Chemical Aspects Research Articles

ChatGPT as an education and learning tool for engineering, technology and general studies: performance analysis of ChatGPT 3.0 on CSE, GATE and JEE examinations of India

ABSTRACT The quantitative and qualitative performance analysis of ChatGPT-3.0, a large language model, is carried out on three important and highly competitive examinations held in India: civil services examination (CSE, prelims), graduate aptitude test in engineering (GATE), and joint entrance examination (JEE). These examinations cover general knowledge, current affairs, history, geography, Indian polity, economics, mathematics, physics, chemistry, engineering, and technology aspects at the undergraduate and graduate levels. The Accuracy, Concordance, and Insight (ACI) criteria is used to analyze the performance of ChatGPT. ChatGPT passed CSE without much specialized training and reinforcement, however, underperformed in GATE and JEE. Overall, the average accuracy rate of ChatGPT is 48.71%, with a 44.45% concordance for all explanations. However, the concordance for accurate explanations is found to be 91.87% with a high level of insights given in the explanations. Moreover, the average accuracy of ChatGPT improves to 77.69% after training. The results suggest that large language models have great potential to assist with education technology and act as an instructor for the preparation of technical, aptitude and general studies topics for competitive examinations. Drawing insights from the findings of the current research, some limitations in the present study and possible future research directions are suggested.

Chemical aspects of the degradation of lithium-ion batteries based on layered oxide LiNi0.6Mn0.2Co0.2O2 and graphite

Chemical aspects of the degradation of lithium-ion batteries based on layered oxide LiNi0.6Mn0.2Co0.2O2 and graphite

The Role of Metallurgical Features in the Microbially Influenced Corrosion of Carbon Steel: A Critical Review.

Microbially influenced corrosion (MIC) is a potentially critical degradation mechanism for a wide range of materials exposed to environments that contain relevant microorganisms. The likelihood and rate of MIC are affected by microbiological, chemical, and metallurgical factors; hence, the understanding of the mechanisms involved, verification of the presence of MIC, and the development of mitigation methods require a multidisciplinary approach. Much of the recent focus in MIC research has been on the microbiological and chemical aspects, with less attention given to metallurgical attributes. Here, we address this knowledge gap by providing a critical synthesis of the literature on the metallurgical aspects of MIC of carbon steel, a material frequently associated with MIC failures and widely used in construction and infrastructure globally. The article begins by introducing the process of MIC, then progresses to explore the complexities of various metallurgical factors relevant to MIC in carbon steel. These factors include chemical composition, grain size, grain boundaries, microstructural phases, inclusions, and welds, highlighting their potential influence on MIC processes. This review systematically presents key discoveries, trends, and the limitations of prior research, offering some novel insights into the impact of metallurgical factors on MIC, particularly for the benefit of those already familiar with other aspects of MIC. The article concludes with recommendations for documenting metallurgical data in MIC research. An appreciation of relevant metallurgical attributes is essential for a critical assessment of a material's vulnerability to MIC to advance research practices and to broaden the collective knowledge in this rapidly evolving area of study.

Teaching Learning Sequence About Green Chemistry and Eco-Batteries: A Results from Qualitative Content Analysis

Batteries can generate electricity as direct current through and electrochemical process called and oxidation-reduction. Batteries can be converted into eco-batteries so that they are able to provide supplies for the community to create energy from renewable sources. This is in accordance to the aspect of green chemistry that can be integrated into learning. This study aims to obtain produce concept maps and Teaching Learning Sequences (TLS) from scientist’s conceptions in the context of eco-batteries. The method used in this research is qualitative content analysis using literature analysis. The literature used in the qualitative content analysis is in the form of textbooks, review articles and research articles. The instrument used in this study includes a content analysis format, which is described descriptively to build students understanding of the principles of green chemistry in the context of eco-batteries. The results showed that the concept map and TLS agreed on the relationship between green chemistry, content and context were found that eco- batteries are an alternative to overcome pollutants from fossil fuels by utilizing the principles of green chemistry. TLS describes the learning flow with several sequencing, 1) fossil fuels, 2) definitions and components in batteries, 3) redox reaction materials 4) examples of Eco-batteries oriented to green chemistry. Eco-batteries in learning can integrate redox concepts that involve aspects of green chemistry, using renewable raw materials and safe chemical products. The results of concept maps and TLS in this study can be used as a basis for designing of teaching material and lesson design. Keywords: Teaching Learning Sequence, Green Chemistry, Eco-Batteries

