Green Aspects Research Articles

New Insights into Green Protocols for Oxidative Depolymerization of Lignin and Lignin Model Compounds.

Oxidative depolymerization of lignin is a hot topic in the field of biomass valorization. The most recent and green procedures have been herein detailed. Photochemical and electrochemical approaches are reviewed highlighting the pros and cons of each method. Mechanochemistry activated strategies are able to combine oxidation and depolymerization in the deconstruction of lignin. Homogenous and heterogeneous catalytic systems are exemplified stressing the green aspects associated with both the procedures. Solvent-free approaches as well as those carried out in alternative media are listed. Finally, the few examples of selenium catalyzed lignin valorization reported so far are cited.

Environmentally friendly analysis of sulphonamides in Brazilian honey through automated and miniaturised sample preparation coupled with LC-MS/MS

Increased use of environmentally friendly practices has become a trend in science because of the current awareness regarding climate change and related issues. Similarly for analytical chemistry, considering the development of greener methods for reducing the use of reagents and samples and also toxic waste generation. To meet such goals, automation, and miniaturisation of sample preparation—a well-recognised laborious and time-consuming analytical step—are two promising strategies. This work associates the greener aspects of miniaturisation and the performance of automated sample preparation. Therefore, we proposed an analytical method using a miniaturised extraction column for pre-concentrating sulphamerazine, sulphamethazine, sulphamethoxazole, sulphadimethoxine, sulphathiazole, and sulphachlorpyridazine from honey and cleaning-up the samples. Several variables were optimised: extractive phase, loading flow, loading phase, and loading time. Under optimised conditions, the method showed adequate linearity between 5.0 and 60 ng g−1 with R > 0.99, and also good selectivity and recovery (114.6–124.1%) which are acceptable according to Brazilian legislation. Intra and inter-day precision were in the range 3.0–5.0%. Although sulphonamides were detected in one of the eight commercial honey samples, the value was below the established MRL. The method showed efficiency, while also exhibiting greener characteristics resulting from miniaturisation and automation, representing a promising environmentally friendly alternative for conventional sample preparation methods.

From restaurant to cloud kitchen: Survival of the fittest during COVID-19 An empirical examination

The restaurant industry is experiencing a financial crisis at the moment of COVID-19. The purpose of this paper is to explore and examine the impact of various factors responsible for purchase decisions for generation Z in the context of cloud kitchen. In this endeviour, the researchers used a self-reported survey questionnaire to collect the data. The quality responses were collected using convenience sampling and analysed using SmartPLS. As almost all businesses are hit badly due to the COVID-19 pandemic this paper explored the possibilities for the restaurant business i.e. food and beverage industry in the form of ‘cloud kitchen’. In this endeavour, the impact of green aspects, memorable food experience (experiential food under experience economy) along with certain other factors was examined. This study extends the food choice process model by Furst et al. (1996) that in the recent time green aspect, memorable experience are being preferred by consumers. Moreover, the restaurant may choose to work as ‘cloud kitchen until the situation (COVID-19) normalizes. The research work will contribute to new theoretical knowledge in the form of an extended food choice process model exploring generation Z purchase decision towards cloud kitchen.

ANALYSIS AND COMPARISON OF THE WASTE MANAGEMENT DEVELOPMENT IN HUNGARY AND SLOVAKIA

Waste production is an indispensable human process that happens daily in all communities. With the population increase and the industry developments, the waste amounts are growing, and their treating processes are taking a bigger share of the transportation and handling tasks in the city logistics. These waste collection, transportation, and treatment are described as waste management has been investigated and developed especially with the various application, solutions, and developments in the logistics, transportation, and industrial areas. Also, with the higher attention to the environmental impact in the different areas, the green aspect of waste management takes more importance particularly in city logistics where congestion occurs regularly. Within this work, waste management is analyzed in Europe generally and Hungary specifically. Eurostat database is used for that purpose next to previous research work tackling this topic. Also, a comparison between the waste management operations in Hungary and Slovakia is discussed to show the difference of these operations’ developments between the two countries between 2014 and 2020.

