal distribution (n.s.) with a mean of 58.0° (95% CI, 56.6°-59.4°). The side-comparative V angle showed a correlation with the side-comparative CC distance (r = 0.83; p < 0.001) and was able to differentiate between Rockwood types III (4.7°; 95% CI, 3.9°-5.5°; n = 39) and V (10.3°; 95% CI, 9.7°-11.0°; n = 56) (p < 0.001). A cut-off value of 7° had a 94.6% sensitivity and an 82.1% specificity (area under curve, AUC: 0.954; 95% CI, 0.915-0.994). The side-comparative V angle was greater for cases with complete DHT (8.7°; 95% CI, 7.9°-9.5°; n = 78) than for cases with partial DHT (4.8°; 95% CI, 3.3°-6.3°; n = 16) (p < 0.001). A cut-off value of 5° showed a sensitivity of 84.6% and a specificity of 66.7% (AUC 0.824; 95% CI, 0.725-0.924). The scapular-based V angle on anteroposterior radiographs distinguishes between Rockwood types III and V as well as cases with partial or complete DHT. Diagnostic study. Level II.

The distinct transcriptome of virulence-associated phylogenetic group B2 Escherichia coli.

Escherichia coli strains of phylogenetic group B2 are often associated with urinary tract infections (UTIs) and several other diseases. Recent genomic and transcriptomic analyses have not suggested or identified specific genes required for virulence, but have instead suggested multiple virulence strategies and complex host-pathogen interactions. Previous analyses have not compared core gene expression between phylogenetic groups or between pathogens and nonpathogens within phylogenetic groups. We compared the core gene expression of 35 strains from three phylogenetic groups that included both pathogens and nonpathogens after growth in a medium that allowed comparable growth of both types of strains. K-means clustering suggested a B2 cluster with 17 group B2 strains and two group A strains; an AD cluster with six group A strains, five group D strains and one B2 strain; and four outliers which included the highly studied model uropathogenic E. coli strains UTI89 and CFT073. Half of the core genes were differentially expressed between B2 and AD cluster strains, including transcripts of genes for all aspects of macromolecular synthesis-replication, transcription, translation, and peptidoglycan synthesis-energy metabolism, and environmental-sensing transcriptional regulators. Notably, core gene expression between nonpathogenic and uropathogenic transcriptomes within phylogenetic groups did not differ. If differences between pathogens and nonpathogens exist, then the differences do not require transcriptional reprogramming. In summary, B2 cluster strains have a distinct transcription pattern that involves hundreds of genes. We propose that this transcription pattern is one factor that contributes to virulence. IMPORTANCE Escherichia coli is a diverse species and an opportunistic pathogen that is associated with various diseases, such as urinary tract infections. When examined, phylogenetic group B2 strains are more often associated with these diseases, but the specific properties that contribute to their virulence are not known. From a comparative transcriptomic analysis, we found that group B2 strains grown in a nutrient-rich medium had a distinct transcription pattern, which is the first evidence that core gene expression differs between phylogenetic groups. Understanding the consequences of group B2 transcription pattern will provide important information on basic E. coli biology, the basis for E. coli virulence, and possibly for developing therapies for a majority of urinary tract infections and other group B2-associated diseases.

Artificial intelligence is set to transform mental health services.

The current development in the field of artificial intelligence and its applications has advantages and disadvantages in the digital age that we now live in. The state of the use of AI for mental health has to be assessed by stakeholders, which includes all of us. We must comprehend the trends, gaps, opportunities, challenges, and shortcomings of this new technology. As the field evolves, rules, regulatory frameworks, guidelines, standards, and policies will develop and will progressively scale upwards. To advance the field, mental health professionals must be prepared to meet obstacles and seize possibilities presented by creative and disruptive technologies like AI. Therefore, a collaborative strategy must include multi-stakeholder participation in basic, translational, and clinical aspects of AI. Mental health practitioners need to be ready to face challenges and embrace and harness the power of innovative and disruptive technology such as AI that could offer to move the field forward.

TECHNIQUES AND METHODS OF TRANSLATION OF CULTURALLY MARKED VOCABULARY IN ARTISTIC TEXT (IN THE SERBIAN AND UKRAINIAN LANGUAGES)

The article is devoted to the study of translation methods and techniques used for transferring the culturally marked vocabulary from Serbian language into Ukrainian. The material for the research is the Serbian novel „Ситничарница „Код срећне руке“, written by Goran Petrovich and its Ukrainian variant «Крамничка «З легкої руки», translated by A. Tatarenko. The object of the paper is culturally marked vocabulary and its subject — methods and techniques used for translation the Serbian nationally marked units into Ukrainian language. The study pays particular attention to the revealing the culturally marked lexis units in original novel; considers typological peculiarities of the culturally marked lexicon in a translation aspect; discusses the difficulties in its translation into Ukrainian. The main content of the article is to analyze translation techniques and level of equivalence of the translation. As a result of the research, the concepts of culturally marked vocabulary and background knowledge clarified; the translation methods of onomastic lexicon is determined, the level of adequacy of the translation assessed. The results of the study allow us to draw the following conclusions: proper names can be translated in various techniques: transcription / transliteration, calque, reformulation (sometimes known as equivalence, as usual, for idioms), and descriptive translation with generalization or specification, and so on. The analyzed Ukrainian translation is quite adequate. The prospect of further research is associated with comparative (for related languages) or contrastive (for unrelated languages) method to analyze translations of the same text from different origin as well as in the theoretical comprehension of vocabulary related to the background knowledge of speakers of a certain language, and its practical study.

Sharing results with participants (and community) in malaria related research: Perspectives and experience from researchers.

Results-sharing with participants or their communities after the completion of research is an essential element of ethical research. The main objective of this study was to identify and document current practice of trial result dissemination, to explore attitudes among trialists towards result dissemination and to better understand previous experiences and barriers to returning results to participants. This mixed-methods study used a sequential exploratory design with two phases: i) an initial qualitative phase to explore the topic and to inform the quantitative data collection, ii) a quantitative survey. Findings from the survey and interviews were triangulated and presented to a network of clinical malaria researchers for validation. A total of 11 semi-structured interviews (SSIs) were conducted using an interview guide. The quantitative survey had a response rate of 19.9% (42/211). Disseminating results to participants after clinical trials was deemed critical for ethical malaria related research, with 38.1% indicating it as extremely important and 45.2% rating it as mostly important. Most respondents referred to the dissemination of results to policymakers and wider stakeholders as important aspects of research translation. The practice of patient or community engagement was prioritized in the pre-trial period and during the trial for obvious instrumental goals of improving retention, coverage and adherence, but much less priority was given to the post-trial period. The main reason for poor dissemination practice was the notion that the time lag between study participation and the availability of results was too long (42.4%). Other reasons included the assumption that the community was not interested (36.4%), and financial restraints (9.1%). The rich qualitative data revealed detailed accounts of operational, cultural, educational and economic aspects that pose further barriers to results-sharing, including limited knowledge about best practice. Better planning which includes adequate financial resourcing is required for meaningful dissemination of results to study participants. Improved institutional guidance and more stringent requirements by funders could support researchers who are generally interested and willing to complete the process. Best practice methods to conduct such dissemination remains to be explored.