Aspects Of Chronic Kidney Disease Research Articles

A clustering approach to improve our understanding of the genetic and phenotypic complexity of chronic kidney disease

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a complex disorder that causes a gradual loss of kidney function, affecting approximately 9.1% of the world's population. Here, we use a soft-clustering algorithm to deconstruct its genetic heterogeneity. First, we selected 322 CKD-associated independent genetic variants from published genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and added association results for 229 traits from the GWAS catalog. We then applied nonnegative matrix factorization (NMF) to discover overlapping clusters of related traits and variants. We computed cluster-specific polygenic scores and validated each cluster with a phenome-wide association study (PheWAS) on the BioMe biobank (n = 31,701). NMF identified nine clusters that reflect different aspects of CKD, with the top-weighted traits signifying areas such as kidney function, type 2 diabetes (T2D), and body weight. For most clusters, the top-weighted traits were confirmed in the PheWAS analysis. Results were found to be more significant in the cross-ancestry analysis, although significant ancestry-specific associations were also identified. While all alleles were associated with a decreased kidney function, associations with CKD-related diseases (e.g., T2D) were found only for a smaller subset of variants and differed across genetic ancestry groups. Our findings leverage genetics to gain insights into the underlying biology of CKD and investigate population-specific associations.

Immunological aspects of chronic kidney disease diagnosed in adult patients

The purpose of the study was to study the immune status of patients diagnosed with SBK, to develop immunological diagnostic and prognostic criteria. It was found that SD3+- and SD4+-lymphocytes decreased by 1.43 and 1.07 times, SD8+-lymphocytes increased by 1.25 times, and IRI decreased by 1.32 times (T-immunodeficiency). SD25+ lymphocytes increased by 1.80 and 1.59 times, and SD95+ lymphocytes increased by 1.28 and 1.13 times in the blood of these patients. It was found that the amount of SD16+-lymphocytes was reliably increased compared to the parameters of healthy individuals. An imbalance was observed in the concentration of immunoglobulins in blood serum, while IL-4 increased by 11.84 times in patients, IL-6 was reliably reduced by 1.46 times compared to healthy people. Dynamic determination of serum concentrations of IL-4 and IL-6 was recommended as diagnostic and prognostic criteria for patients diagnosed with SBK.

The Effect of Synbiotic Supplementation on Uremic Toxins, Oxidative Stress, and Inflammation in Hemodialysis Patients-Results of an Uncontrolled Prospective Single-Arm Study.

Introduction: Numerous studies to date have shown that the development of dysbiotic gut microbiota is a characteristic finding in chronic kidney disease (CKD). A number of uremic toxins progressively accumulate in the course of CKD, some of them generated by the intestinal microbiome, such as indoxyl sulfate (IS) and p-cresyl sulfate (p-CS). They are found to be involved in the pathogenesis of certain complications of uremic syndrome, including low-grade chronic inflammation and oxidative stress. The aim of the present study is to research the serum concentration of IS and p-CS in end stage renal disease (ESRD) patients undergoing conventional hemodialysis, as well as to study the possibilities of influencing some markers of inflammation and oxidative stress after taking a synbiotic. Materials and Methods: Thirty patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) undergoing hemodialysis treatment who were taking a synbiotic in the form of Lactobacillus acidophilus La-14 2 × 1011 (CFU)/g and prebiotic fructooligosaccharides were included in the study. Serum levels of total IS, total p-CS, Interleukin-6 (IL-6), and Malondialdehyde (MDA) were measured at baseline and after 8 weeks. Results. The baseline values of the four investigated indicators in the patients were significantly higher-p-CS (29.26 ± 58.32 pg/mL), IS (212.89 ± 208.59 ng/mL), IL-6 (13.84 ± 2.02 pg/mL), and MDA (1430.33 ± 583.42 pg/mL), compared to the results obtained after 8 weeks of intake, as we found a significant decrease in the parameters compared to the baseline-p-CS (6.40 ± 0.79 pg/mL, p = 0.041), IS (47.08 ± 3.24 ng/mL, p < 0.001), IL-6 (9.14 ± 1.67 pg/mL, p < 0.001), and MDA (1003.47 ± 518.37 pg/mL, p < 0.001). Conclusions: The current study found that the restoration of the intestinal microbiota in patients with CKD significantly decreases the level of certain uremic toxins. It is likely that this favorably affects certain aspects of CKD, such as persistent low-grade inflammation and oxidative stress.

