Aspects Of Agriculture Research Articles

Modeling Soil Water Content and Reference Evapotranspiration from Climate Data Using Deep Learning Method

In recent years, deep learning algorithms have been successfully applied in the development of decision support systems in various aspects of agriculture, such as yield estimation, crop diseases, weed detection, etc. Agriculture is the largest consumer of freshwater. Due to challenges such as lack of natural resources and climate change, an efficient decision support system for irrigation is crucial. Evapotranspiration and soil water content are the most critical factors in irrigation scheduling. In this paper, the ability of Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) and Bidirectional LSTM (BLSTM) to model daily reference evapotranspiration and soil water content is investigated. The application of these techniques to predict these parameters was tested for three sites in Portugal. A single-layer BLSTM with 512 nodes was selected. Bayesian optimization was used to determine the hyperparameters, such as learning rate, decay, batch size, and dropout size.The model achieved the values of mean square error values within the range of 0.014 to 0.056 and R2 ranging from 0.96 to 0.98. A Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) model was added to the LSTM to investigate potential performance improvement. Performance dropped in all datasets due to the complexity of the model. The performance of the models was also compared with CNN, traditional machine learning algorithms Support Vector Regression, and Random Forest. LSTM achieved the best performance. Finally, the impact of the loss function on the performance of the proposed models was investigated. The model with the mean square error as loss function performed better than the model with other loss functions.

A Case Study of Dairy-Based Farmer Producer Company in Haryana: Collective Action Approach for Enhancing Farmer Income

The concept behind Farmer Producer Organizations is that farmers, who are the producers of agricultural products, can form groups and register themselves under the Indian Companies Act 1956. The aim is to enhance farmer’s income, capacity building, competitiveness, and increase their advantage in emerging market opportunities. To examine the role of farmer producer organization in enhancing farmers, a case study was conducted in Karnal District of Haryana. Study the management and governance system of FPC and assess the impact of FPC on members was the objective of the case study. Personal interviews and group discussion methods were used for data collection and gathering information on FPC. Mishti farmer producer organization was established on 25 march 2013 for collecting, processing, and marketing milk and milk products. It covered eight villages of Karnal and collect raw milk from members and non-members farmers at high price than other value chain actors. The result of the study indicate that farmer who supplies milk to FPC, get 8-10 rupee per lit high price than others. It also provides bonus to member farmers who are shareholders of the company and their income from dairy farming is enhanced by 25-30 percent. FPC also plays a significant role in enhancing the backward and forward linkage of farmers and capacity building of farmers in different agricultural aspect. Members of FPC are highly satisfied with the services provided by FPC and its performance in local areas.

Patterns of Agricultural Diversification in China and Its Policy Implications for Agricultural Modernization.

Based on the value of agricultural farm products produced by different subsectors in China, the foregoing analysis reveals the dynamic character of agricultural diversification by which, this study seeks to examine the evolutionary process of Chinese agriculture through a quantitative study of agricultural diversification at both national and provincial levels. In the initial stages of reform and opening up, the degree of agricultural diversification in the southwest was relatively high; then the center of agricultural diversification gradually moved to the southeast of China; finally, the degree of agricultural diversification in the economically developed eastern provinces was obviously higher than those in other regions in 2019. It was seen that some provinces in the eastern and central south regions moved toward increasing diversification in one direction, and other provinces changed direction, first moving toward diversification and later toward concentration or vice versa. These oscillations implied that there was a cyclic tendency of agricultural diversification along with an increase in per capita GDP. Generally speaking, the patterns of diversification differed across regions due to diversified agricultural subsectors resulting from different natural and socio-economic circumstances. In particular, in less developed regions with lower agricultural diversification levels, farming agriculture persistently dominated the leading position with relatively more resistance to modernizing trends in other aspects of agriculture. It is urgent for the Chinese government to figure out ways off reconciling agricultural productivity with environmental quality through the ecological intensification of agriculture.

