Aspects Of Agriculture Research Articles

Å tenke med havet: Et maritimt perspektiv på jernalderlandskapet mellom Buksnesfjorden og Borg på Vestvågøy i Lofoten

The sea as a point of view: A maritime approach to the Iron Age landscape in Vestvågøy, Norway. Vestvågøy, an island in the Lofoten archipelago, is well known in Scandinavian archaeology due to two massive Iron Age buildings at the Borg farm. Borg has been a popular subject for Iron Age research. Research has mainly focused on agricultural aspects of the Iron Age society on Vestvågøy. Nevertheless, a large number of Iron Age graves are located on islets and headlands. These are not often considered in earlier contributions. In this paper, I explore how a maritime perspective can contribute to a new understanding of Iron Age Vestvågøy. The main premise is that the presence of the sea affects how people structure their landscapes. I view the Iron Age sites and the landscape from the sea: the main transport route in prehistoric coastal Norway. Although interpreted as a central place, Borg is located by a hidden bay north on the island, excluded from maritime communication lines. While some researchers suggest that the Buksnesfjord area was the location for another central place, the layout of the Buksnesfjord area differs from Borg. Through a GIS-based quantitative spatial study of Iron Age graves, I outline an alternative view of the Iron Age landscape.

PREFACE: The 4th International Conference on Agricultural Sciences (4thICAS)

Dear All,Mesopotamia, Iraq at present, is the homeland of the oldest human civilizations that contributed in transferring of mankind from the prehistoric to urbanization era. In fact, there are numerous examples including those in agriculture aspect proves this participation such as the first cultivation of wheat and barley crops, sheep farming and systems of crops watering. As consequence of this cultural heritage and message of the University of Kerbala for improvement of the quality of education and scientific research in serving the community, College of Agriculture was established in 2005 to contribute in development of agricultural society. This is by graduating of agricultural engineers who are able to participate in improvement of society and contribute in the advancement of agricultural aspects. Additionally, we believe that the establishment of scientific conferences is one of the most important approaches of scientific development to solve problems including those of farmers and it is also a great opportunity for scientific communication and exchanging of experiences between researchers and various scientific institutions. Therefore, the Fourth International Conference on Agricultural Sciences is held on the 17-18th of November/2019 in our college this year and we, with God willing, are planning to hold it every year.Sincerely yours,Prof. Dr. Thamer K. AljanabiDean of Agriculture College/University of KerbalaThe chairman of 4thICAS/2019

Diversification through ‘fun in the farm’: analyzing structural factors affecting agritourism in Tennessee

With recent development, agritourism – visiting a working agricultural setting such as farm and ranch for leisure, recreation, or educational purposes – is gaining popularity in the US. Agritourism can be considered as a viable alternative agricultural enterprise to enhance income and sustainability of farms. This study maps agritourism locations and analyzes the structural factors affecting agritourism location and establishments. Using zip-code level location information, county-level data from Tennessee and spatial regression models, we found significant effects of rural factors, demographics, and educational-, economic-, and cultural- capital factors and their interactions on the location and establishment of agritourism farms. The counties lagging behind in agritourism can focus on educational and capital related factors to enable farms to participate in agritourism activities. Rural areas can capitalize the recreational and natural aspects of agriculture complementing it with agritourism activities. Additionally, our significant spatial terms and tests suggest for the need to test and account for potential spatial effects on studies focused on structural factors and location decision models.

Perceptions of higher agricultural education toward sustainable agricultural development