Cortisol excess in chronic kidney disease - A review of changes and impact on mortality.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) describes the long-term condition of impaired kidney function from any cause. CKD is common and associated with a wide array of complications including higher mortality, cardiovascular disease, hypertension, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, sarcopenia, osteoporosis, aberrant immune function, cognitive impairment, mood disturbances and poor sleep quality. Glucocorticoids are endogenous pleiotropic steroid hormones and their excess produces a pattern of morbidity that possesses considerable overlap with CKD. Circulating levels of cortisol, the major active glucocorticoid in humans, are determined by a complex interplay between several processes. The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA) regulates cortisol synthesis and release, 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase enzymes mediate metabolic interconversion between active and inactive forms, and clearance from the circulation depends on irreversible metabolic inactivation in the liver followed by urinary excretion. Chronic stress, inflammatory states and other aspects of CKD can disturb these processes, enhancing cortisol secretion via the HPA axis and inducing tissue-resident amplification of glucocorticoid signals. Progressive renal impairment can further impact on cortisol metabolism and urinary clearance of cortisol metabolites. Consequently, significant interest exists to precisely understand the dysregulation of cortisol in CKD and its significance for adverse clinical outcomes. In this review, we summarize the latest literature on alterations in endogenous glucocorticoid regulation in adults with CKD and evaluate the available evidence on cortisol as a mechanistic driver of excess mortality and morbidity. The emerging picture is one of subclinical hypercortisolism with blunted diurnal decline of cortisol levels, impaired negative feedback regulation and reduced cortisol clearance. An association between cortisol and adjusted all-cause mortality has been reported in observational studies for patients with end-stage renal failure, but further research is required to assess links between cortisol and clinical outcomes in CKD. We propose recommendations for future research, including therapeutic strategies that aim to reduce complications of CKD by correcting or reversing dysregulation of cortisol.

Information and consensus document for the detection and management of chronic kidney disease

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a major public health problem worldwide that affects more than 10% of the Spanish population. CKD is associated with high comorbidity rates, poor prognosis and major consumption of health system resources. Since the publication of the last consensus document on CKD seven years ago, little evidence has emerged and few clinical trials on new diagnostic and treatment strategies in CKD have been conducted, apart from new trials in diabetic kidney disease. Therefore, CKD international guidelines have not been recently updated. The rigidity and conservative attitude of the guidelines should not prevent the publication of updates in knowledge about certain matters that may be key in detecting CKD and managing patients with this disease. This document, also prepared by 10 scientific associations, provides an update on concepts, clarifications, diagnostic criteria, remission strategies and new treatment options.The evidence and the main studies published on these aspects of CKD have been reviewed. This should be considered more as an information document on CKD. It includes an update on CKD detection, risk factors and screening; a definition of renal progression; an update of remission criteria with new suggestions in the older population; CKD monitoring and prevention strategies; management of associated comorbidities, particularly in diabetes mellitus; roles of the Primary Care physician in CKD management; and what not to do in Nephrology.The aim of the document is to serve as an aid in the multidisciplinary management of the patient with CKD based on current recommendations and knowledge.