GREEN MARKETING IN INDIAN PHARMACEUTICAL MARKET: A REVIEW

According to American Marketing Association- “Green marketing is the marketing of the products that are presumed to be environmentally safe”. Green marketing has arisen as an answer to the growing concern of the environmental state which has a huge influence on the society’s well-being. Green marketing is a holistic management process responsible for identifying, anticipating and satisfying the requirements of customers and society, in a profitable and sustainable way. Sustainable business practices are important not only for today but also for securing business tomorrow. This paper propounds a literature evaluation on pharmaceutical green marketing consisting of the definition of green marketing, implementations of it at various stages, green marketing adoption by organizations and pharmaceutical groups based on advertising techniques, and consumer’s viewpoint towards green marketing and pharma market in India. Data collected over ten-year period results in objective which measures the impact of green marketing aspects consisting of green marketing strategies, green consumers, green communication, green segmentation and targeting, green supply chain and its management, green promoting approaches on the overall performance of pharmaceutical groups in India. Consumer's viewpoint in the direction of green products attracted the pharmaceuticals firm most. Though numerous researches have been carried out on green marketing, there is a dearth of papers that takes pharmaceutical green marketing into account and this paper focuses on the essential aspects of green pharmaceutical marketing.

ASPECTS OF GREEN MARKETING, PRODUCTS, PRICES, AND BUYING INTEREST AT SUPER INDO OUTLETS

Green marketing is basically a social marketing concept that protects and builds consumer welfare by paying attention to environmental sustainability. In the business context, the green marketing aspect is starting to become an aspect that is used as the basis for showing the advantages of a business. This study aims to see how green marketing moderates the effect of product and price on consumer buying interest. The aspects studied in this study include product aspects, price aspects, green marketing aspects and their influence on buying interest.
 The study was conducted in Yogyakarta with random sampling of Super Indo consumers. Field data collection is carried out in the period from May to July 2021. Data collection is carried out by distributing questionnaires with validity and reliability tests first. Data analysis was carried out using the Regression-Moderation model with product and price aspects as independent variables. Aspects of buying interest as an independent variable, while the green marketing variable as a moderating variable.
 The results of this study indicate that product and price aspects in general still have an effect on consumer buying interest. Meanwhile, an understanding of green marketing has a significant influence in moderating the relationship between products and consumer buying interest in Super Indo Supremarket retail.

Empirical Evaluation of Iranian CIO Perspective with Adoption of Green Information Technology

In recent decades, green aspects became a key priority for governments worldwide, as sustainable policies are able to promote a more equitable society and a healthier economy from the social, economic, and environmental perspectives, in addition to preserving natural resources for future generations. As an essential context in information technology management, green information technology (GIT) has been developed to cope with the existing environmental problems through organizations. The present study is aimed at identifying the influential factors of decision‐making on the adoption of GIT. To collect the required data, interviews were performed along with a structured survey. A total of 112 questionnaires were delivered to chief information officers (CIOs), 99 of which underwent the analysis. The structural equation and partial least square approaches were adopted for data analysis. GIT driver (G‐driver) was found to be an intermediary parameter. Findings revealed the GIT readiness (G‐readiness) and GIT context (G‐context) result in in GIT adoption whenever there was a G‐driver indicator (i.e., ethical driver, economic driver, response driver, or regulatory driver). The present study found the significance of all the variables to be above 1.96 except G‐context −> green intention to adoption path and G‐readiness −> green intention to adoption. Considering that the determination of coefficients and the analysis of relationships between factors directly depends on the opinion of experts and if the opinion of expert’s changes, the results will also change; this can be mentioned as the most important limitation of the research. Therefore, it should be noted that the largest impact was identified to be posed by the economical driver.