Experimental study for the effect of changing flow on absorption in wetted wall column

Gas absorption is the unit operation in which one or more soluble components of gas mixture are dissolved in a liquid. The absorption may be a purely physical phenomenon or may involve chemical reaction with one or more constituents in the liquid solution. In order to obtain the highest rate of absorption, gas and liquid streams flow in opposite directions in counter-current flow. The unit in this work has been designed to help grasp the basic principles of the chemical and physical aspects involved in absorption. This study unit is made of borosilicate transparent glass in order to show the water spread in the column and get the visual distribution of fluids behavior which helps to fully understand the phenomenon. In this work, the wetted wall column is used to determine gas/liquid mass transfer coefficients, which is essential to design absorption towers. This study investigates the absorption of oxygen from air into deoxygenated water (prepared by nitrogen sparing) in liquid film controlled absorption experiment. The liquid film mass transfer coefficients calculated at various mass flow rates of water and air. This work also studies the effect of water flow(expressed by Sherwood number) and air flow (expressed by Reynolds number)on oxygen concentration in the oxygenation and de-oxygenation process so affect on absorption process. From results, found that relation between Reynolds and Sherwood in wetted wall column been proportional this mean when we increase flow rate of water from 4 to 12 L/hr or air from 60 to 180 L/hr in wetted wall; concentration of oxygen in water out increase which mean absorption is better. Also, the final equation shows linear relation between Reynolds and Sherwood in wetted wall column. All these result help in understanding absorption process and factors influence in efficiency of towers used in real plant and helpful in design absorption tower.

Green Chemistry and Sustainability Aspects of Ionic Liquids For Bamboo Preservatives: A Didactical Content Analysis Study

Bamboo has many benefits; it can be used as a construction material and multiple products. However, bamboo has low durability and is easily attacked by fungi and termites. One way to overcome the disadvantages of bamboo is by using environmentally friendly preservatives. Engineering done with ionic liquids can be made into a bamboo preservative that is environmentally friendly and sustainable. This feature of ionic liquids can be integrated into teaching and learning on the concepts of green chemistry and sustainability. This study aimed to produce a concept map and teaching-learning sequences from scientists’ conceptions of green chemistry and sustainability on the topic of ionic liquids. The method used in this study was qualitative content analysis. The research instrument was content analysis. The content analysis processes included literature collection, descriptive analysis, category selection, and material evaluation by didactic aspects. The results of this study are in the form of a concept map, and TLS illustrate the potential consequences of bamboo. Concept map and TLS that connects the relationship between science, technology, and engineering. The results of this study can be used as a basis for designing teaching materials and didactical sequences.Keywords: bamboo, green chemistry, sustainability, ionic liquids. Keywords: bamboo, green chemistry, sustainability, ionic liquids

A review of applications of handling particular materials under microgravity

Microgravity research has been carried out by researchers around the world for many years. By using space flight experiments (the International Space Station) and ground-based experiments (the Microgravity Sounding Rocket, a landing tower, and weightless aircraft), the investigations under microgravity conditions are thought to be beneficial to human life in terms of chemical, physical, and biological aspects, and more. It has become a very important tool for scientific research and industrial applications today. This paper reviews the work in this area with special reference to the applications in chemical engineering processes such as particle conveying and flow and material science under different gravity levels, including microgravity environments. It has been demonstrated that gravity has a strong effect on particle conveying and flow. Reduced gravity can make materials more cohesive, which further influences particle conveying. Actually, the effect of gravity can be ignored when the gravity level is less than 0.0001g. In the field of material science, the microgravity environment can accelerate the formation process of materials, like crystal growth, and then lead to a better structure.