The role of oxidative stress markers in Indonesian chronic kidney disease patients: a cross sectional study

Background: Several aspects of chronic kidney disease (CKD) such as the incidence rate and mortality rate are concerning. Oxidative stress contributes to progression and mortality in patients with CKD; however, a specific correlation between several markers of oxidative stress and the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and albumin-creatinine ratio (ACR) in the Indonesian population has not been sufficiently described yet. Methods: This study was an analytic observational study with a sample of 56 patients with CKD in Universitas Airlangga Hospital, Surabaya, Indonesia, from December 2019 – March 2020. The markers for oxidative stress investigated were urinary 8-hydroxy-2 deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), serum symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA) and asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA). The correlations between each variable of oxidative stress and CKD were analyzed using Pearson analysis. Results: There was a positive correlation between 8-OHdG and eGFR (p=0.00, r=0.51); however, there was a negative correlation between 8-OHdG and ACR (p=0.025, r=-0.30). SDMA and eGFR showed a negative correlation (p=0.00, r=-0.648), while SDMA and ACR showed a positive correlation (p=0.03, r=0.349). ADMA showed a negative correlation with eGFR (p=0.00, r=-0.476). There were significantly decreased 8-OHdG but increased ADMA and SDMA as the CKD stage progressed (p=0.001, p=0.00, and p = 0.00, respectively). Higher urine 8-OHdG was detected in patients without history of hemodialysis, whereas ADMA and SDMA showed higher value in patients with hemodialysis (p=0.00, p=0.00, and p=0.004, respectively), patients with history of diabetes mellitus (DM) had higher mean 8-OHdG (p 0.000) yet lower serum ADMA and SDMA (p=0.004 and p=0.003, respectively). Conclusions: In patients with CKD in Indonesia, the markers for oxidative stress 8-OHdG, SDMA, and ADMA are correlated with eGFR and ACR levels. There were also significant difference in 8-OHdG, SDMA, and ADMA levels among CKD stages, between dialysis vs non dialysis, and DM vs non DM patients.

Documento de información y consenso para la detección y manejo de la enfermedad renal crónica

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a major public health problem worldwide that affects more than 10% of the Spanish population. CKD is associated with high comorbidity rates, poor prognosis and major consumption of health system resources. Since the publication of the last consensus document on CKD seven years ago, little evidence has emerged and few clinical trials on new diagnostic and treatment strategies in CKD have been conducted, apart from new trials in diabetic kidney disease. Therefore, CKD international guidelines have not been recently updated. The rigidity and conservative attitude of the guidelines should not prevent the publication of updates in knowledge about certain matters that may be key in detecting CKD and managing patients with this disease. This document, also prepared by 10 scientific societies, provides an update on concepts, clarifications, diagnostic criteria, remission strategies and new treatment options.The evidence and the main studies published on these aspects of CKD have been reviewed. This should be considered more as an information document on CKD. It includes an update on CKD detection, risk factors and screening; a definition of renal progression; an update of remission criteria with new suggestions in the older population; CKD monitoring and prevention strategies; management of associated comorbidities, particularly in diabetes mellitus; roles of the Primary Care physician in CKD management; and what not to do in Nephrology.The aim of the document is to serve as an aid in the multidisciplinary management of the patient with CKD based on current recommendations and knowledge.

Chronic Kidney Disease in Sub-Saharan Africans: A Study of 462 Patients

Chronic kidney disease is a global public health problem due to its increasing prevalence as well as its main risk factors such as hypertension and diabetes. However, in Africa, few studies have been done on chronic kidney disease. The aim of our study is to describe the epidemiological, clinical, paraclinical and therapeutic aspects of chronic kidney disease. It was a retrospective and descriptive study carried out from the first of January 2004 to the 31st of December 2013 at Principal hospital in Dakar. Records of any patient aged 18 and over with chronic kidney disease were included. Chronic kidney disease was defined according to the KDIGO 2012 recommendations. Among the 8873 patient records used during our study, 462 presented with chronic kidney disease, which was a hospital prevalence of 5.2%. The sex ratio was 1.61. The mean age of the patients was 58.37 ± 19.97 years. There were 75.32% of the patients who were aged 50 and over. The mean serum creatinine was 49.14 ± 56.83. The mean glomerular filtration rate was 27.47 ± 19.86 ml/min/1.73 m2. Chronic renal failure was diagnosed in 92% of patients, including 34.9% in the end-stage of the renal disease. The mean proteinuria was 3.07 ± 4.92 g/24 h. Leukocyturia was present in 34.17% of patients. Hematuria was present in 25% of patients. Hypertension and diabetes were the most common causes, found in 61.25% and 35.93% of patients, respectively. Hemodialysis was performed in 49 patients. Peritoneal dialysis was performed in 2 patients. One patient had undergone a kidney transplant. This study establishes the relatively high prevalence of chronic kidney disease and its risk factors including hypertension and diabetes. It also reveals the late diagnosis of chronic kidney disease in our patients.