Research trends in clean, green and sustainable manufacturing: a bibliometric review

This paper aims at conducing a bibliometric literature review targeting some key themes of sustainability in the manufacturing and production sector. A first sample of 631 papers was found by using an appropriate combination of keywords in the SCOPUS database over a 22 year period (2000-2021). The sample was then reduced to 563 manuscripts, by removing the papers not expressively focused on the targeted topic. Finally, the analysis of the author keywords was carried out by dividing the 22 years period into 4 timespans, to determine the past and current trends within the research topic. The results highlighted a dominance of general themes related to sustainable and green aspects; at the same time, some specific subjects related to different aspects of manufacturing and production were identified, such as the design, the performance evaluation and the introduction of new Industry 4.0 technologies. Other themes, like human factors, companies’ resilience, flexibility or agility, appear to be not so considered in the studies reviewed; these themes could represent interesting topics for future research activities.

Green aspects of photocatalysts during corona pandemic: a promising role for the deactivation of COVID-19 virus.

The selection of a facile, eco-friendly, and effective methodology is the need of the hour for efficient curing of the COVID-19 virus in air, water, and many food products. Recently, semiconductor-based photocatalytic methodologies have provided promising, green, and sustainable approaches to battle against viral activation via the oxidative capabilities of various photocatalysts with excellent performance under moderate conditions and negligible by-products generation as well. Considering this, recent advances in photocatalysis for combating the spread of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) are inclusively highlighted. Starting from the origin to the introduction of the coronavirus, the significant potential of photocatalysis against viral prevention and -disinfection is discussed thoroughly. Various photocatalytic material-based systems including metal-oxides, metal-free and advanced 2D materials (MXenes, MOFs and COFs) are systematically examined to understand the mechanistic insights of virus-disinfection in the human body to fight against COVID-19 disease. Also, a roadmap toward sustainable solutions for ongoing COVID-19 contagion is also presented. Finally, the challenges in this field and future perspectives are comprehensively discussed involving the bottlenecks of current photocatalytic systems along with potential recommendations to deal with upcoming pandemic situations in the future.

Characteristics of green public procurement in Hungary

Green, sustainable and circular public procurement are concepts that require a completely different approach from the point of view of public procurement as well. An economic approach that goes beyond the economic aspects of occasional procurement needs and is also suitable for achieving wider effects. The legal foundations for these have already been mostly created by the legislator at the EU and national level. However, the application of narrowly or broadly interpreted green aspects requires the conscious behavior of the entire value chain of the given procurement. In our study, we examined (i) what exactly is covered by some definitions of public procurement classified under the general term of green public procurement (sustainable public procurement, circular public procurement), (ii) what is the ratio of green public procurement in Hungary, and (iii) we tried to formulate proposals for the more effective application of green public procurement.

Green tourism: A study of young consumers in indian himalayan settings

The greater importance towards environment across the globe has influenced the business world particularly tourism sector from both demand and supply perspective. The focus is to improve and contribute towards green solutions through offerings. The role of tourist awareness which affects tourist’s behaviour has been a major change in recent past towards building a society more favourable towards green tourism. In today’s scenario every individual is concerned about the clean and green aspect of the environment, due to which the tourists are also going for destinations favouring sustainable environment. The current study shows that environmental concern backed by green intention strongly influences on moulding the actual tourist behaviour of consumers towards the tourist destination. The widespread and influence of the phenomenon can be seen in almost all tourist activities including business activities wherein one of the biggest challenges is to protect and preserve the earth’s resources and the environment for the future generations without comprising on the ability of the present generations to meet their own needs. Clean and green image of the destination along with perceived values favouring environment protection helps in developing a behaviour which focuses on solving the problem of preserving environment for betterment of future. Tourist having knowledge about environment and its deteriorating condition is more concerned in protecting the tourist destination. The degree of present environment crisis becomes more sensitive especially in current ecological settings. The paper tries to examine the factors i.e green image, perceived value and tourist satisfaction affecting revisiting intention of tourists with emphasis on Indian Himalayan region. The Indian subcontinent draws our attention to the fact that it is going to be the third largest consumer economy by 2030, with young consumers constituting the major share in terms of consumption as well as purchasing power parity. The study thus has considered young consumers while formulating framework of green tourism in Indian Himalayan settings.

