Aspects Of Execution Research Articles

Stronger right hemisphere functional connectivity supports executive aspects of language in older adults

Healthy older adults commonly report increased difficulties with language production. This could reflect decline in the language network, or age-related declines in other cognitive abilities that support language production, such as executive function. To examine this possibility, we conducted a whole-brain resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC) analysis in older and younger adults using two seed regions—the left posterior superior temporal gyrus and left inferior frontal gyrus. Whole-brain connectivities were then correlated with Stroop task performance to investigate the relationship between RSFC and executive function. We found that overall, younger adults had stronger RSFC than older adults. Moreover, in older, but not younger, adults stronger RSFC between left IFG and right hemisphere executive function regions correlated with better Stroop performance. This suggests that stronger RSFC among older adults between left IFG and right hemisphere regions may serve a compensatory function.

Attentional system of very prematurely born preschoolers.

Recent studies indicate that premature children are at risk for difficulties with cognitive development and have increased incidence of ADHD as well as other behavioral disorders. Although the exact mechanism accounting for these children's neuropsychological abnormalities is unknown, there is evidence to suggest that the cognitive and behavioral disturbances seen in this population may result from a slower development of the attentional system. However, it remains unclear whether prematurity affects the development of the entire attention system or if prematurely born children have a selective insufficiency of components of this system (i.e., orienting, alerting, executive). We compared the efficiency of the attentional system of very prematurely born children and full-term controls at 5 years of age, using the Attention Network Task-Child Version. In comparison to full-term peers, very preterm children exhibited inefficient orienting of attention, whereas there was no group difference in the efficiency of alerting and executive aspects of attention. The reason for the selectively suboptimal orienting of attention in very prematurely born preschoolers remains unclear; it is possible that the neural substrates of this attentional subsystem are particularly underdeveloped in the preschool period in this cohort. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).

Ovariosalpingohysterectomy Technique Adapted in Bitches (Canis familiaris) - Advantages and Limitations

Background: The ovariosalpingohysterectomy (OSH) is one of the most performed surgeries in bitches often used in population control. Surgical techniques that decrease the chances of operative complications and cause less nociceptive stimulation and acute pain to the patient are highly sought after by veterinarians. We evaluated the inverted OSH technique (IT), which, after celiotomy, begins with the ligature execution, transection of the uterine body and subsequent ligation and ovarian disinsertion. The purpose of this investigation was to analyze aspects of IT execution in bitches, such as visceral manipulation, access to the uterus and ovaries, and surgical time compared to the traditional technique.Materials, Methods & Results: Inverted OSH was compared to the so-called traditional OSH technique, characterized by the initial removal of the ovaries followed by uterine section. The OSH techniques were performed in 24 healthy animals, with a body condition score of up to six (on a nine-point scale) in dogs aged between seven months and five years. All dogs were from the Birth Control Program of Dogs and Cats of the UFRRJ and were distributed into two groups: traditional technique (TT) and inverted technique (IT). Surgeries and anesthesia were carried out by the same veterinarian crew (surgeon, surgical assistant, and anesthesiologist). OSH techniques were evaluated by the surgeon and surgical assistant using semiquantitative analysis (multiple-choice questionnaire with closed questions that pointed scores related to the ease of uterine and ovarian manipulation, as well as to the level of manipulation of the intestinal and urinary vesicle) and qualitative descriptive methods (report of techniques with the opinion of surgeons and an external evaluator-veterinarian surgeon who attended surgeries). Also, the total surgical time and the indication of a positive analgesic response according to changes in the vital parameters observed by the anesthesiologist during specific moments of the operation were evaluated (traction of the ovarian pedicles and the uterine body). There was a greater intraoperative nociceptive stimulation in TT (five analgesic rescues and zero in IT) and greater ease of exposure, access, and manipulation of the ovaries in IT (right ovary P = 0.042 and left ovary P = 0.021); no difference in the manipulation of adjacent organs between groups (P = 0.944); with no statistical difference in total intraoperative time (P = 0.190). In the descriptive qualitative evaluation, inverted OSH revealed advantages concerning the ease of surgical access to the ovaries (especially the right ovary), particularly in heavier dogs.Discussion: The IT was considered easy to perform because the surgical team performed the two techniques at similar times despite having more experience and routine practice with the TT. The anatomy of the bitch challenges the performance of OSH during median celiotomy due to the dorsal location of the reproductive system in the abdominal cavity and, therefore, there is a need to manipulate the intestine and urinary vesicle. Moreover, the ovarian location near the chest wall concavity impairs the manipulation for its disinsertion. In this context, the IT appears useful in this species due to the greater ease of manipulation of the ovaries, highlighted in the semiquantitative and qualitative descriptive analyzes. In general, the OSH technique is impaired in dogs of greater bodyweight because there is a high amount of fat in their ligaments and the increase of the weight is considered a risk factor for the occurrence of complications in this surgery; in these patients, the IT may be advantageous because it allows cranial uterine flexion promoting greater ovarian exposure, thus facilitating its manipulation, hemostasis and pedicle section.