Chronic Nephropathies in the Internal Medicine Department of the Sylvanus Olympio University Hospital

Introduction: The chronic nephropathies constitute a real global public health concern due to the constant increase in the prevalence estimated between 10% and 15%. In Sub-Saharan Africa, this prevalence has been estimated at 13.9%. This study will allow knowing the epidemiological, clinical, paraclinical and etiological aspects of chronic kidney disease in the internal medicine department of CHU-SO Lomé. Method: This was a cross-sectional, retrospective and descriptive study. It concerned all the patients suffering from a chronic kidney disease, hospitalized between the 1st of January 2014 and the 31st of December 2018, for a duration of 5 years. Results: During our study, 330 cases of chronic nephropathy were identified. The prevalence of chronic kidney disease was 8.3% of admissions. The mean age of the patients was 46.3 years with extremes of 19 and 86 years and a sex ratio of 1.32. A low socio-economic level of patients was observed in 63.9% with an urban origin in 69.7%. The main risk factors for renal impairment were hypertension (55.2%), diabetes mellitus (29.1%), obesity (20.6%), use of nephrotoxic products (19.4%), HIV infection (17%) and smoking (16.1%). The causes were dominated by nephroangiosclerosis (33.3%), followed by diabetic nephropathy (25.5%) and HIV-associated nephropathy (17%). Chronic renal failure was present in 95.8% of cases and was end stage in 69.7% of cases. Anemia was the main complication during the evolution of chronic kidney disease (98.2%). Mortality was 57.3% during hospitalization. Conclusion: Chronic kidney disease is a fairly common reason for hospitalization in the internal medicine department. Emphasis should therefore be placed on preventive measures for hypertension, diabetes and HIV.

Chronic Kidney Disease in Iran: First Report of the National Registry in Children and Adolescences.

Knowing the epidemiological aspects of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in children is crucial for early recognition, identification of reversible causes, and prognosis. Here, we report the epidemiological characteristics of childhood CKD in Iran. This cross-sectional study was conducted during 1991 - 2009. The data were collected using the information in the Iranian Pediatric Registry of Chronic Kidney Disease (IPRCKD) core dataset. A total of 1247 children were registered. The mean age of the children at registration was 0.69 ± 4.72 years (range, 0.25 -18 years), 7.79 ± 3.18 years for hemodialysis (HD), 4.24 ± 1.86 years for continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD), and 3.4±1.95 years for the children who underwent the renal transplantation (RT) (P < .001). The mean year of follow-up was 7.19 ± 4.65 years. The mean annual incidence of CKD 2-5 stages was 3.34 per million age-related population (pmarp). The mean prevalence of CKD 2-5 stages was 21.95 (pmarp). The cumulative 1-, 5-, and 10-year patients' survival rates were 98.3%, 90.7%, and 84.8%, respectively. The etiology of the CKD included the congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT) (40.01%), glomerulopathy (19.00%), unknown cause (18.28%), and cystic/hereditary/congenital disease (11.14%). The incidence and prevalence rate of pediatric CKD in Iran is relatively lower than those reported in Europe and other similar studies. CAKUT was the main cause of the CKD. Appropriate management of CAKUT including early urological intervention is required to preserve the renal function. Herein, the long-term survival rate was higher among the children with CKD than the literature.