A comparative greenness assessment of chromatographic methods for cilnidipine analysis and its combination

The greenness assessment of analytical methods is an important aspect of green analytical chemistry, which focuses on making analytical procedures eco-friendly and safer. This study conducts a thorough comparative analysis of chromatographic methods utilized in the analysis of Cilnidipine (CLN), a commonly employed antihypertensive medication. The research aims to not only evaluate the analytical performance of different chromatographic techniques but also assess their environmental impact, with a focus on promoting sustainable and eco-friendly practices in pharmaceutical analysis.The greenness profiles of twelve chromatographic methods for CLN and its derivatives were evaluated utilizing multiple assessment metrics including the Green Analytical Procedure Index (GAPI), Analytical GREEness (AGREE), Analytical eco-scale (ESA), Chloroform-oriented Toxicity Estimation (ChlorTox scale), Blue Applicability Grade Index (BAGI), and Red-Green-Blue 12 (RBG 12). By quantifying the environmental implications, the study aims to highlight the importance of adopting greener practices in pharmaceutical analysis. This assessment encompasses considerations such as solvent used, energy consumed, and waste generated by the method. The outcomes of this research contribute valuable insights into the selection of environmentally friendly chromatographic methods for CLN, promoting a balance between analytical efficiency and ecological responsibility in the pharmaceutical field.

Molecular Insights into [2.2]Paracyclophane‐Based Functional Materials: Chemical Aspects Behind Functions

AbstractMany of the functions and features of practically useful materials are the province of molecular‐level chemistry and their modulation at different length‐scale. This report illustrates the molecular‐level chemistry behind functions and features of the [2.2]paracyclophane‐based materials with a particular focus on the most recent explorations on through‐space conjugated small‐molecule organic emitters, π‐stacked macrocyclic molecules and polymers, poly(p‐phenylenevinylene)s featuring well‐defined donor‐acceptors sequence control, and surface engineering of technologically‐relevant parylenes that finds broad applications across the field of chemical science and technology. This report largely deals with the potential and opportunities associated with molecular features and functions of planar chirality, conformational behaviors, strain‐induced non‐planarity of the aromatics, the profound impacts of through‐space conjugation and π‐electron interactions/delocalization on optoelectronic properties of the π‐conjugated organic emitters, polymers and extended structures consisting of cyclophanes. A special focus is put on the concept of supramolecular polymers using chemically‐programmed chiral cyclophanes via non‐covalent stacking and controlled conformational arrangements. Illustrating cyclophane as precursors/monomers and fabrication strategies for their incorporation in structurally‐controlled (poly(p‐xylylene)s formed via chemical vapor deposition polymerization and post‐deposition fabrication for interface engineering is described. Demonstrating a rather different approach of electronically‐dictated ring‐opening metathesis polymerization employing strained cyclophane‐diene precursors that generate conjugated poly(p‐phenylenevinylene)s with well‐defined (i.e., low dispersity) and donor‐acceptor sequence control is also discussed. This report will serve as an indispensable one‐stop reference for organic, and polymer chemists, as well as material scientists working with cyclophanes for research innovations.

Adsorption separation of oxytetracycline hydrochloride using natural and nanostructured clay mineral of silica in synthetic solution: Integration to white and green chemistry metrics

As emerging water pollutants, oxytetracycline (OTC) and its derivatives are detrimental to humans, organisms, and aquatic ecosystems. Oxytetracycline hydrochloride (OTCH) was effectively absorbed from water by silica (SiO2) and metakaolinite (MK). In this study, we employed a unique metric known as BAGI to evaluate the suggested analytical method's suitability effectively. Blue applicability grade index (BAGI) complements green assessment tools such as the Green analytical procedure index (GAPI), Complex green analytical procedure index ComplexGAPI, Analytical GREEnness (AGREE), Analytical greenness for sample preparation (AGREEprep), and Analytical eco-scale (ESA). The BAGI metric focuses on the practical aspects of white analytical chemistry, especially those related to “blue.” The optimal parameters for adsorbing OTCH were determined by a study (pH, OTCH concentration at the beginning of the reaction, sorbent dose, and reaction duration). This study of sorbent properties was conducted via X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The highest levels of OTCH adsorption were seen at pH 5–6 for MK and at pH 7 for SiO2. The most desirable clay minerals are those with smaller quantities. The Langmuir model accurately characterizes the results, showing a strong correlation between OTCH sorption onto MK with a maximum capacity of 165.04 mg/g and a moderate correlation for SiO2 with a maximum capacity of 25.3 mg/g. Therefore, these findings regarding the effectiveness of adsorption and the analysis of properties offer supplementary insights into the potential use of clay minerals as cost-effective and eco-friendly sorbents for treating wastewater.