Development of Integrated Crop Drought Index by Combining Rainfall, Land Surface Temperature, Evapotranspiration, Soil Moisture, and Vegetation Index for Agricultural Drought Monitoring

Various drought indices have been used for agricultural drought monitoring, such as Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI), Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI), Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI), Soil Water Deficit Index (SWDI), Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Vegetation Health Index (VHI), Vegetation Drought Response Index (VegDRI), and Scaled Drought Condition Index (SDCI). They incorporate such factors as rainfall, land surface temperature (LST), potential evapotranspiration (PET), soil moisture content (SM), and vegetation index to express the meteorological and agricultural aspects of drought. However, these five factors should be combined more comprehensively and reasonably to explain better the dryness/wetness of land surface and the association with crop yield. This study aims to develop the Integrated Crop Drought Index (ICDI) by combining the weather factors (rainfall and LST), hydrological factors (PET and SM), and a vegetation factor (enhanced vegetation index (EVI)) to better express the wet/dry state of land surface and healthy/unhealthy state of vegetation together. The study area was the State of Illinois, a key region of the U.S. Corn Belt, and the quantification and analysis of the droughts were conducted on a county scale for 2004–2019. The performance of the ICDI was evaluated through the comparisons with SDCI and VegDRI, which are the representative drought index in terms of the composite of the dryness and vegetation elements. The ICDI properly expressed both the dry and wet trend of the land surface and described the state of the agricultural drought accompanied by yield damage. The ICDI had higher positive correlations with the corn yields than SDCI and VegDRI during the crucial growth period from June to August for 2004–2019, which means that the ICDI could reflect the agricultural drought well in terms of the dryness/wetness of land surface and the association with crop yield. Future work should examine the other factors for ICDI, such as locality, crop type, and the anthropogenic impacts, on drought. It is expected that the ICDI can be a viable option for agricultural drought monitoring and yield management.

ANALISA TINGKAT KEPUASAN PETANI PETERNAK KAMBING POTONG TERHADAP ASPEK AGRIBISNIS GAPOKTAN AGRO MANDIRI DI KECAMATAN PONGGOK KABUPATEN BLITAR

The main reasons of this observations is to know how much satisfied beef goat farmers can got about combined farmer groups agricultural aspect that their settle on to fulfil their needed. This observations did on Ponggok Sub-District. Selecting the responden using surfeited sampling. Analysis method using method called IPA (Importance Performance Analysis) cartesius diagram and scoring system using likert scale method, and using index calculating or interval scoring from likert method to put final category in the end of analysis
 The answer from satisfied agricultural aspect analysis using likert method and IPA method cartesius diagram is. Using index calculating Ponggok Sub-District got 379 Point which means got standart high category. IPA method Ponggok Sub-District got 1 variable to work with that is affiliations mediators in farming service with outside group authority and 6 other variable can be increased or just stay still. The conclusions from the observations is, Ponggok Sub-District got standart high category and needed to increasing the affiliations in farming service with outside group authority variables

Bimbingan Teknis Pertanian Organik sebagai Penerapan Teknologi Budidaya Ramah Lingkungan kepada Perkumpulan Kelompok Tani Gapsera Sejahtera Mandiri

Organic agriculture was a cultivation system that applies the concept of sustainable agriculture. Organic farming systems depend on natural ingredients without using synthetic chemicals. Organic cultivation was environmentally friendly by farming activities by continuing to minimize negative impacts on the surrounding environment. This activity aims to provide knowledge and skills on the concept of sustainable agriculture, which is carried out through the application of an organic farming system at Polinela Organic Farm. Technical guidance activities are carried out at the Polinela Organic Farm, Lampung State Polytechnic, on Tuesday, March 10, 2020. Participants were the Association of ‘Sejahtera Mandiri’ Farmers Groups Rejo Asri Village, Seputuh Raman, Central Lampung. The application of environmental friendly in agricultural aspects was reflected in the management of the concept of organic agriculture carried out by Polinela Organic Farm. The concept of environmental friendly in agricultural development was implemented by taking into various aspects, such as the use of inorganic fertilizers with high efficiency, the application of pest and disease control by notice the natural ecological balance, the application of integrated crop management, the application of a clean and healthy farming system, the maintenance and strengthening of physical fertility, chemical, and biological in nature and the use of effective technology based on local wisdom.

