Cognitive Aspects Research Articles

THE SOFT SCHOOL MANAGEMENT METHODOLOGY

The article presents the distinctive features of school management, justifies the necessity of reviewing school management approaches and reveals the trends and possibilities of its development at the current stage. It defines the concepts of “flexible methodology”, “soft skill”, “soft competence”, “intelligent quotient”, “vital energy quotient”. It also characterizes soft skills from the point of view of communicative competence, compares the cognitive, communicative and emotional aspects of the formation and development of soft skills and emphasizes the role of flexible skills formation from the perspectives of individualization of learning and the development of individual educational tracs, justifies the role of using soft strategies in the context of the application of multi-disciplinary educational projects, reveales the concept of “school is an organization or enterprise of learners” to increase the independence of the school, the independence of the teacher, the student from the aspects of formation and development. It presents the novelty as a result of the discussion of the mentioned and other key issues, which is justified by the complex application of fsoft skills of education, teaching and upbringing, the observation of soft skills and competencies in the cognitive, communicative and emotional spheres, the discovery of the connection between emotional intelligence, mental abilities and vital energy, “the school of students is an enterprise” with the need to apply the concept.

The Relationship between Anxiety Level and Cognitive Function of Students Class of 2022 Medical Faculty of Universitas Palangka Raya in Dealing with OSCE

Anxiety is a feeling that is often felt in dealing with various life situations that occur to a person. This can also happen to new students taking the Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE). Anxiety that is continuously experienced by students will disrupt their sleep patterns, and lack of sleep results in poor sleep quality which can affect the cognitive and psychomotor aspects of medical students. This study aims to determine the relationship between anxiety levels and students' cognitive function in dealing with OSCE. This research is a cross-sectional study, where the research subjects are students from the class of 2022 who meet the exclusion and inclusion criteria. The research was conducted in June 2023 at the Faculty of Medicine, University of Palangka Raya. This research was conducted on 135 subjects consisting of 41 men and 94 women with an average age of 19(17-21) years. The highest anxiety level before the OSCE exam in the study was a moderate anxiety level of 75.5%. There is no significant relationship between anxiety level (ZSAS score) and cognitive function (Moca-Ina) with p=0.680. In conclusion, there is no relationship between anxiety level and students' cognitive function in dealing with OSCE.

The relationship of neurocognitive and social cognitive performance to social competence and appropriateness on a performance-based social skills assessment in individuals with psychosis and unaffected controls

Social deficits are common in psychosis. The Social Skills Performance Assessment (SSPA) is a performance-based measure used to approximate an individual's social skills. Those with psychosis perform worse than do unaffected controls. Prior work has examined two social skills domains derived from the SSPA: social competence and social appropriateness. Social competence and appropriateness are associated with neurocognition and functioning outcomes. However, no study to date has examined the relationship of social cognition to social competence and appropriateness. We aimed to examine the relationships among different aspects of social cognition and performance-based social functioning and hypothesized that social cognitive performance would be related to social competence and appropriateness. We also hypothesized that after controlling for neurocognition, social cognition would account for unique variance in social competence and appropriateness in separate regression models. Forty-one participants who had experienced psychosis and 42 unaffected controls completed a comprehensive battery of neurocognitive, social cognitive, and social functioning measures. Social competence was associated with neurocognition and some aspects of social cognition, while social appropriateness was only marginally associated with neurocognition. Regression models revealed that social cognition did not account for additional and unique variance in social competence or appropriateness, after adjusting for demographic covariates and neurocognition. Findings suggest that aspects of social functioning performance are differentially related to neurocognitive and social cognitive skills. Social skill interventions may be most effective when targeting both neurocognitive and social cognitive skills in treatment.