Izricanje i izvršenje kazne zatvora koja se izvršava u prostorijama u kojima osuđeni stanuje - tzv. kućni zatvor

The rule that convicted persons serve their sentences exclusively in prisons has not been valid in the Republic of Serbia for a long time. Prison sentences may also be executed in the premises where the convicted person resides. Such a solution is introduced by the 2009 Law on Amendments and Supplements to the Criminal Code. The Criminal Code does not prescribe the punishment of a prison sentence served in the premises where the convicted person resides as a special punishment. Instead, the offender is sentenced to imprisonment, which is then executed in the premises where he lives. In criminal proceedings, the court is obliged to individualize the criminal sanction in a way that takes into account objective and subjective circumstances - the circumstances relating to the committed crime and its perpetrator. There are such perpetrators who it is necessary to sentence to prison, but who should not be sent to a penal institution. The prison sentence may also be served in premises where they reside (with or without electronic surveillance). Although, in a legally-binding sentence, the accused is sentenced to imprisonment in a penal institution, this does not necessarily mean that he will be placed into a penal institution to serve his sentence. The amendments and supplements of the Criminal Code leave an "opportunity" for the convict to serve his sentence in the premises where he resides, if the prescribed conditions are met. This is only a possibility which may be decided on by the judge in charge of executing criminal sanctions. If it is decided that the convicted person shall serve his sentence in the premises where he resides, the next step is the execution of the sentence. Not all convicted persons who are serving their sentence in this way are in the same legal position, as there is individualization in the process of executing a sentence as well. This difference is apparent, above all, in the amount of time that a convict is allowed to spend outside of the premises in which he resides. The focus of the authors' attention is precisely the punishment of imprisonment served in the premises where the convict resides (the so-called house arrest). The authors deal with material aspects and aspects of execution of the sentence. This paper focuses, among other matters, on the conditions for sentencing, models of execution of the sentence and the legal position of the convicted person while serving his sentence.

Improved executive functioning in healthy older adults after multifactorial cognitive training targeting controlled processes

Among the different cognitive training approaches tested in healthy older adults, multifactorial programs, which target higher-order processes such as memory and attention, best promote the transfer of learning to untrained cognitive processes. Objective: In the present study, we investigated the effects of a multifactorial cognitive training program on executive functions in older adults. Method: This training was developed to embed the processing of executive information in memory and attention training tasks, and mnemonic and executive strategies were implemented progressively throughout training. Results: The results showed that this training program (24 sessions, 2 sessions per week) improved executive functions in older adults (n=15; mean age=74.5±2.1). Significant improvements were found for the switching and inhibition of irrelevant stimuli. We also report enhanced performance in the efficiency of a dual-task activity. Additionally, we report that these benefits were present at the 6-month follow-up without any additional training. Conclusion: Taken together with previous results obtained with the same training protocol, the present results showed that the multifactorial training program we developed is an efficient tool to positively act on memory-related and executive aspects of the cognitive decline found in normal aging.