Green Aspects of Ion Chromatography versus Other Methods in the Analysis of Common Inorganic Ions

Due to the increasing environmental awareness of the public, green chemistry has become an important element of environmental protection. In laboratories around the world, millions of analyses of inorganic and organic anions and cations in water and wastewater samples, and solid and gaseous samples are performed daily. Unfortunately, these activities still generate large costs, including environmental costs, which are related to the scale of the studies, the use of toxic chemical reagents, the waste generated, and the energy consumed. The methods used so far for inorganic ion analysis, including classical methods, are increasingly being replaced by instrumental methods, primarily based on ion chromatography. This paper presents the most important advantages and limitations of ion chromatography, and compares them with the costs of classical analyses for the analytes and sample types. Both the financial and environmental costs associated with the determination of common inorganic ions, such as Cl−, NO2−, NO3−, and NH4+, in 1000 environmental samples, were compared using selected reference wet classical methods and ion chromatography. The advantages and limitations of ion chromatography that allow this separation technique to be classified as a green analytical chemistry method have been described herein.

A Chitosan‐CatalyzedDomino Aldol‐Hetero‐Diels‐Alder Synthesis of Cyclic Heptanoid‐Annulated Pyran Scaffolds

AbstractA chitosan‐catalyzed, domino aldol‐hetero‐Diels‐Alder (DAHDA) reaction has been developed in glycerol after combining 2‐alkenyloxynaphthaldehydes 1 a–b/O‐alkenylsalicylaldehydes 2 a–b/5‐alkenyl‐sulfanyl‐pyrazole‐4‐carbaldehydes 3 a–b with the poorly enolizable CH activated but‐3‐en‐2‐ones; monobenzalacetone 4 a/4‐methoxy‐3‐but‐2‐ene 4b/mesityl oxide 4c to achieve pyrano [3,4‐c]chromenes 5 aa–5 bc, 6 aa–6 bc/ thiopyrano[2,3‐c]pyrazoles 7 aa–7 bc all are containing cyclic heptanoid core. The method is highly efficient yielding 91% of the model compound 5 aa in 8 h at 90 oC. The structural investigation of the aldol intermediate which is isolable gave the important insight into the stereochemical output of the second step hetero‐Diels‐Alder(HDA) reaction. 2D NMR NOESY (nuclear overhauser effect spectroscopy) andsingle‐crystal X‐raydiffraction dataof the representative 5 aa confirmed that the E‐aldol intermediate formed initially undergoes HDAreaction via endo‐E‐syn transition state to form cis‐fused product exclusively. Both chitosan and glycerol can be recycled at least five times without the loss of their efficiencies as catalyst and reaction medium respectively. E‐factor (0.15) and EcoScale (77.5 %) valuesof thismethod to afford model DAHDA product 5 aa reveal key green aspects of the present protocol.

Diplomacy of development in ecologization of international economic relations

The article deals with the historical and modern aspects of greening of international economic relations in the context of scientific approaches, theories and concepts. The peculiarities of the influence of natural and ecological factors on the development of society, nature management, economic interactions are determined. A retrospective review of scientific economic thought is presented in the context of interdisciplinary environmental context. The complexity of the process and phenomena of evolutionary changes in politics, economics and ecology are identified. Methodology of coverage of environmental and economic concepts includes different approaches: philosophical, psychological, biological, technical and economic. The mechanisms of greening are reflected in the areas of neo-Keynesianism, neoclassicism, institutionalism, globalism, post-industrialism. Environmental threats affect society in different ways, but stimulate change and transform economic systems. The intensification of the environmental crisis and global problems has led to the expansion of international activities, environmental policy, economic culture and environmental awareness. New formats of international contacts, coordination of market and social interests should be considered in the context of theories of environmentalism, greening of the economy, economic modernization, resource provision, environmental security. The formation of progressive models of social development involves international economic integration, the inclusion of national environmental policies in the international security system, promoting cooperation and cooperation between countries. development diplomacy is seen as a tool for consolidating countries in solving global problems, intensifying international integration in the field of environmental activities, greening trade and economic activities and international business. The field of research on the greening of international economic relations is constantly expanding in the context of security, cooperation, resource management.