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore the purposes and current outcomes of Bachelor of Agricultural Science degree program in Austria. It identifies the ability of higher agricultural education (HAE) curriculum to meet its purpose by way of validating its current outcomes. Design/methodology/approach The study used survey research design to purposively sample faculty members and graduating students under the bachelor degree program of Agricultural Science at BOKU University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna. In addition to a self-administered questionnaire, key informant interviews were also conducted to validate the data gathered. Findings The Bachelor of Agricultural Science degree program in Austria aims to develop the student scientific understanding of theoretical and practical aspects of agriculture. The program also gears toward developing their lifelong learning skills. Analysis of the difference reveals congruence in the perceptions of agricultural education professionals and students regarding the intended and expected learning outcomes of the HAE curriculum. The findings affirm how the purposes and outcomes of HAE curriculum have been met successfully and their implications to BS Agriculture curriculum in the University of the Philippines. The findings are grounded on the firm foundations of Austrian higher education system from their strategic curriculum planning, design, and implementation to evaluation where all stages are done in consultation with the various stakeholders. Truly a community of dedicated members of the academic and administrative staff is a powerful tool toward curricular advancement in HAE institutions. Practical implications The subject of this study, in particular BOKU University, provides a concrete example that not only the University of the Philippines Los Baños but all the other agricultural universities around the world could learn from. Social implications This study serves as a springboard for the development of new and innovative models of curriculum and instruction in the Philippines and other agricultural developing countries in the world. Originality/value This is an original study that provides discussion on the link between a developed country as a possible model and a developing country in terms of HAE. It helps the HAE institutions realize the ways on how their educational aspirations will turn into reality when it comes to fulfilling their role in supplying a well-trained and productive workforce for the agricultural economy toward sustainable agriculture development in one’s own country.

Pengaruh Peran dan Motivasi Penyuluh Pertanian Terhadap Inovasi Teknologi Budidaya Tanaman Padi Sawah di Kecamatan Kupang Timur, Kabupaten Kupang Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Timur

This research aimed to find out rice plant technology innovation level in East Kupang Sub District, to find out the effect of extension agent’s role and job motivation on rice plant technology innovation, and to find out the simultaneous effect of extension agent’s role and motivation on rice plant technology innovation. Data analysis was conducted using multiple regression analysis. The result of research found that Rice Plant Cultivation Technology Innovation (Y) in East Kupang Sub District belonged to medium category (78.33%); it is indicated with the aspect of rice plant cultivation technology innovation dissemination by extension agent of 74.50% only and the aspect of farmers’ participation in wet-rice cultivation technology of 66.17%. The agricultural extension agent’s role factor belonged to high category (50.00%), while agricultural extension agent’s motivation factor belonged to medium category (60.00%). Agricultural Extension Agent factor affected significantly the rice cultivation technology innovation (Y), as indicated with three aspects: extension agent’s role as educator and facilitator, role as analyzer and planner, and role as evaluation expert of activity and education result. Agricultural extension agent’s motivation factor significantly affected the rice cultivation technology innovation (Y), as indicated with three aspects: extension agent’s motivation on basic need, status/social need, and work performance need. Extension agent’s role and motivation simultaneously affected rice plant technology innovation with Fstatistic value of 13.11.

El-nino effect on reservoir volumetric (A case study of the Batujai Dam on the island of Lombok)

El-Nino has been occurred from 1952 to 2016 with the types of weak, medium, strong and very strong. The event of El-Nino has significant impact on all aspects of economy, social, industry and agriculture. There is a decrease in the quantity of water resources such as in the reservoir where the reservoir inflow becomes very small and the water outflow becomes high. At the event of very strong El-Nino is occurred some of the reservoirs will dry. The aim of the research is to investigate the deficit capacity of the reservoir in the event of El-Nino. The data analyzed in this article were the volume of the half-month reservoir, especially in the event of El-Nino events. The analysis of frequency deficit probability was using Weibull probability and Log Pearson Type III distribution. The results show significant decrease in reservoir water volume over a very long-time period. The reservoir volume never reached maximum water level and persists for almost one year. The deficit of reservoir volumes reached was 16,01x106 m3, 18.64x106 m3, and 21,07x103 m3 for weak, moderate, and very strong El-Nino, respectively.

Does the basic farmland preservation hinder land transfers in rural China?