Walking, talking, and suppressing: Executive functioning mediates the relationship between higher expressive suppression and slower dual-task walking among older adults

Objective: Dual-task walking, which is related to fall risk, has also been shown to relate to executive functioning (EF). EF is known to be vulnerable to the effects of an emotion-regulation strategy known as expressive suppression, such that higher engagement in expressive suppression is related to subsequent decrements in EF. However, it is unknown whether expressive suppression is also associated with slower dual-task walking. In addition, if such an association exists, it is unknown whether EF mediates the relationship between expressive suppression and dual-task gait speed.Methods: Ninety-five community-dwelling older adults completed tasks of EF and lower-order component process using the Delis Kaplan Executive Function System (D-KEFS), as well as self-report measures of expressive suppression use in the 24 hours prior to testing and a measure of depressive symptoms.Results: Higher self-reported expressive suppression not only related to poorer EF, but also to slower dual-task walking beyond age and depressive symptoms; however these results did not hold when individuals with possible undiagnosed MCI were excluded. EF mediated the relationship between expressive suppression and dual-task walking speed.Conclusion: Expressive suppression appears to weaken EF, which in turn impacts executive aspects of motor functioning (such as walking under cognitive load) for cognitively vulnerable individuals. Quantifying and accounting for the taxing effect of effortful emotion regulation may improve the accuracy of EF assessment. Expressive suppression represents a potentially modifiable target to help reduce EF lapses and motor failings among older adults.

What Are the Determinants of Health System Performance? Findings from the Literature and a Technical Expert Panel

The US health care system is the most expensive in the world, but it lags behind many other industrialized nations on multiple measures of effectiveness and quality. This poor performance may have played a role in the push to incentivize health care organizations to achieve high performance over a range of domains. Research is needed to understand the determinants of health system performance. To identify key attributes of health systems associated with performance, a literature review was conducted. The characteristics identified were compiled into a Web-based rating instrument for use with a Technical Expert Panel composed of leaders in health systems and health services research. A modified Delphi process was initiated using three rounds to develop group consensus. The expert panel reached consensus on nine broad areas important to health system performance. Panelists also rated which specific attributes within those domains were predictive of performance. Panelists tended to rate the kind of characteristics used in past research (such as size, ownership, and profit status) as only somewhat or not at all important, while rating aspects of culture, leadership, and business execution as very important. There is limited empirical evidence and understanding of factors associated with health system performance. This study illustrates the value of using a modified Delphi process to bring experiential evidence to the task. These findings may help researchers refine their data collection efforts, policy makers craft better policies to incentivize high performance, and health leaders build better systems.

EVALUATING THE PROFESSIONAL DUTIES OF CLASSROOM TEACHERS IN PRIMARY SCHOOLS

The classroom teacher's professional duties are to educate, guide, teach, train, direct, judge and preserve. The problem is that many teachers are not professional in performing their duties has become a professional certificate, therefore the purpose of this study is the task of professional executive class teachers at the primary education education in Jakarta, Bogor, Depok, Tangerang dan Bekasi. The research method used is qualitative quantitative survey method because it is evaluative research. Data completion technique as evaluation research on professional task of classroom teacher at primary education in Jakarta, Bogor, Depok, Tangerang dan Bekasi is observation, interview, and document. The respondents of this research are classroom teachers at primary education in Jakarta, Bogor, Depok, Tangerang dan Bekasi. The benefits of this research are expected to provide theoretical and practical benefits to institutional governance on the development of teacher resources at the primary education level in Jakarta, Bogor, Depok, Tangerang dan Bekasi. The results showed that teachers in Jakarta, Bogor, Depok, Tangerang dan Bekasi perform their professional duties in designing a good learning plan with an average score of 72. Can perform professional duties at primary education level in aspects of learning activities very well with average score 87. And there is a difference in the implementation of professional tasks of certified class teachers with an average score of 73 scores, while unclassified grade teachers score an average of In the aspect of execution of professional duties in classroom teaching activities has not been certified has the advantage in performing professional tasks on aspects of learning activities at level primary education in Jakarta, Bogor, Depok, Tangerang dan Bekasi that is grade certified teacher average score 86,7, while class teacher have not certified result of score average 87,2.

Administradores de las sociedades mercantiles, su trascendencia procesal

La ciencia administrativa no solo conlleva a dirigir una sociedad mercantil sino a regirse por un orden preestablecido, tanto al interior como al exterior de la misma, en el que el administrador juega un papel de gran importancia. Esto nos lleva a ver aspectos de organización, representación, decisión, gestión y ejecución donde el derecho está presente como parte importante en la consecución del objeto social de la sociedad mercantil. En este texto nos enfocamos en el análisis del aspecto jurídico procesal como parte de la aplicación de normas en la administración de la sociedad, su naturaleza jurídica, sus funciones, sus obligaciones y responsabilidades

Theoretical and Practical Aspects of Execution and Protection of the Right of Shared Ownership in Case of Allocation, Division and Sale of Common Property