Longitudinal studies of leadership development: a scoping review

Although various reviews about leadership development (LD) have been published in recent years, no one has attempted to systematically review longitudinal LD studies, which is arguably the most appropriate way to study LD (Day, Leadership Quarterly, 22(3), 561–571, 2011). In this way, the focus of the present scoping review is to understand how true longitudinal LD studies have been investigated and what inconsistencies exist, primarily from a methodological perspective. Only business contexts and leadership-associated outcomes are considered. To achieve this, ample searches were performed in five online databases from 1900 to 2021 that returned 1023 articles after the removal of duplicates. Additionally, subject experts were consulted, reference lists of key studies were cross-checked, and handsearch of leading leadership journals was performed. A subsequent and rigorous inclusion process narrowed the sample down to 19 articles. The combined sample contains 2,776 participants (67% male) and 88 waves of data (average of 4.2). Evidence is mapped according to participants, setting, procedures, outcomes, analytical approach, and key findings. Despite many strengths, a lack of context diversity and qualitative designs are noticed. A thematic analysis indicates that LD authors are focused on measuring status, behavioral, and cognitive aspects. Implications for knowledge and future research paths are discussed.

Exploring age-related functional brain changes during audio-visual integration tasks in early to mid-adulthood

The seamless integration of visual and auditory information is a fundamental aspect of human cognition. Although age-related functional changes in Audio-Visual Integration (AVI) have been extensively explored in the past, thorough studies across various age groups remain insufficient. Previous studies have provided valuable insights into age-related AVI using EEG-based sensor data. However, these studies have been limited in their ability to capture spatial information related to brain source activation and their connectivity. To address these gaps, our study conducted a comprehensive audio-visual integration task with a specific focus on assessing the brain maturation effects in various age groups, particularly in early-mid adulthood. We presented visual, auditory, and audio-visual stimuli and recorded EEG data from Young (18–25 years), Transition (26–33 years), and Middle (34–50 years) age cohort healthy participants. We utilized source-based features for the classification of these age groups. We aimed to understand how aging affects brain activation and functional connectivity among hubs during audio-visual tasks. Our findings unveiled diminished levels of brain activation among middle-aged individuals, which escalate when exposed to AVI stimuli. Lower frequency bands showed substantial changes with increasing age during AVI. Our results demonstrated that implementing the k-means elbow method during the AVI task successfully categorized brain regions into five distinct brain networks. Additionally, we observed increased functional connectivity in middle age, particularly in the frontal, temporal, and occipital regions. These results highlight the compensatory neural mechanisms involved in aging during cognitive tasks.

Neurostructural, Neurofunctional, and Clinical Features of Chronic, Untreated Schizophrenia: A Narrative Review.

Studies of individuals with chronic, untreated schizophrenia (CUS) can provide important insights into the natural course of schizophrenia and how antipsychotic pharmacotherapy affects neurobiological aspects of illness course and progression. We systematically review 17 studies on the neuroimaging, cognitive, and epidemiological aspects of CUS individuals. These studies were conducted at the Shanghai Mental Health Center, Institute of Mental Health at Peking University, and Huaxi MR Research Center between 2013 and 2021. CUS is associated with cognitive impairment, severe symptoms, and specific demographic characteristics and is different significantly from those observed in antipsychotic-treated individuals. Furthermore, CUS individuals have neurostructural and neurofunctional alterations in frontal and temporal regions, corpus callosum, subcortical, and visual processing areas, as well as default-mode and somatomotor networks. As the disease progresses, significant structural deteriorations occur, such as accelerated cortical thinning in frontal and temporal lobes, greater reduction in fractional anisotropy in the genu of corpus callosum, and decline in nodal metrics of gray mater network in thalamus, correlating with worsening cognitive deficits and clinical outcomes. In addition, striatal hypertrophy also occurs, independent of antipsychotic treatment. Contrasting with the negative neurostructural and neurofunctional effects of short-term antipsychotic treatment, long-term therapy frequently results in significant improvements. It notably enhances white matter integrity and the functions of key subcortical regions such as the amygdala, hippocampus, and striatum, potentially improving cognitive functions. This narrative review highlights the progressive neurobiological sequelae of CUS, the importance of early detection, and long-term treatment of schizophrenia, particularly because treatment may attenuate neurobiological deterioration and improve clinical outcomes.