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to assess the links between basic farmland preservation and land transfers in rural China.Design/methodology/approachThe Chinese provincial panel data from 2006 to 2016 were analyzed with the use of Arellano–Bond linear dynamic panel data estimations.FindingsThe basic farmland preservation policy negatively affects the land transfer rate. In addition, this policy is most likely to limit land transfers between local acquaintances in the major grain-producing areas. Further evidence indicates that the basic farmland preservation policy has a negative impact on land rentals in general. Considering that land transfers such as exchanges and take-overs are excluded from rental transactions between acquaintances, the policy’s constraints on land use are likely to hinder land rentals between acquaintances, which are market-oriented.Practical implicationsOverall, this study’s analysis suggests that the farmland preservation policy’s constraints on land use rights are likely to result in a major diminishment of the rural rental markets. Under this policy, land that is designated as basic farmland cannot be converted to another use. However, it remains possible to improve the productivity of agriculture through other means. These possible avenues for improvement include enhancing the efficiency of production through expanding the scale of farming operations and developing the social services aspect of agriculture (i.e. the basic farmland preservation policy is likely to realize more social revenue than can be gained from land transfers). Thus, the arrangement of the basic farmland preservation policy in China can be managed in a way that is both economical and reasonable.Originality/valueTo ensure food security, China has enacted several laws and regulations to preserve basic farmland, and it has promoted land transfers to improve farm productivity. Therefore, it is important to understand whether the basic farmland preservation policy restricts land use rights and hinders land transfers that could improve productivity. This study provides empirical evidence showing that the basic farmland preservation policy is actually not conducive to promoting land transfers and that it even discourages the market orientation of land rentals between acquaintances. In dealing with this issue, the Chinese Government should seek to balance the relationship between preserving basic farmland and promoting land transfers.

The role of rural women in some activities related to the cultivation and service of the tomato crop in Al-Khardaniyah village / Al-Sharqat district

The aim of the research to determine the role of rural women in some activities of the tomato crop in the village of Khardaniya, And then to determine of the relationship between the role of rural women in some activities of the tomato crop and each of the following independent factors: (age, job, social status, number of family members, household income, sources of information) And then determine the size of the problems that faced by rural women in some activities related to the cultivation and service / of the tomato crop.The study included all the rural women who worked in the cultivation and service of the tomato crop in the village of Al-Khardaniya (703), who took a random sample about (8%). in some activities related to The results showed that the general level of the role of rural women the cultivat and service of the tomato crop in the village of Khardaniya is medium tend to high, The results showed a significant correlation between (profession, number of family members, main family income) and rural women’s role is (0.01). The researcher concluded increasing of the role of rural women in this region by informing them about the developments in their field of work: The rural woman faced a number of problems in the cultivation and service of the tomato crop, particularly the high seed prices. The researcher recommends the presence of some agricultural extension workers in the research area to create trust between them and rural women. In order to benefit rural women from their experience in all agricultural aspects, The researcher also recommends that the agricultural equipment company provide the rural woman with seeds from reliable sources at subsidized prices.

Trends and gaps in scholarly literature on urban and peri-urban agriculture

In recent years urban and peri-urban agriculture (UPA) has gained increasing attention, while a comprehensive synthesis and identification of research gaps is lacking. The present review indicates that with a share of 27% of scholarly publications sub-Saharan Africa is the geographical region most often reported in scientific literature. Middle East and North Africa (MENA, 1.9%) and Oceania (2.8%) in contrast appeared underrepresented. Megacities (> 5 million inhabitants) received less scientific attention than smaller agglomerations. 3.6% of UPA publications addressed heavy metals, of which 82% detected a contamination in plants, soil or irrigation water above recommended thresholds, but the thereby bioavailability of heavy metals remains unclear. Organic pollutants in contrast seem to be understudied. 1.7% of the studies focused on microbial contamination in UPA and 9.7% addressed socio-economic aspects of urban agriculture. The latter are very context specific and span from supplementation of food in poor households to market-oriented production. Only 2% of studies explicitly dealt with animal husbandry in UPA. This topic should receive more scientific attention, since the integration of urban animal husbandry with cropping systems has large potential for recycling of nutrients. Similarly, only 2.4% of studies examined urban foodsheds and food supply, despite the challenge of ongoing urbanization, which requires increasing source areas for feeding cities. Maintaining ecosystems services in an urban environment that is highly competitive for scarce resources such as space, water, labour and capital requires an efficient resource management at different spatial scales. This calls for interdisciplinary research approaches in a social-ecological systems framework.

Assessment of lowland rice-based organic farming in selected municipalities of Occidental Mindoro, Philippines

This study aimed to assess lowland rice-based organic farming system in selected municipalities of Occidental Mindoro, Philippines. It was conducted in Magsaysay, San Jose and Sablayan, Occidental Mindoro, Philippines from June 2016 up to March 2017. This study employed descriptive method of research utilizing pre-constructed questionnaire administered to 133 farmer-respondents using an interview schedule. Key informant interviews, focus group discussion and observation were also utilized to gather data. Descriptive statistics, as well as costs and returns analysis were used to present the results. Results showed that lowland rice-based organic farmers are old, predominantly male and literate. They have an average household size, with long farming experience, in general but with short engagement to organic farming practices. Farmers are owners of their farm land and affiliated to organizations, and had experience availing credit. They have high awareness on organic agriculture, while farmers have moderate adoption of it. Lowland rice-based organic farms are less productive but more profitable as compared to conventional farms. Farmers encountered problems in production, certification and marketing aspects of organic agriculture.