Is read-across for chemicals comparable to medical device equivalence and where to use it for conformity assessment?

Novel medical devices must conform to medical device regulation (MDR) for European market entry. Likewise, chemicals must comply with the Registration, Evaluation, Authorization and Restriction of Chemicals (REACh) regulation. Both pose regulatory challenges for manufacturers, but concordantly provide an approach for transferring data from an already registered device or compound to the one undergoing accreditation. This is called equivalence for medical devices and read-across for chemicals.Although read-across is not explicitly prohibited in the process of medical device accreditation, it is usually not performed due to a lack of guidance and acceptance criteria from the authorities. Nonetheless, a scientifically justified read-across of material-based endpoints, as well as toxicological assessment of chemical aspects, such as extractables and leachables, can prevent failure of MDR device equivalence if data is lacking. Further, read-across, if applied correctly can facilitate the standard MDR conformity assessment.The need for read-across within medical device registration should let authorities to reconsider device accreditation and the formulation of respective guidance documents. Acceptance criteria like in the European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) read-across assessment framework (RAAF) are needed. This can reduce the impact of the MDR and help with keeping high European innovation device rate, beneficial for medical device patients.

A study on the optimization and functionalization of zirconia-coated multi-walled carbon nanotubes through hydrothermal process

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have emerged as revolutionary nanomaterials with exceptional properties. This study focuses on optimizing acid treatment conditions for functionalizing multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and investigates the synthesis of zirconia coated MWCNTs. Acid treatment was conducted with HNO3 and H2SO4 their combinations with different molarity concentrations. Acid oxidation, particularly with nitric acid, enhances CNT solubility and reactivity. The research explores the incorporation of acid treated MWCNTs into ceramic composites, addressing challenges in dispersion and bonding. Additionally, a hydrothermal process is employed to coat MWCNTs with zirconia, contributing to the development of nanocomposites with unique properties. Characterization studies, including SEM, TEM, XRD, and Raman spectroscopy, provide insights into structural and chemical aspects. The findings contribute to advancing the application of CNT-based nanocomposites in various technological fields. The study’s methodology, involving acid treatment optimization and hydrothermal synthesis, provides a robust foundation for further advancements in the field of nanomaterials and composites. This novel approach results in ZrO2-coated MWCNTs, showcasing potential applications in catalysts, oxygen sensors, fuel cells, electronic devices and also as a reinforcing material.

Simulating Discharge Curves of an All-Aqueous TRAB to Identify Pathways for Improving System Performance

Thermally regenerative ammonia batteries (TRABs) are an emerging technology that use low temperature heat (T < 150 °C) to recharge a flow battery that produces electrical power on demand. The all-aqueous copper TRAB can provide high power densities and thermal energy efficiencies relative to other devices that harvest energy from waste heat, but its performance is adversely impacted by the crossover of undesired species through the membrane and lower cell voltages compared to conventional batteries. In this work, we developed a numerical model to simulate discharge curves while accounting for crossover inefficiencies without tracking all electrolyte species through the membrane. The model was able to successfully reproduce discharge curves across a diverse range of battery conditions using a single fitting parameter to account for decay of electrode standard potential due to species crossover with minimal error (< 5%). The model was then used to simulate different design scenarios to estimate changes in energy output from alterations to the aspects of the battery electrolyte chemistry. Results from this study are used to identify pathways for improving future TRAB designs with respect to energy capacity and cost-effectiveness of the technology.