Public Perceptions of Urban Green Spaces: Convergences and Divergences

In the context of rapid climate change, it is important to understand public perceptions of urban green spaces (UGSs), because green spaces have enormous potential as instruments for climate change adaptation and mitigation, and because the development of such spaces both requires and benefits from public support. This article attempts, through an extensive literature review, to understand convergences and divergences in perceptions of urban green spaces (UGSs) of city dwellers around the world and to identify gaps in the existing research. Additionally, the article explores research into the benefits associated with urban green spaces, including health (e.g., physical and mental), social (e.g., social networks and social relationships), economic (e.g., employment and income generation), and environmental (e.g., ecosystem services and biodiversity). This article further seeks to identify the extent to which urban residents have been found to perceive the roles UGSs can play in climate change adaptation and mitigation, and cultural exchange. Based on studies conducted in different countries over the past decade, this paper integrates environmental, social, cultural, and economic aspects of urban greening to provide insight into the similarities and differences in perceptions of urban green spaces and suggest approaches to building climate change resilient urban communities. This paper finds justification for: encouraging the use of integrated, multidisciplinary approaches, using innovative tools, for both the study and practical development of UGSs; conducting a greater number of studies of newer urban areas in developing countries; and considering the diverse disadvantages as well as the advantages of UGSs in order to support the continued development and expansion of this critical climate-friendly infrastructure. The more that residents' perceptions of and attitudes toward UGSs are incorporated into the design of such spaces, the more successful they will be at providing the myriad benefits they have the potential to offer.

Synthesis, characterization and application of Fe3O4@Silicapropyl@vaniline-covalented isoniazid-copper(I) nanocomposite as a new, mild, effective and magnetically recoverable Lewis acid catalyst for the synthesis of acridines and novel azoacridines

Fe3O4@Silicapropyl@vaniline-covalented isoniazid-copper(I) nanocomposite was synthesized as a novel heterogeneous catalyst and was characterized by FT-IR, EDX, XRD, FESEM, TEM, zeta potential, VSM and TGA-DTG. The strategy relies on the covalently bonding of vaniline to Fe3O4@silicapropyl followed by the condensation reaction of aldehyde moiety of vaniline in the structure of catalyst with isoniazid drug (NH2 moiety). Finally, complexation process in pyridine ring of isoniazid with CuCl lead to Fe3O4@Silicapropyl@vaniline-covalented isoniazide-copper(I) nanocomposite. This novel nanocatalyst was applied as a green, and effective nanocatalyst for the mild synthesis of acridines and azoacridines via multicomponent reaction of various aromatic aldehydes, dimedone and various anilines or azolinked aniline under solvent-free conditions. The products were characterized by FT-IR, NMR and CHN analysis. This new protocol has benefits such as high yields, short reaction time, easy work-up and processing, eco-friendly and green aspects of chemistry. Also, the nanocatalyst is a magnetically recoverable catalyst and reused for six runs without decrease the efficiency.

Advances in Green Catalysis for the Synthesis of Medicinally Relevant N-Heterocycles

N-heterocycles, both saturated and unsaturated, are ubiquitous biologically active molecules that are extremely appealing scaffolds in drug discovery programs. Although classical synthetic methods have been developed to access many relevant N-heterocyclic scaffolds, representing well-established and reliable routes, some do not meet the needs of sustainability. In this context, several advances have been made towards the sustainable synthesis of N-heterocycles. This review focuses on the most recent examples from the last five years of catalytic synthesis of several heterocyclic compounds of medicinal relevance. Thus, the synthesis of isoindoloquinazolines, quinazolines and azaindoles, among others, are covered. The synthetic methods selected include the use of homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts and the use of alternative and sustainable methods such as, for example, metal-catalyzed acceptorless coupling and one-pot reactions. The green aspects of the individual synthetic approaches are highlighted, and the scope of each methodology is described.