Unraveling psychological burden: the interplay of socio-economic status, anxiety sensitivity, intolerance of uncertainty, and stress in first-year medical students

BackgroundThe escalating prevalence of mental health issues among young adults, set against the backdrop of a global healthcare system under pressure, underscores the necessity for cultivating a resilient medical workforce. This study investigates the influence of socio-economic status (SES) on psychological well-being, with a particular focus on Anxiety Sensitivity (AS) and Intolerance of Uncertainty (IU) among first-year medical students. Understanding the psychological dimensions affecting medical students is crucial for fostering a future medical workforce that is both capable and mentally healthy.MethodsThis research involved 321 first-year medical students, evaluated using the Perceived Stress Questionnaire (PSQ), Anxiety Sensitivity Index (ASI), the Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale (UI-18), and the Student Self-Efficacy Scale (SSE), alongside socio-economic categorization. Employing descriptive statistics, ANOVA, and correlation analyses, the study aimed at elucidating the SES impact on AS and IU, among other psychological constructs.ResultsThe analysis revealed significant SES-related differences, especially in the realms of Anxiety Sensitivity and Intolerance of Uncertainty. Notably, ASI_C (cognitive concerns) exhibited strong positive correlations with both UI_A (reduced ability to act due to IU) (Pearson’s r = 0.562, p < 0.001) and UI_B (burden due to IU) (Pearson’s r = 0.605, p < 0.001), highlighting the link between cognitive aspects of anxiety and uncertainty intolerance. Furthermore, UI_C (vigilance due to IU) was significantly associated with SES (F(4, 316) = 2.719, p = 0.030, η² = 0.033), pointing to the complex ways in which socio-economic factors modulate responses to uncertainty. Self-efficacy emerged as a significant counterbalance, showing protective associations against the adverse effects of heightened Anxiety Sensitivity and Intolerance of Uncertainty.ConclusionOur findings indicate that lower socio-economic status is associated with higher levels of Anxiety Sensitivity and Intolerance of Uncertainty, which contribute to increased stress among first-year medical students. Additionally, Self-Efficacy emerged as a significant protective factor, mitigating the expressions of AS and IU. Although medical faculties cannot change SES characteristics within their student body, recognizing its impact allows for the development of tailored support systems to address the unique challenges faced by students from diverse socio-economic backgrounds. This study underscores the necessity of considering social diversity, particularly regarding AS and IU characteristics, to foster a supportive and effective medical education environment with an outlook on sustainable mental health in a demanding work context.

From Consciousness to Conscience: Cognitive Aspects in Nietzsche’s Genealogy of Conscience

Abstract This article examines a subject that has received relatively little attention in the literature on Nietzsche’s On the Genealogy of Morality: the pivotal role played by the emergence of consciousness (Bewusstsein) as an epistemic faculty in the development of conscience (Gewissen) as a moral faculty. To achieve this objective, I will (1) introduce the inquiry, (2) elucidate Nietzsche’s hypothesis regarding the emergence of consciousness, (3) establish a connection between consciousness and the genesis of conscience, and (4) expound upon the cognitive capacities involved in the formation of conscience as a moral faculty.

Penerapan Metode Take and Give dalam Meningkatkan Keterampilan Sosial Peserta Didik pada Kurikulum Merdeka

The Independent Curriculum provides freedom to teachers and students in the learning process by focusing on the development of holistic competencies that include cognitive, affective, and psychomotor aspects. This take and give learning method is in line with the principles of the Independent Curriculum. This method emphasizes active and collaborative interaction between learners. This study aims to explore the application of the take and give method in learning the Qur'an Hadith at MTs Al-Azhar Sempu Banyuwangi to improve students' social skills. The social skills in question include communication, cooperation, empathy, and problem-solving, which are often less accommodated in conventional learning methods. This research uses a qualitative approach with a case study type. Data collection is carried out through observation, interviews and documentation, then the data is analyzed with the stages of data collection, data condensation, data display, and conclusions drawing/verifying. Checking the validity of the data using triangulation of sources and methods. The results of the study show that the take and give method is effective in improving students' social skills through improving communication skills, cooperation, and empathy, as well as applying the values of the Qur'an and Hadith in daily life. The contribution of this research to the development of a more holistic learning method and relevant to the principles of the Independent Curriculum. The take and give method is expected to be an innovative method to improve students' social skills.