The article deals with general notions of exercising the right of shared ownership by their owners, as well as grounds for civil protection by the co-owners. Main grounds for protecting the right of shared ownership are the same as for protecting civil rights in general, namely – not recognising or breaking rights of the owners, or disputing them by third parties or other co-owners. Civil laws regulate within the same framework the mechanism of protecting the rights of co-owners, regardless of who is behind the violation of the right, and this, due to the principle of equality of all subjects of the right of ownership under the law.Rights of co-owners could be violated while exercising their rights during the division or allocation of a share of common property. Hence, in order to show the methods of protecting the rights of the co-owners during the division or allocation of common property, the article establishes their meaning, types and grounds for their use.Following the analysis of a legal structure and special literature, a conclusion is drawn as to the absence of a single approach to the consequences of division or allocation of the common property. Also, arguments are made in favour of differentiating these two categories only for the purpose of exercising those rights by more than two co-owners.The article deals with conditions of use of allocation and division of common property, as well as the consequences of impossibility to allocate or to divide. Also, it points out the absence of a legal framework of the terms of payment of compensation to a co-owner should his share be impossible to divide, and therefore it must be dealt with by agreement of the co-owners.Special features of allocation of a share of immovable property are investigated, and jurisprudence is analyzed in order to define the appropriate methods of protection of the rights of the co-owners.Special attention is given to protecting the rights of the co-owners in those cases, where a share was sold without offering the other co-owners the option to purchase. The article shows lack of clear legal provisions as to the requirement of a second notice to sell a share in common property following a change in the sale price, as well as to the consequences of allowing a claim of a co-owner to transfer over the rights and obligations of a buyer under a contract when it comes to the validity of a contract between the co-owner-seller and buyer, as well as a buyer, whose rights are transferred to another co-owner, as well as the justification to re-negotiate such contract. A conclusion is made according to which in such cases the contract of sale and purchase is valid, but that courts will pronounce for the buyer to be replaced, while the mechanism of the transfer of the right of ownership to the purchasing co-owner remains partially regulated.The article points out gaps and contradictions in the civil legislation of Ukraine that regulate certain legal remedies used by the co-owners while exercising their right of common property, how to remove them and improve the legal framework.Manuscript received 24.09.2019

Identifying and Managing Sources of Variability in Cell Therapy Manufacturing and Clinical Trials

Identifying and managing cell therapy variability can be a significant challenge for a company seeking to commercialize a new product. Failure to address this issue can lead to negative consequences such as delayed approval due to unsuccessful clinical investigations, or failed product lots that do not meet release criteria. Allogeneic cell therapies can be particularly prone to variability challenges due to the use of variable input material. In order to support the manufacturers of cell therapies, the FDA has identified two primary regulatory pathways (351 vs 361) that reflect the relative risk of the product. In this review, we will discuss criteria that separate the two potential regulatory pathways for cell therapy products in the USA. Also, we will discuss what aspects of manufacturing and clinical trial execution might introduce undesired variability that can derail the path towards licensure and commercialization, along with tools to minimize these potential sources of variability. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03347708 and NCT03955315Lay SummaryTherapies that utilize live cells as the active ingredient, known as cell therapies, are a promising approach to treating many diseases that cannot be addressed with traditional medicines. However, with this great potential comes specific challenges associated with cell therapy, including identifying the appropriate regulatory approval pathway, manufacturing it in a reproducible way, and successfully executing clinical trials. In this review, we describe potential sources of variability that can negatively impact the translation of a cell therapy, and ways to minimize those risks.

Structural Aspects of Execution and Thermal Treatment of Welded Joints of Hardox Extreme Steel

The paper presents structure and mechanical properties of welded joints of the high-strength, abrasive-wear resistant steel Hardox Extreme. It was shown that, as a result of welding this steel, structures conducive to lowering its abrasion-wear resistance are created in the heat-affected zone. Width of the zone exceeds 60 mm, which results in accelerated wear in the planned applications. On the grounds of the carried-out examinations of structures and selected mechanical properties, a welding technology followed by heat treatment of heat-affected zones was suggested, leading to reconstruction of HAZ structures that is morphologically close to the base material structure. In spite of high carbon equivalent (CEV) of Hardox Extreme, the executed welding processes and heat treatment did not result in the appearance, in laboratory conditions, of welding imperfections in the welded joints.