Transformation reactions of NO ligand in cationic nitrosyl iron complex [Fe(SC(NH2)2)2(NO)2]+ in aerobic aqueous solution: quantum chemical modeling and kinetic aspects

Transformation reactions of NO ligand in cationic nitrosyl iron complex [Fe(SC(NH2)2)2(NO)2]+ in aerobic aqueous solution: quantum chemical modeling and kinetic aspects

Premilinary Assessment for Physcio-Chemical Parameters of Ground Water in and Around Gundlapochampally, Medchal Malkajgiri District Telangana

Abstract: Ground water is one of the most valuable natural sources of drinking water and various usages with increase in urbanization and industrialization, health conditions are influenced by the chemical aspects of groundwater and geology of the region. Access to wholesome drinking water remains an urgent necessity Ground water is one of the most valuable natural sources of drinking water and various usages. Within the world as it is directly related to the health. Groundwater accounts for more than 80% of the rural domestic water supply in India. The integrated ground water prospects maps are preferred by using different thematic layers like Geology, Geomorphology, Structures, Hydrology, etc. Drinking water quality data of Rural Water supply sources situated in Gundlapochampally village, Medchal district is studied for the parameters of pH, Electrical Conductivity, Total Dissolved solids, Total Hardness, Calcium Magnesium, Sodium, Potassium, Alkalinity, Acidity, Chloride, Nitrate, Floride, Bi-carbonate. The results ware compare with the drinking water standards given by World Health Organization and Bureau of Indian Standards. Thus this research work recommended that the potassium and bicarbonates Contaminated water in Gundlapochampally region is not at all fit for drinking as a solution it was suggested that the solid waste treatment plant should be setup to handle crisis.

Water-Hydrocarbon Interactions in Anionic Pyrene Monohydrate.

Interactions between water and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are essential in many aspects of chemistry, from interstellar and atmospheric processes to interfacial hydrophobicity and wetting phenomena. Despite their growing importance, the intermolecular potentials of the water-hydrocarbon interactions are underdeveloped compared to the water-water potentials, and there are similarly few experimental probes that are sensitive to the details of the water-hydrocarbon potential. We present a combined experimental and computational study of anionic pyrene monohydrate, one of the simplest water/hydrocarbon clusters. The action spectrum in the OH region of the mass-selected cluster ion provides a rigorous benchmark for intermolecular potentials and computational methodologies. We identify missing intermolecular interactions and shortcomings in conventional dynamics calculations by comparing experimental data to density functional theory and classical molecular dynamics calculations. Kinetic trapping is prevalent, even for one water molecule and one pyrene molecule, leading to slow equilibration in conventional molecular dynamics calculations, even on nanosecond time scales and at low temperatures (50 K). At constant energy, temperature fluctuations for the pair of molecules are substantial. Immersing the system in a bath of soft spheres and employing parallel tempering alleviates kinetic trapping and dampens temperature fluctuations, bringing the system closer to the thermodynamic limit. With such augmented sampling, a simple, flexible water model reproduces the line width and the asymmetric broadening of the symmetric OH stretching mode, which we assign to spectral diffusion. In the OH stretching region, dynamics calculations predict a more intense antisymmetric peak than experiments observe but do not predict the bimodal split symmetric peak that the experiments show. Our work suggests that electronic polarization, missing in the empirical force field, is responsible for the first discrepancy and that quantum nuclear effects, captured neither in density functional theory nor in classical dynamics, may be responsible for the second.

Effect of fixed carbon on the interfacial compatibility of coal gangue/polyethylene composites was investigated using anthracite as a model compound

AbstractCoal gangue (CG), a byproduct of coal mining, integrated with polyethylene (PE) offers potential in diverse applications. However, ensuring compatibility between CG and PE remains a challenge due to CG's complex nature. This study explores the influence of fixed carbon, represented by high‐carbon‐content anthracite, on the interface of CG/PE composites. Comprehensive investigations were conducted on physical, mechanical, thermal, microstructural, and chemical aspects. Results revealed that increasing carbon content positively impacted density and hardness while enhancing bending strength and modulus, albeit at a cost of reduced tensile strength. When the C content reached 80%, the hardness and density increased from 50.5 HD and 0.93 g cm−3 to 62.4 HD and 1.18 g cm−3, which were 23.6% and 26.9% higher, respectively. Meanwhile, the bending strength and bending modulus reached 17.2 and 1582.4 MPa, which were 53.6% and 239.1% higher than those of the composites prepared from pure PE (11.2 and 466.7 MPa), respectively. However, the tensile strength decreased by 48.7% from 11.7 to 6.0 MPa. Moderate carbon content positively affected thermal stability, yet higher concentrations posed stability challenges. Microstructural analyses unveiled varied interfacial morphologies, shedding light on carbon's role in enhancing material rigidity and hardness. Surface chemical studies suggested physical entanglement between carbon and PE. Additionally, varying carbon content influenced crystallization, elevating crystallinity and impacting mechanical properties. The findings underscore carbon's potential in reinforcing composite materials. This research provides insights into optimizing CG/PE composites and addressing CG treatment challenges.Highlights Unveiled relationships between fixed carbon and properties in composites. The structure was studied qualitatively and quantitatively by XRD. The anthracite‐C substitution in composite preparation was unraveled.