Behavioral, cognitive and emotional determinants of getting vaccinated for COVID-19 and the mediating role of institutional trust among young adults in Cyprus

BackgroundVaccination uptake is a complex behavior, influenced by numerous factors. Behavioral science theories are commonly used to explain the psychosocial determinants of an individual’s health behavior. This study examined the behavioural, cognitive, and emotional determinants of COVID-19 vaccination intention based on well-established theoretical models: Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT), Capability, Opportunity, Motivation, and Behaviour (COM-B) and the Health Belief Model (HBM). Additionally, it examined the mediating role of institutional trust in the relationship between determinants of these models and vaccination intentions.MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted from January to May 2022, where university students in Cyprus completed an online survey.ResultsA total of 484 university students completed the online survey, with 23.8% reporting being vaccinated with fewer than three vaccination doses and/or no intention to vaccinate further. Hierarchical logistic regression analysis showed that higher scores in institutional trust, perceived severity, motivation, physical and psychological capability were significantly associated with higher odds of intending to vaccinate. Higher psychological flexibility and not being infected with COVID-19 were also associated with higher odds of vaccination intention, but not in the final model when all determinants were included. Additionally, significant indirect effects of psychological and physical capability, motivation and perceived severity on vaccination intention were found to be mediated by institutional trust.ConclusionsWhen tackling COVID-19 vaccination hesitancy, behavioural, cognitive, and emotional aspects should be considered. Stakeholders and policymakers are advised to implement targeted vaccination programs in young people while at the same time building trust and improving their capabilities and motivation towards getting vaccinated.

NEUROPLASTICIDADE E REABILITAÇÃO NEUROLÓGICA: A INFLUÊNCIA DA ATIVIDADE FÍSICA EM UMA REVISÃO INTEGRATIVA

This study aims to review and synthesize the evidence on the influence of physical activity and cognitive stimulation on neuroplasticity, especially in the context of neurological rehabilitation. The integrative review included relevant scientific articles, analyzing the impact of these interventions on neural reorganization and improvement of cognitive functions in individuals with neurological conditions. The results indicate that regular practice of physical activities and cognitive stimulation are essential to promote neuroplasticity, with studies showing significant improvements in memory, attention and other cognitive aspects in populations affected by neurodegenerative diseases. In addition, physical interventions have shown benefits in regulating the "biological clock" and reaction time, particularly in the elderly. These findings reinforce the importance of integrating physical activities and cognitive stimulation in neurological rehabilitation programs to improve the quality of life of patients and suggest the development of new therapeutic strategies based on these principles.

Inhibitory Control Training Improves Cold but Not Warm Cognition in Typically Developing Preschoolers.

Inhibitory control, as a fundamental executive function, has been found to be associated with a range of cognitive processes. In this study, our objective was to enhance inhibitory control through a targeted training program and assess its impact on attention, executive function, delay discounting and risky decision making. Thirty-two typically-developing children (age mean 6.89 ± 0.32years) were recruited in a random clinical trial design in two equal intervention and active control groups. Go/No-Go, Flanker, continuous performance, delay discounting, and balloon analogue risk tasks were used for assessment in three baseline, post- intervention, and 3-months follow-up sessions. The intervention group received the program for attentive rehabilitation of inhibition and selective attention (PARISA) and the active control group participated in a story telling class, both in 12 sessions. The results of the study indicate significant improvements in sustained attention, interference control, and prepotent inhibition among participants in the intervention group. However, there were no significant changes observed in delay discounting and risky decision making. These findings suggest that the inhibitory control training primarily enhances aspects of cold cognition and attentional processes. However, the observed improvements did not extend to reward processing or warm cognition.

Classical Guitar Learning At Gracia Music Course Kediri

This study aims to describe the background of Gracia Music Course, the classical guitar learning process conducted, the teaching methods applied by the instructor, and the assessment system in place. This research uses a descriptive qualitative method with the object of the study being classical guitar learning at Gracia Music Course, specifically grade 2 attended by Garvin with instructor Paulus Rudy. The research was conducted at Perumahan Puri Indah Blok A No. 01, Pare, Kediri. Primary data sources were obtained from the founder and instructor, while secondary data included documents and digital references. Data was collected through observation, interviews, and documentation, and then analyzed using data collection, reduction, presentation, and conclusion techniques. The results show that Gracia Music Course was established to provide quality music education with a focus on classical instruments. The learning process is systematically and structurally designed, encompassing preliminary, core, and closing stages. The teaching methods include lectures, demonstrations, Q&amp;A sessions, and drills. Evaluation is conducted on a micro scale at each meeting and on a macro scale every two months through grade advancement exams. The assessment system covers cognitive, affective, and psychomotor aspects to ensure students' mastery of the material.