نموذج مقترح لقياس محددات الأداء المزرعي للممارسات الزراعية الجيدة لمزارعي محصول العنب بمنطقة النوبارية

نموذج مقترح لقياس محددات الأداء المزرعي للممارسات الزراعية الجيدة لمزارعي محصول العنب بمنطقة النوبارية

Agronomic and Environmental Aspects of Conservation Agriculture on Wheat Crop Production

Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is one of the major vegetable crops of Nepal. Potato is grown all over the globe and consumed as either vegetable or staple food depending upon the crop production scenario. It is also an integral part of human diet. Potato is a high nutrient mining crop and needs higher fertilization for economic tuber production. Despite sufficient application of Nitrogen (N) and Phosphorus (P2O5), low replenishment and widespread potassium deficiency are limiting the potato production in Nepalese condition. Growth parameters such as plant height, leaf area and chlorophyll% was positively correlated with potassium application. Potassium alleviated stresses of frost and drought and reduced incidence of diseases like late blight, black scurf and hollow heart. Potassium also decreased the reducing sugar content and improved chips color and quality. Similarly, potassium application before harvest was found to increase storage life of potato tubers. Furthermore, potassium application significantly increased the yield of potato tubers and quality parameters such as Vitamin C content and specific gravity. Source of potassium and method of potassium application also affected growth, yield and quality parameters. Soil application of potassium in splits coupled with foliar spay was found to perform better. Optimum dose of potassium was recommended for economic tuber production
 Int. J. Appl. Sci. Biotechnol. Vol 7(2): 161-166

Farmers\u2019 experiments and scientific methodology

Farmers all over the world perform experiments, and have done so since long before modern experimental science and its recognized forerunners. There is a rich anthropological literature on these experiments, but the philosophical issues that they give rise to have not received much attention. Based on the anthropological literature, this study investigates methodological and philosophical issues pertaining to farmers’ experiments, including the choice of interventions (work methods etc.) to be tested, the planning of experiments, and the use of control fields and other means to deal with confounding factors. Farmers’ experiments have some advantages over the field trials of agricultural scientists (more replications, studies performed under the relevant local conditions), but also some comparative disadvantages (less stringent controls, less precise evaluations). The two experimental traditions are complementary, and neither of them can replace the other. Several aspects of farmers’ experiments are shown to have a direct bearing on central topics in the philosophy of science.

Integration of greenhouse agriculture to the energy infrastructure as an alimentary solution

There is an evident food, water and energy crisis worldwide. Up to a quarter of the global population has no reliable access to any of these basic supplies. The published literature reveals that research is being carried out on sustainable and comprehensive energy transitions. Simultaneously, research on different aspects of agriculture, such as energy intensity and water use are constantly investigated, mostly at local or regional level. However, the published literature has not yet addressed a recently developed model of agriculture, the container sized agricultural units, which can be integrated to energy production facilities providing an opportunity for a symbiotic relation whereby both systems benefit. Results show that using only 5% of the projected electricity generation (2527 TWhel) from biomass, utility-scale photovoltaic, wind and waste-to-energy for proposed cases, a total of 55.4 million container-sized agricultural units can be powered globally by 2050, providing the recommended vegetable intake to 24.4% of the projected global population. The proposed approach eliminates the need of pesticides and herbicides, and reduces water, land and fertilizer use, while decreasing the need for transportation. Additionally, the CO2 emissions from point sources, such as power plants, can be captured and used to increase the yield of the agricultural units by up to 30%.