Dysregulated mesenchymal PDGFR-β drives kidney fibrosis.

Kidney fibrosis is characterized by expansion and activation of platelet‐derived growth factor receptor‐β (PDGFR‐β)‐positive mesenchymal cells. To study the consequences of PDGFR‐β activation, we developed a model of primary renal fibrosis using transgenic mice with PDGFR‐β activation specifically in renal mesenchymal cells, driving their pathological proliferation and phenotypic switch toward myofibroblasts. This resulted in progressive mesangioproliferative glomerulonephritis, mesangial sclerosis, and interstitial fibrosis with progressive anemia due to loss of erythropoietin production by fibroblasts. Fibrosis induced secondary tubular epithelial injury at later stages, coinciding with microinflammation, and aggravated the progression of hypertensive and obstructive nephropathy. Inhibition of PDGFR activation reversed fibrosis more effectively in the tubulointerstitium compared to glomeruli. Gene expression signatures in mice with PDGFR‐β activation resembled those found in patients. In conclusion, PDGFR‐β activation alone is sufficient to induce progressive renal fibrosis and failure, mimicking key aspects of chronic kidney disease in humans. Our data provide direct proof that fibrosis per se can drive chronic organ damage and establish a model of primary fibrosis allowing specific studies targeting fibrosis progression and regression.

An update on chronic kidney disease in Aboriginal Australians.

We provide a brief update on some aspects of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in Indigenous Australians, with CKD referring to all stages of pre-terminal kidney disease, as well as to end-stage kidney failure (ESKF), whether or not a person receives renal replacement therapy (RRT). Recently recorded rates of ESKF and RRT were 6- and 8-fold those recoded for non-Indigenous Australians with age adjustment, while non-dialysis CKD hospitalizations and CKD-attributed deaths were 8-fold and 3-fold higher. The median age of Indigenous people who developed ESKF was ~30 years less than for non-Indigenous people, and 84% of them received RTT, while only half of non-Indigenous people with ESKF did so. However, the nationwide average Indigenous incidence rate of RRT appears to have stabilized. The 2012 Australian Health Survey showed elevated levels of CKD markers in Indigenous people at the community level. For all CKD parameters, rates among Indigenous people were strikingly correlated with increasing remoteness of residence and socioeconomic disadvantage, and there was a female predominance in remote areas. The burden of renal disease in Australian Indigenous people is seriously understated by Global Burden of Disease Mortality methodology, because it employs underlying cause of death only, and because deaths of people on RRT are frequently attributed to non-renal causes. These data give a much-expanded view of CKD in Aboriginal people. Methodologic approaches must be remedied for a full appreciation of the burden, costs, and outcomes of the disease, to direct appropriate policy development.

Global Aspects of Chronic Kidney Disease

Chronic kidney disease has a high prevalence and a high mortality rate worldwide. Although diabetes and hypertension are common, unique causes of kidney disease may occur driven by infections, exposures, or genetic susceptibilities. Certain agricultural areas in particular have a high incidence of tubulointerstitial kidney disease of unclear etiology. Risk factors may include heat stress, pesticides, heavy metals, and other environmental toxins. Furthermore, countries have disproportionately different prevalence of renal replacement therapy, which seems to correlate in part to the type of health coverage. The future challenges for the nephrology community worldwide will be dealing with the growing number of patients with end-stage kidney disease, the fragmented healthcare in some countries, shortage of kidney transplantation programs, and deficient registries to appropriately assess the prevalence of kidney disease. This review contains 4 figures, 3 tables, and 54 references. Key Words: acute kidney injury, chronic kidney disease, end-stage renal disease, epidemiology, ethnic background, HIV-associated nephropathy, noncommunicable diseases, renal replacement therapy, screening, socioeconomic status

Global costs attributed to chronic kidney disease: a systematic review.