Green Scheduling of Identical Parallel Machines with Release Date, Delivery Time and No-Idle Machine Constraints

Global warming and climate change are threatening life on earth. These changes are due to human activities resulting in the emission of greenhouse gases. This is caused by intensive industrial activities and excessive fuel energy consumption. Recently, the scheduling of production systems has been judged to be an effective way to reduce energy consumption. This is the field of green scheduling, which aims to allocate jobs to machines in order to minimize total costs, with a focus on the sustainable use of energy. Several studies have investigated parallel-machine shops, with a special focus on reducing and minimizing the total consumed energy. Few studies explicitly include the idle energy of parallel machines, which is the energy consumed when the machines are idle. In addition, very few studies have considered the elimination of idle machine times as an efficient way to reduce the total consumed energy. This is the no-idle machine constraint, which is the green aspect of the research. In this context, this paper addresses the green parallel-machine scheduling problem, including release dates, delivery times, and no-idle machines, with the objective of minimizing the maximum completion time. This problem is of practical interest since it is encountered in several industry processes, such as the steel and automobile industries. A mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) model is proposed for use in obtaining exact solutions for small-sized instances. Due to the NP-hardness of the studied problem, and encouraged by the successful adaptation of metaheuristics for green scheduling problems, three genetic algorithms (GAs) using three different crossover operators and a simulated annealing algorithm (SA) were developed for large-sized problems. A new family of lower bounds is proposed. This was intended for the evaluation of the performance of the proposed algorithms over the average percent of relative deviation (ARPD). In addition, the green aspect was evaluated over the percentage of saved energy, while eliminating the idle-machine times. An extensive experimental study was carried out on a benchmark of test problems with up to 200 jobs and eight machines. This experimental study showed that one GA variant dominated the other proposed procedures. Furthermore, the obtained numerical results provide strong evidence that the proposed GA variant outperformed the existing procedures from the literature. The experimental study also showed that the adoption of the no-idle machine time constraints made it possible to reduce the total consumed energy by 29.57%, while the makespan (cost) increased by only 0.12%.

The Methodological and Didactic Aspects of Comprehensive Greening of Educational Process Towards Sustainable University

The process of greening education is aimed to educate new generation with the holistic vision of the real world challenges, attitudes of responsibility and active social behavior as an agent of sustainability transformations. The methodological and didactic aspects of comprehensive greening of educational process discussed. It’s based on integration the competence and the whole school approaches, sustainable life style and green campus practices into sustainable university model. The preconditions for systemic and holistic integration of the sustainability principles into all fields of the university life are identified. Especial attention is paid to the recent experiences of the Ukrainian National Forestry University as the leading university in Ukraine in implementing the concept of greening higher education in Ukraine and member of new networking project “V4 Green Universities” supported by the Visegrad Fund.

Design of a business readiness model to realise a green industry 4.0 company

ABSTRACT The paper reports research on the implementation of green aspects into the latest industrial revolution called Industry 4.0 and proposes the design of a business readiness level model for Industry 4.0. The analysis is based on the available maturity models for Industry 4.0, which are investigated to determine whether and to what extent they fulfil the ‘green’ trends by their name, content or specialized dimensions. This analysis was initiated over recent years, by a strong interest in integrating the elements and principles of Industry 4.0 into enterprises, together with an increased interest in achieving carbon neutral production and society in the coming decades, including recent EU Green Deal documents. The first part of the paper describes the basic requirements of the Industry 4.0, new digital strategies and green agreements. The major parts of the paper provide an analysis of current maturity and readiness models for Industry 4.0 together with specification, design and development of a readiness model for companies to implement Industry 4.0 with respect to green aspects. The final part of the paper provides an evaluation based on questionnaire survey with discussion, conclusions and avenues for future research.