Temperature influence variation on extracted oil yield from exported white sesame seed Characterization

This study was conducted to find out the effects of various temperatures on the physiochemical and extraction characteristics for oil extracted from white sesame seeds, specifically looking at the yield of extraction, physical analysis, and chemical aspects of the sesame oil that was produced. Using petroleum ether as a solvent, the oil output from sesame seeds was evaluated throughout a temperature range of 100-250°C. Extracted sesame oil had a little aroma, was clear, and had a golden hue; at room temperature, its oil content ranged from 57.49% to 40.79 %. Sesame oil's physical properties were assessed by measuring its density, specific gravity, moisture content, and refractive index. At 250°C, the refractive index reached its maximum, which was in the range of 1.468 to 1.473. At 250°C, the specific gravity was the greatest, however it ranged from 0.9 to 0.98. At 250°C, the moisture content was the lowest, yet it varied from 0.0014% to 0.35%. At 250°C, the density dropped from 0.950 to 0.690 g/cm3, a decline that was temperature dependent. Sesame oil's chemical evaluation included measures for acidity, free fatty acid concentration, iodine, peroxide, and saponification. A possible indicator of oil deterioration or contaminants is the fact that acid value and free fatty acid content rise with increasing sample levels. Differences in unsaturation levels were suggested by the varying iodine values. The peroxide value rose as the sample concentration rose, suggesting that the oxidation potential rose as well. Variations in triglyceride content or source were reflected in the saponification levels, which likewise showed some fluctuation.

It’s a matter of microbes: a perspective on the microbiological aspects of micro- and nanoplastics in human health

Micro- and nanoplastics (MNPs) are everywhere: in the air we breathe, in our food and in virtually every type of water. Currently, it is unknown whether, and to what extent, these MNPs are hazardous to human health. Identifying risks of physical and chemical aspects of MNPs has gained a lot of attention over the last few years, and efforts have been made to quantify these risks. In our opinion, the momentum delivered by these efforts should be used to highlight the relevance of including another important aspect of MNPs: their associated microbes. Although more and more studies describe MNP-associated microbes, the interplay between physical, chemical and microbiological aspects are lacking. Hazard identification parameters describing this interplay are crucial to risk assessment strategies, yet the majority of effort has been directed towards optimizing human exposure parameters. Here, we address the importance of including microbiological aspects of MNPs in the risk assessment of MNPs. Physical and chemical aspects of MNPs impact the diversity and abundance of microbes and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). In turn, environmental factors (e.g., UV radiation, antibiotics) may impact the microbial composition directly, or indirectly by impacting physical or chemical MNP aspects. Future efforts should be directed towards investigating this interplay in order to determine the effects of these dynamic outcomes on human health. We believe that elucidating these pieces of the puzzle is needed to ultimately perform a more holistic risk assessment of MNPs on human health.

Shot-Earth as Sustainable Construction Material: Chemical Aspects and Physical Performance

Soil has long been one of the most widely used building materials globally. The evolution of soil-based construction materials has seen steady improvement over the centuries, even as traditional materials have given way to newer options like reinforced concrete. Nonetheless, soil-based construction has maintained its relevance and, in recent decades, has garnered increased attention due to sustainability concerns and renewed research interest. Among the innovative earth-based materials, shot-earth (SE) stands out as one of the most advanced. Research on SE has facilitated efficient handling of soil variability in mix design and provided structural engineers with relevant models for dimensioning and detailing reinforced SE constructions. This paper focuses on studying the durability characteristics of various types of SE to ascertain their ability to withstand environmental degradation over their intended lifespan. The tests conducted indicate that SE can serve as a viable construction material in numerous real-life scenarios, offering a sustainable alternative to existing materials.