The aim of this study is to discuss the global costs attributed to chronic kidney disease (CKD) and its impact on healthcare systems of developing countries, such as Brazil. This is a systematic review based on data from PubMed/Medline, using the key words "costs" and "chronic kidney disease", in January 2017. The search was also done in other databases, such as Scielo and Google Scholar, aiming to identify regional studies related to this subject, published in journal not indexed in PubMed. Only papers published from 2012 on were included. Studies on CKD costs and treatment modalities were prioritized. The search resulted in 392 articles, from which 291 were excluded because they were related to other aspects of CKD. From the 101 remaining articles, we have excluded the reviews, comments and study protocols. A total of 37 articles were included, all focusing on global costs related to CKD. Despite methods and analysis were diverse, the results of these studies were unanimous in alerting for the impact (financial and social) of CKD on health systems (public and private) and also on family and society. To massively invest in prevention and measures to slow CKD progression into its end-stages and, then, avoid the requirement for dialysis and transplant, can represent a huge, and not yet calculated, economy for patients and health systems all over the world.

Kidney Disease Among African Americans: A Population Perspective

End-stage kidney disease and earlier stages of chronic kidney disease (CKD) represent one of the most dramatic examples of racial/ethnic disparities in health in our nation. African Americans are 3 times more likely to require renal replacement therapy then their non-Hispanic white counterparts. This article describes CKD-related disparities linked to a variety of clinical, socioeconomic, and cultural factors, as well as to select social determinants of health that are defined by social positioning and often by race within the United States. Our advancing understanding of these issues has led to improvements in patient outcomes and is narrowing the gap in disparities across most aspects of CKD and CKD risk factors. There are also extensive data indicating similar improvements in quality measures for patients on dialysis therapy. This article also reviews the state of CKD in African Americans from a population perspective and provides recommendations for the way forward.

Psychosocial aspects of children and families treated with hemodialysis

The aim of this study was to analyze the selected psychosocial aspects of chronic kidney disease in children treated with hemodialysis (HD). The study included 25 children treated with HD aged 2 to 18 years and their parents. Data concerning the illness and socio-demographic parameters was collected. We used the Paediatric Quality of Life Inventory (PedsQL) for patients and for their parents the PedsQL-proxy version, General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12), Berlin Social Support Scales (BSSS), and the Caregivers Burden Scale (CBS) to evaluate health-related quality of life (QoL) of HD children and their primary caregivers. In the PedsQL test, the QoL of HD children was lower than in healthy children. Children treated with HD assessed their QoL on the PedsQL questionnaire higher than the primary caregivers, on all subscales as well as an overall health-related QoL. Scoring below 2 on the GHQ-12 test was reported in 56% of mothers, which may indicate that psychological symptoms have intensified. There was no correlation between BSSS, CBS, and GHQ-12. The assessment of QoL in pediatric patients would allow for the earliest possible identification of their nonsomatic problems and irregularities. This could, consequently, contribute to improving QoL in both children with chronic kidney disease and their families.

PCSK9 in chronic kidney disease.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is accompanied by a number of secondary metabolic dysregulations, such as lipid abnormalities, presenting with unique characteristics. Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin 9 (PCSK9) inhibitors have been introduced as the new era in the management of dyslipidemia with promising results in groups with refractory lipid abnormalities. Increasing number of studies investigate the possible association of PCSK9 levels with kidney function, especially with nephrotic range proteinuria, as well as its role as a prognostic cardiovascular risk marker in CKD. In this review, we discuss the existing evidence for PCSK9 levels in patient groups with nephrotic syndrome, non-dialysis CKD, end-stage renal disease and kidney transplantation. Online research was conducted in MEDLINE database to identify articles investigating PCSK9 in all different aspects of CKD. References from relevant studies were screened for supplementary articles. Four cross-sectional studies, one secondary analysis, one publication from two independent cohort studies and one multicentre prospective cohort study assessed PCSK9 plasma levels in different subgroups of CKD patients. PCSK9 levels increase in nephrotic syndrome and have a positive correlation with proteinuria. In CKD patients, no correlation was found between PCSK9 levels and estimated GFR. Peritoneal dialysis patients have higher PCSK9 levels compared with hemodialysis and renal transplant patients as well as general population. Accumulative evidence focuses on the possible association of PCSK9 levels with kidney function. No data are available for the administration of PCSK9 inhibitors in CKD patients. Further research will optimize knowledge on the role of PCSK9 levels and PCSK9 inhibitors in CKD.