PERAN PEMERINTAH DALAM MEMBANGUN EKONOMI SYARIAH DI INDONESIA

The role of the Government in developing and developing Islamic economics in Indonesia has a very urgent and important role capacity, because the determining factor for the sustainability of sharia economic development is the urgency of the government's role in several aspects; (1) The policy aspect of understanding the role of government according to Islam, (2) the basic aspects of Islamic economic policy, (3) the policy aspects of understanding the Islamic economic system, (4) the policy aspects of fulfilling the law, (5) the policy aspects of governance execution and development. If the five aspects can be fulfilled and carried out, then it is assured that Indonesia will experience overall economic growth, all levels of society will increase and there will be no imbalanced economic inequality.

Interactive Knowledge Architecture An intuitive tool for effective knowledge sharing

AbstractThis paper focuses on sharing knowledge in early phases of system development. It introduces an interactive documentation tool called the Interactive Knowledge Architecture. The tool works as a knowledge base of the problem domain. We created the tool using Human‐Centered Design principles. The lack of an early common understanding of the problem domain can result in increased project costs. We have experienced that we need to focus on the human aspects of project execution to successfully achieve a common understanding among the project team members and customers.This paper presents the results of implementing the Interactive Knowledge Architecture in three system development projects. To study the tool's ability to meet the human aspects, we used an action research approach. The results of this research imply that the Interactive Knowledge Architecture offers a usable, accessible, and desirable way to document and share knowledge.

Cross-Layer Behavioral Modeling and Simulation of E/E-Architectures using PREEvision and Ptolemy II

In this paper, an approach for integrated behavior modeling and simulation within model-based electric/electronic-architecture (EEA) descriptions is presented. It leverages actor-oriented and UML state chart behavior modeling to address complex reactive systems. A key contribution is the aggregation of cross-layer behavior specified at the logical function architecture layer and at the hardware layer together with further properties of the EEA, such as the current consumption of electronic control units (ECUs), the underlying network topology and execution aspects of functions. The EEA and behavior modeling is done in the common industry tool PREEvision. Using these static descriptions, a unified simulation model is synthesized and executed using Ptolemy II, which extends a previously developed approach. In addition, a general concept to feed back the simulation data into PREEvision is briefly described e.g., to further evaluate the gained results. Finally, a proof-of-concept is presented using an Adaptive Cruise Control application.

The Judicial Implementation of the Provisions of Corporate Crimes in Saudi Law: التنفيذ القضائي لأحكام جرائم الشركات في القانون السعودي

This study aimed to identify the judicial implementation of the provisions of corporate crimes in Saudi law and determine the objectives of judicial execution and the competent authority in adjudicating the disputes of commercial companies and the role of lawyers in the trial proceedings in the crimes of commercial companies. Moreover, this study aimed at how to achieve justice in commercial courts. The researcher followed the descriptive method in this study as it has included all texts related to the activities and commercial relations contained in the current regulations. The results of the study reached several results, the most important of which are: The jurisdiction over the consideration of commercial disputes in the Kingdom has passed several stages, but in the recent past it is divided into two parts: the first is the Diwan of Grievances; the second is the committees with jurisdiction. However, Ombudsman for Commercial Disputes. As well as the judicial environment in the Kingdom is living a significant positive movement, especially in the legislative and executive aspects, and the non-unification of commercial judicial bodies in one hand led to duplication of the judiciary and resulted in the presence of more than one body charged with separating with the differentiation of competencies and their overlap in one conflict. The study recommended the need to unify the Saudi commercial judicial bodies in one jurisdiction, the commercial courts of the public judiciary, and rely on modern techniques of telecommuting methods to provide easy communication with lawyers.

Impact of project monitoring and evaluation practices on construction project success criteria in Ghana

Purpose Monitoring and evaluation (M&E) of projects is a very important aspect of project execution and management. This is because proper M&E practices have a significant effect on the successful delivery of projects. The purpose of this paper is to examine the impact of project M&E practices on construction project success criteria. Design/methodology/approach Structured questionnaires were used to solicit the views of project professionals in the Ghanaian construction industry. The questions were developed through critical review of literature and complemented with a pilot interview on the subject. This paper utilized a partial least square–structural equation modeling (PLS–SEM) to establish the impact of project M&E practices (constructs) on project success based on the hypothesis. Findings Results showed that M&E practices had a positive statistical significant relationship with construction project success criteria. In addition, health and safety performance and project scope showed a strong significant relation with M&E practice, implying that, in developing countries, these two main constructs should be given critical attention in achieving project success. Practical implications The findings of this study may be useful to organizations in determining M&E techniques that are relevant and contribute highly to project success. This may go a long way to increase productivity and accelerate the rate of successful project delivery. Originality/value The application of rigorous analysis, PLS–SEM, gives a more reliable information on M&E practices that can ensure successful delivery of construction projects.