Compressed growth – The transforming power of the round bale technology

Silage bailer technology preserving harvested grass and turning it into silage by a baling machine attached to a tractor is common in most rural regions in Norway. In this paper, we argue that not only have silage bales become a common sight in rural areas, in certain cases, silage bales have also had profound significance for agricultural development without much attention paid to their profound role and implications. Norway represents such a case, and a deeper understanding of how such a now common agriculture technology became established could shed light on how the introduction of new technologies affects agricultural change on societal and structural levels. This includes how technologies interact with societal and organizational aspects of agriculture – the co-production of technology and societal practices on different levels. How does new technologies connect – influence and become influenced by – socio-cultural farm practices and societal, organizational and structural features of Norwegian agriculture? We use the introduction of the silag round bale press in Norway as a case study to shed light on this implementation process and its significance for the Norwegian agricultural sector.

Europe's Farm to Fork Strategy and Its Commitment to Biotechnology and Organic Farming: Conflicting or Complementary Goals?

The European Commission's Farm to Fork (F2F) strategy, under the European Green Deal, acknowledges that innovative techniques, including biotechnology, may play a role in increasing sustainability. At the same time, organic farming will be promoted, and at least 25% of the EU's agricultural land shall be under organic farming by 2030. How can both biotechnology and organic farming be developed and promoted simultaneously to contribute to achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)? We illustrate that achieving the SDGs benefits from the inclusion of recent innovations in biotechnology in organic farming. This requires a change in the law. Otherwise, the planned increase of organic production in the F2F strategy may result in less sustainable, not more sustainable, food systems.

Linking Folklore to Agricultural Sustainability Accounting in Bangladesh

The Bangladeshi folklore cultural heritage embraces myriad proverbs, adages, sayings, folktales, and folksongs, including the songs of the Baul mystic minstrels. Many are linked to various aspects of agriculture – from tilling to harvest, storage of yields, and consumption. The paper draws on this folklore to develop the concept of traditional sustainability accounting in agriculture. Although without formal quantification, these proverbs and songs guide agricultural practices in rural Bangladesh maintaining a socio-economic system that promotes sustainable activities, counteracts the damage caused by the 1970 Green Revolution, and encourage sustainability accounting. In recent years, Bangladesh has achieved many of the Millennium Development Goals but has also witnessed environmental deterioration. An agro-ecological management informed by folklore and traditional wisdom has the potential to transform the country's progress along the lines of the UN Sustainable Development Goals.

Illumination-invariant vegetation detection for a vision sensor-based agricultural applications

In this paper, we propose a novel method, illumination-invariant vegetation detection (IVD), to improve many aspects of agriculture for vision-based autonomous machines or robots. The proposed method derives new color feature functions from simultaneously modeling the spectral properties of the color camera and scene illumination. An experiment in which an image sample dataset was acquired under nature illumination, including various intensities, weather conditions, shadows and reflections, was performed. The results show that the proposed method (IVD) yields the highest performance with the lowest error and standard deviation and is superior to six typical methods. Our method has multiple strengths, including computational simplicity and uniformly high-accuracy image segmentation.