Developing educational material on chronic kidney disease using best practices in health literacy.

Based in the precepts of Health Literacy (HL), an educational booklet "Do you know the Chronic Kidney Disease?" was written. It was used as a basic text for development of a Brazilian instrument for Assessment of Health Literacy (Teste de Avaliação de Letramento em Saúde or TALES). The guideline used to create the TALES obeyed four steps: systematization of content; creation and drawing of images by an expert designer; submission to a Committee of Experts on nephrology and linguistics; and editing and printing of the content. The content covering six aspects of chronic kidney disease (definition, diagnosis, signs and symptoms, prevention, risk factors and treatment) was developed utilizing multimodality techniques such as: creation of personages; verbal and visual metaphors; metonymy; personifications; direct dialogue; and plain language avoided of technicalities. During the development of TALES, the booklet proved to be useful in translating complicated scientific concepts on kidney disease into meaningfuly health messages. In conclusion, besides of being used as basic text for the development of TALES, the booklet "Do you know chronic kidney disease?", based in best practices in HL, can assist health professionals in communicating to patients using consumer-friendly educational materials that might impact positive health-related behaviors and results.

The Role of Gender in Chronic Kidney Disease

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a common disease worldwide and is associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality. This review discusses several aspects of the relationship between gender and CKD. While the prevalence of CKD tends to be higher in women, the disease is more severe in men, who also have a higher prevalence of end-stage renal disease. Most of the evidence in the current literature suggests a higher progression rate and mortality risk of CKD in men compared with women, except in post-menopausal women and diabetic patients. However, the decrease in glomerular filtration rate and the increase in the level of albuminuria are more prominent mortality risk factors among women. Sex hormones are thought to play a major role in the biological mechanisms associated with variability in CKD prevalence and characteristics between men and women. Animal studies have demonstrated the harmful influence of testosterone and protective influence of oestrogen on several biological processes that are involved in kidney injury. However, the role of sex hormones in explaining gender-related differences in CKD in humans has not yet been established. In summary, gender has an important influence on several aspects of CKD. Further research is needed to find additional gender-related characteristics in CKD and to identify the mechanisms of sexual dimorphism in CKD.

Prevalence of self-reported chronic kidney disease in Brazil: National Health Survey of 2013.

To describe the profile of adults who reported medical diagnosis of chronic kidney disease (CKD), according to selected variables. In a cross-sectional study with individuals included in the National Health Survey of 2013, a household population-based study was conducted in rural and urban areas of Brazil. A total of 60,202 individuals aged ≥ 18 years who self-reported a medical diagnosis of chronic renal failure or kidney disease were evaluated. Descriptive statistics, including calculations of prevalence and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI), were calculated. The prevalence of CKD was 1.4% (95%CI 1.3 - 1.6). It was similar between sexes: male, 1.4% (95%CI 1.1 - 1.6); and female, 1.5% ((95%CI 1.3 - 1.7). southern Brazil showed the highest frequency of this indicator (2.1%; 95%CI 1.6 - 2.7). The prevalence of dialysis among people with medical diagnosis of end stage renal disease was 7.4% (95%CI 4.4 - 10.3), being greater in males (12.4%; 95%CI 6.5 - 18.3). There was no difference between the age groups and schooling levels. CKD was referenced by 8.9% (95%CI 3.5 - 14.3) of the individuals with brown skin, with no difference among races/skin color. These results reveal various aspects of CKD in Brazil. The distribution of CKD was unequal, burdening especially individuals with poor education, demanding greater investments in health programs for the confrontation of CKD. Thus, these data allow the planning of public policies aimed at the prevention of this disease and health promotion.