A weighted multivariate spatial clustering model to determine irrigation management zones

Management of agricultural fields according to spatial and temporal variability is an important aspect of precision agriculture. Precision management relies on division of a field into areas with homogeneous characteristics, management zones (MZs), which are likely affected by multiple, interrelated factors. We present a method, based on machine learning and spatial statistics, to analyze the spatial relationship between a set of variables and determine management zones in a vineyard. The method involves: (1) fitting a model that quantifies the relationship between multiple variables and yield; (2) fitting a model that quantifies the effect of the spatial variability of multiple variables on yield spatial characteristics; and (3) developing a weighted multivariate spatial clustering model as a method to determine MZs. Twelve variables were sampled for 3893 vines in the wine grape vineyard. These variables included soil properties, terrain characteristics, and environmental impact, as well as crop-condition, using indices calculated from remote sensing images. The predictor variables were spatially characterized using hot-spot analysis (Getis Ord Gi* Z-score values) to assess their spatial variability. A gradient boosted regression trees (BRT) algorithm was used to analyze the spatial multivariable effect on yield spatial characteristics. MZs were determined using multivariate K-means clustering, with relative weights given to the predictors, based on their relative influence on yield spatial variability provided by the BRT model. This method was compared to ordinary K-means clustering and K-means with spatial representation of the variables without weights using a dissimilarity index and spatial autocorrelation measures. Model performance was found to be very high and demonstrated that among the evaluated predictors, crop condition indices were the most important regressors for yield and its spatial characteristics. The weighted multivariate spatial clustering was found to perform better in terms of separability of the points and their spatial distribution than the other two clustering techniques. Quantifying yield and its within-field spatial variability, ranking the effects of the predictors and their spatial variabilities, and segmentation of MZs through multivariable spatial analysis, are expected to benefit irrigation management and agricultural decision-making processes.

Cultural Expressions of Mananam Padi ‘Planting Rice’ Procession in Minangkabau Society

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Design and Implementation of Fruit harvest time Predicting System based on Machine Learning

최근에 머신 러닝 기술은 의료, 제조, 마케팅, 금융, 방송, 농업 등 사회 전반에 많은 영향을 미치고 있고 미래에도 인류의 생활에 많은 도움을 줄 것으로 예상된다. 본 논문에서는 인류의 생존에 가장 큰 영향을 주는 먹거리 즉, 농업 분야에 머신러닝 기술을 적용하는 방법을 연구한다. 농업 분야에 IoT(Internet of Things) 기술을 접목하는 스마트 팜 (Smart Farm) 분야는 생육환경을 실시간으로 모니터링 하여 농작물의 생육환경을 최적으로 유지 하는 방법을 중점적으로 연구한다. 최근 KT에서 출시된 기가 스마트 팜 솔루션 2.0 에서는 머신러닝 기술을 사용하여 온실내의 온습도를 최적으로 유지하는 기술에 머신러닝을 적용하였다. 기존의 스마트 팜 분야 연구가 생육환경 조절에 중점을 두어 생산성 증대에 집중되어 있지만 본 연구에서는 과일을 최상의 품질 상태에서 수확하여 좋은 가격으로 출하할 수 있도록 수확시기에 머신러닝을 적용하는 방법을 연구한다. 스마트팜 분야에 머신러닝 기술을 적용하기 위해서는 풍부한 빅 데이터의 확보가 무엇보다 중요하므로 정확한 머신러닝 기술을 적용하기 위해서는 지속적으로 빅 데이터 수집이 가능해야 한다. 본 논문에서 수확시기 예측에 필요한 인자로는 온실 내에서 재배되는 과일의 색상 값과 무게 값, 내부 온습도 값을 색상센서 와 무게센서, 온습도센서를 사용하여 실시간으로 수집하여 확보한다. 본 논문에서 제안하는 FPSML은 유사 과일 재배에 반복적으로 사용할 수 있는 아키텍처를 제공하며 지속적으로 빅 데이터가 축적될수록 보다 정밀한 수확시기를 예측할 수 있다.Recently, machine learning technology has had a significant impact on society, particularly in the medical, manufacturing, marketing, finance, broadcasting, and agricultural aspects of human lives. In this paper, we study how to apply machine learning techniques to foods, which have the greatest influence on the human survival. In the field of Smart Farm, which integrates the Internet of Things (IoT) technology into agriculture, we focus on optimizing the crop growth environment by monitoring the growth environment in real time. KT Smart Farm Solution 2.0 has adopted machine learning to optimize temperature and humidity in the greenhouse. Most existing smart farm businesses mainly focus on controlling the growth environment and improving productivity. On the other hand, in this study, we are studying how to apply machine learning with respect to harvest time so that we will be able to harvest fruits of the highest quality and ship them at an excellent cost. In order to apply machine learning techniques to the field of smart farms, it is important to acquire abundant voluminous data. Therefore, to apply accurate machine learning technology, it is necessary to continuously collect large data. Therefore, the color, value, internal temperature, and moisture of greenhouse-grown fruits are collected and secured in real time using color, weight, and temperature/humidity sensors. The proposed FPSML provides an architecture that can be used repeatedly for a similar fruit crop. It allows for a more accurate harvest time as massive data is accumulated continuously.