Agent-Based Model for Situational Awareness in the Workplace: Enhancing Neural Networks with Direct Feedback Alignment

The integration of direct feedback alignment (DFA) into neural networks presents a paradigm shift in computational models, enhancing situational awareness within professional settings. This paper explores the application of DFA in agent-based computational models, demonstrating its efficiency and biological plausibility over traditional backpropagation methods. The research highlights the significant impact of direct feedback alignment on reinforcing situational awareness, evidenced through comprehensive simulations that show marked improvements in agents' ability to effectively navigate and comprehend complex work environments. The study suggests that direct feedback alignment revolutionizes neural network learning processes and significantly enhances cognitive aspects critical to employee safety and operational efficiency. It lays the groundwork for future investigations into the integration of neural computation techniques with organizational psychology and behavior, offering a new perspective on fostering safer, more aware, and efficient workplace environments. The potential application of direct feedback alignment across various professional scenarios opens new avenues for research in computational neuroscience, cognitive psychology, and organizational behavior, with a focus on optimizing human-environment interactions in complex systems.

The Manta mystique: Destination image and its effect on tourist citizenship behavior and willingness to sacrifice

The COVID-19 pandemic has forced tourism managers to reevaluate their strategies for attracting visitors and aiding in the recovery of destinations. This new approach emphasizes increased tourist engagement with the destination and stresses the importance of concepts like tourist citizenship behaviors and their willingness to sacrifice. This research investigates the correlations among destination image, tourist citizenship behaviors, and the willingness to sacrifice. By examining these factors, the study provides valuable information into the emotional and cognitive aspects of tourists’ interactions with the destination image and their collaborative behaviors. This information can be used to enhance the visitor experience and the attraction of the destination. Conducted in the captivating city of Manta, Ecuador, this research aims to address the gap in understanding tourists’ perceptions of South American destinations, presenting a unique perspective on the region's tourism potential. Beyond advancing tourism literature, this comprehensive study offers practical approaches for destination marketing organizations to attract tourists and enhance destination competitiveness.

Implementasi Algoritma Teorema Bayes Dengan Pemodelan UML Untuk Mendiagnosis Tingkatan Gangguan Autisme Di SLB Pelita Hati

Autism, as a complex developmental disorder in children with special needs, involves delays in aspects of cognition, emotion, behavior, and social interaction. This research proposes an innovation by applying UML modeling and Bayes Theorem Algorithm to detect the level of autism disorder in Sekolah Luar Biasa (SLB) Pelita Hati. The SLB environment, faced with limited human resources and an increasing number of students, is a major challenge. The developed expert system provides an efficient solution with quick recommendations, reduces the expert's workload, and increases the detection accuracy of autism disorders. The expert approach with Bayes' Theorem provides an accurate insight into the complexity of autism disorders. Bayes' theorem is used to calculate the probability of events based on relevant observations. The application of UML modeling in the design of the expert system proved successful, producing an effective solution to support the diagnosis and treatment of autism disorders in SLB Pelita Hati. The results showed an accuracy of 94%, signifying a heavy level of confidence, with therapy recommendations such as Physiotherapy Therapy, Speech Therapy, Remedial Therapy, Cognitive Therapy, and Game Therapy, Occupational Therapy, Sensory Integrity. This research makes an important contribution in addressing the challenges in autism diagnosis approaches in special education settings.

CASE STUDY: ANALYSIS OF FOURTH GRADERS’ THINKING LEVELS ON ENGLISH VOCABULARY USING SMARTBOOK BASED ON BLOOM’S TAXONOMY

The use of technology can serve as an attractive tool for students to enhance their abilities, one of which is by utilizing a smartbook that contains materials and practice questions packaged in various digital platforms. This article aims to identify the challenges students face in understanding English vocabulary based on Bloom's Taxonomy. Bloom's Taxonomy has been widely used as a reference to measure students' abilities in the learning process, particularly in the cognitive aspect. The method used in this research is qualitative with a case study approach. The respondents of this study were 7 students, the homeroom teacher, and the fourth-grade English teacher at SDN Sawojajar 6, Malang City. Data were collected through interviews and documentation. The results of the study indicate that students face challenges in solving medium to HOTS (Higher-Order Thinking Skills) level questions due to their low interest in learning English, limited use of gadgets at school, and unfamiliarity with HOTS-type questions in English subjects.