The ACTTION Guide to Clinical Trials of Pain Treatments: standing on the shoulders of giants.

The ACTTION Guide to Clinical Trials of Pain Treatments: standing on the shoulders of giants.

Model-based testing areas, tools and challenges: A tertiary study


 
 
 Context: Model-based testing is one of the most studied approaches by secondary studies in the area of software testing. Aggregating knowledge from secondary studies on model- based testing can be useful for both academia and industry. Objective: The goal of this study is to characterize secondary studies in model-based testing, in terms of the areas, tools and challenges they have investigated. Method: We conducted a tertiary study following the guidelines for systematic mapping studies. Our mapping included 22 secondary studies, of which 12 were literature surveys and 10 systematic reviews, over the period 1996–2016. Results: A hierarchy of model-based testing areas and subareas was built based on existing taxonomies as well as data that emerged from the secondary studies themselves. This hierarchy was then used to classify studies, tools, challenges and their tendencies in a unified classification scheme. We found that the two most studied areas are UML models and transition-based notations, both being modeling paradigms. Regarding tendencies of areas in time, we found two areas with constant activity through time, namely, test objectives and model specification. With respect to tools, we only found five studies that compared and classified model-based testing tools. These tools have been classified into common dimensions that mainly refer to the model type and phases of the model-based testing process they support. We reclassified all the tools into the hierarchy of model-based testing areas we proposed, and found that most tools were reported within the modeling paradigm area. With regard to tendencies of tools, we found that tools for testing the functional behavior of software have prevailed over time. Another finding was the shift from tools that support the generation of abstract tests to those that support the generation of executable tests. For analyzing challenges, we used six categories that emerged from the data (based on a grounded analysis): efficacy, availability, complexity, professional skills, investment, cost & effort, and evaluation & empirical evidence. We found that most challenges were related to availability. Besides, we too classified challenges according to our hierarchy of model-based testing areas, and found that most challenges fell in the model specification area. With respect to tendencies in challenges, we found they have moved from complexity of the approaches to the lack of approaches for specific software domains. Conclusions: Only a few systematic reviews on model-based testing could be found, therefore some areas still lack secondary studies, particularly, test execution aspects, language types, model dynamics, as well as some modeling paradigms and generation methods. We thus encourage the community to perform further systematic reviews and mapping studies, following known protocols and reporting procedures, in order to increase the quality and quantity of empirical studies in model-based testing.
 
 

Supplementary motor area plays a causal role in automatic inhibition of motor responses

BackgroundThe masked-priming paradigm is used to test unconscious inhibitory processes of the brain. A tendency towards responses that are incompatible with the prime, designated as negative compatibility effect (NCE), emerges when the perception of a priming visual stimulus is “masked” afterwards. This effect presumably stems from a subliminal inhibitory process against the masked-prime. Prior lesions as well as activation studies suggest a key role of SMA in this effect. ObjectiveThis study was conducted to elucidate a causal role of SMA in the subliminal response inhibition represented by the NCE. MethodsUsing a repeated-measures pre–post design with a group of healthy people, physiological measures (resting and active motor thresholds and motor evoked potential (MEP) amplitude) and behavioral ones (choice reaction time (CRT), positive compatibility effect (PCE) and NCE) were obtained before and after three quadripulse stimulation (QPS), namely sham, M1-QPS, and SMA-QPS, on different days. CRT and PCE served as indices for different aspects of motor execution. ResultsMotor thresholds were not altered after any QPS, although the M1-QPS increased MEP amplitude. Neither CRT nor PCE was altered significantly after QPS protocols. NCE was abolished after the SMA-QPS. ConclusionsAbolished NCE after the SMA-QPS in the absence of MEP changes suggests that (1) SMA plays a cardinal role in the NCE, and (2) the network involved in NCE is different from that of MEP generation.