The (un)sustainability of the land use practices and agricultural production in EU countries

ABSTRACT This paper investigates differences and analogies among European Union (EU) countries concerning the links between agricultural activities and the impact on the environment. It analyses land use practices and agricultural production with two specific sets of indicators provided by the Eurostat database. Factor analysis is used to identify the key aspects of (un)sustainable agriculture and their relative importance. Hierarchical cluster analysis is then applied to classify the 28 EU countries into ‘homogeneous’ groups. The paper concludes that the countries from the centre and the north of the EU have similar agricultural practices and production methods with a high impact on the environment. Mediterranean EU countries and those in the north-west of the EU, instead, use traditional agricultural methods such as meadows and grazing livestock. This study could be useful for policymakers wanting to define tools aimed at guiding producers towards more sustainable production methods.

Nanotechnology in sustainable agriculture: studies from seed priming to post-harvest management

Food and agriculture sector directly relate to human life, and therefore intervention of nanotechnology in this sector has been recently approved by the regulatory authorities, very cautiously. The drawbacks associated with traditional methods of farming have restricted the utilization of available farmlands to full its potential. Nanotechnology has emerged as one of the most promising solutions to overcome the shortcomings of traditional agricultural practices. At every stage of agriculture (seed storage, priming, germination, fertigation, post-harvest), nanotechnology promises to improve crop productivity and quality. Use of nanoparticles as seed priming agents to enhance seed germination and crop productivity is encouraging. Nanoformulations positively influence seed germination, shoot to root ratio and overall growth. The site-directed and controlled release of encapsulated fertilizers and pesticides is a revolutionary change for crop improvement, environment and animal health. Efforts are being continuously made to create nanoagrochemicals to release specific nutrients in a controlled fashion, thus maintaining soil fertility and health. Nanotechnology has also helped in the development of smart, stronger and cost-effective polymers or nanocomposites-based packaging materials with efficient gas and water barrier properties. The use of suitable and protective packaging material has the potential to increase shelf life substantially, and thus these nanocoatings have come up as a great interest to the scientific society. This review aims to describe the current applications of nanotechnology in every aspect of agriculture, i.e., from seed priming/storage to post-harvest management of the crop produce.

Statistical modelling of 5-day average rainfall probability of occurrence in Australia during 1950–2013

The increasing concern about climate change has increased the necessity for precise figures about deviations in statistical characteristics of rainfall events in both temporal and spatial scales. Many areas across Australia have high variability patterns of rainfall and inadequate rainfall records which has various effects on the availability of food and water. Modelling spatial and temporal rainfall is essential for prediction and simulation purposes in numerous aspects of planning, agriculture, forestry, meteorology and hydrology. Two different models are generally used to describe the two main features of rainfall: the occurrence and the amount. This paper describes the occurrence probability of 5-day average rainfall (successive 5-day rainfall mean) in Australia. Daily accumulated rainfall observations of 105 meteorological stations spanning from 1950 to 2013 were collected from Australian Bureau of Meteorology for the study. Logistic regression is applied to predict rainfall probability of occurrence in all the meteorological stations using nine observational rainfall stations as case studies. Weather conditions such as the 5-day periods which is defined as the consecutive 5-day average rainfall in a year and the annual rainfall which is defined as the annual daily rainfall mean factors were used as the predictors. The fitted logistic regression models predicted the occurrence and non-occurrence 5-day average rainfall events quite well with good accuracies. The predictors significantly affected the fitted models in all stations. Analysis of the levels of each of the predictors showed that the parameters of the 5-day period factors were more influential in all the models, particularly during the rainy season in most stations relative to that of the annual factors. The fitted models could be used to simulate rainfall probabilities for the stations with insufficient rainfall histories and could assist agronomist and various stakeholders in the planning of their various operations.