The facilitating role of English as a foreign language teachers’ positive psychological capital and cognitive flexibility in their professional success

AbstractEnglish as a foreign language (EFL) teachers’ professional success has been claimed to depend on numerous factors in the literature. However, the interactive influence of psycho‐affective and cognitive factors on this construct has been neglected. To address this gap, this quantitative study used three scales to test an associational model of positive psychological capital (PPC), cognitive flexibility, and professional success. It also tried to uncover if PPC and cognitive flexibility could predict EFL teachers’ professional success. To do so, 533 Chinese EFL teachers took part in a survey. The results of structural equation modeling, correlation analysis, and multiple regression showed a strong and positive link among teachers’ PPC, cognitive flexibility, and professional success. Furthermore, it was revealed that PPC and cognitive flexibility could collectively predict about 53% of the variations in Chinese EFL teachers’ professional success. The study discusses the results and presents some implications for teachers, teacher trainers, and authorities, who can work on the psycho‐affective and cognitive aspects of teacher professionalism and success.

Visual perspective taking and action understanding

Understanding what others are doing is a fundamental aspect of social cognition and a skill that is arguably linked to visuospatial perspective taking (VPT), the ability to apprehend the spatial layout of a scene from another's perspective. Yet, with few and notable exceptions, action understanding and VPT are rarely studied together. Participants (43 females, 37 males) made judgements about the spatial layout of objects in a scene from the perspective of an avatar who was positioned at 0°, 90°, 270° or 180° relative to the participant. In a variant of a traditional VPT task, the avatar either interacted with the objects in the scene, by pointing to or reaching for them, or was present but did not engage with the objects. Although the task was identical across all conditions - to say whether a target object is to the right or left of a control object - we show that the avatar's actions modulates performance. Specifically, participants were more accurate when the avatar engaged with the target object, and correspondingly, less accurate and slower when the avatar interacted with the control objects. As these effects were independent of the angular disparity between participant and avatar perspectives, we conclude that action understanding and VPT are likely linked via the rapid deployment of two separate cognitive mechanisms. All participants provided a measure of self-reported empathy and we show that response times decrease with increasing empathy scores for female but not for male participants. However, within the range of ‘typical’ empathy scores, defined here as the interquartile range where 50 % of the data lie, females were faster than males. These findings lend further insight into the relationship between spatial and social perspective taking.

The effect of advertising television broadcast migration on the attitude of television users

Background: This research was motivated by ratifying the Job Creation Law, which was related to implementing television broadcasts in Indonesia, which were initially analogue to digital. This transition has implications for the progress of the digital television broadcast industry in overcoming inefficiencies in the analogue TV broadcasts that have been used so far. Purpose: This study aims to assess how advertising affects viewers’ cognitive, emotional, and conative attitudes as it transitions from analogue to digital TV broadcasts in the media. Method: The research method uses descriptive methods with a quantitative approach. Data collection techniques include distributing questionnaires and conducting literature studies. This research involved 100 respondents who were obtained using the probability sampling technique in the random sampling category. Results: The study’s findings indicate that the use of advertisements to promote the switch from analogue to digital TV broadcasts has a significant impact on the attitudes of television viewers in the Garut Regency with regard to cognition, affect, and conative thinking. These attitudes are demonstrated by the audience’s acceptance of new information or knowledge (cognitive), their feelings of trust following exposure to these advertisements (affective), and their desire to switch to digital TV broadcasts right away (conative). Conclusion: Indicators of advertising exposure through frequency, duration, and attention have a strong influence in influencing audiences, especially cognitive, affective, and conative aspects, where the information provided can provide new perceptions and knowledge for people who constantly see advertising broadcasts transitioning to digital TV broadcasts on television. Implications: The results of this research can provide understanding and insight regarding the transition to digital TV broadcasting and how important information is so that one day, television users who read the results of this research can pay attention to the advertisements shown on television to understand and implement the information they receive.