Biological control of Fusarium wilt of Ustica landrace lentil

Biological control by means of microorganisms represents an important aspect of sustainable agriculture and food production for organic crops. In this randomized block experimental study, conducted on the island of Ustica, Sicily (Southern Italy), three commercial products containing antagonist micro-organisms, i.e. Cilus Plus (Bacillus velezensis), Micostat F (Glomus spp., Trichoderma spp, Streptomyces spp. Bacillus subtilis, and Pichia pastoris) and Mycostop (Streptomyces griseoviridis), were evaluated for the control of Fusarium wilt of lentil, over a 2-year period (2013–2015) in two separate fields. In the first year, at early bloom lentil stage, Mycostop in field A and Cilus Plus in field B significantly reduced F. oxysporum inoculum density by 44.0% and 37.5%, respectively. In the second year, at the same growth stage, Mycostop was most effective in reducing inoculum density of F. oxysporum (58.4% and 51.4% in field A and B, respectively). In the first year, at full bloom lentil stage, Micostat F significantly outperformed all other treatments in terms of incidence of disease, with an average reduction of 41.7% and 28.3% in field A and B, respectively. In the second year, Mycostop was most effective with a mean reduction of 44.4% and 50.0% in field A and B, respectively. As far as lentil grain yield is concerned, in the first year it was significantly increased following Micostat F treatments in field A, with an average rate of 37.5%, whereas Mycostop and Cilus Plus treatments, in field B, both produced average increases of only 13.0%. Lentil grain yield was also significantly greater in the second year after treatment with Micostop and Micostat F in field A, both with an average increase of 58.7%, and after Cilus Plus, in field B (mean 66.7%). These results support the effectiveness of all three commercial formulations to control Fusarium wilt of lentil, albeit with varying susceptibility of the pathogen to individual antagonists. In particular, F. oxysporum showed greater susceptibility to Mycostop and Micostat F in reducing both inoculum density and incidence of disease, while Cilus Plus was less efficient in reducing the same parameters. In conclusion, our data suggest that these commercial formulations may improve Fusarium wilt management as well as increase lentil yields.

Preface

In order to meet the health and safety needs of our attendees and staff, the 2021 International Conference on Agriculture Science and Water Resource (ASWR2021) which was scheduled to be held in Guangzhou, China, was held virtually online during January 22nd-25th, 2021. Being different from the traditional gatherings we all know, this virtual conference allows us to connect in new ways while keeping expenditure saving and maintaining social distancing. Presentations of presenter from different countries are accessible to hundreds of researchers effectively.Closely related to life, agricultural science and water resource have always been hot research topics and are gaining more and more attention from various countries. Agricultural production depends to a large extent on limited resources such as soil, water, nutrients and energy. At the same time, the misconduct usage of water resources brings about the increasingly prominent environmental problems. Under such condition, ASWR2021 would lay a platform for the interaction between experts and scholars and engineering technicians in the related fields to jointly promote the challenge aspects and discuss future developmentsand discuss future developmentsand discuss future developmentsand discuss future developmentsand discuss future developmentsand discuss future developmentsand discuss future developmentsand discuss future developmentsand discuss future developmentsand discuss future developmentsand discuss future developmentsand discuss future developmentsand discuss future developmentsand discuss future developmentsand discuss future developmentsand discuss future developments in this field.More than 60 individuals attended this online conference via cloud platform for video and audio Zoom. The conference was divided into two parts: keynote speeches and oral presentations. In the keynote speeches part, three keynote speeches with allocated time about 45 minutes each were delivered by Prof. Jiří Jaromír Klemeš, Brno University of Technology, Czech Republic; Prof. Defu Zhang, Xiamen University, China and Assoc. Prof. Wenchao Li, Hebei Agricultural University, China. Their insightful speeches gave our participants great inspiration. In the oral presentations part, experts and practitioners interested in Agriculture Science and Water Resource were given about 10 minutes to present their oral presentations to discuss state-of-the-art research results, perspectives of future developments, and innovative applications of their research.The conference ASWR2021 focuses on the discussion of the various aspects of agriculture, water resource, animal science, plant science and soil science. Some submitted manuscripts within the scope of the conference, which representing the advanced studies, were selected as the excellent papers and complied in the Conference Proceedings. Every accepted paper has undergone peer review process arranged by the Editorial Committee. At least two independent reviewers should review and approve a paper. If reviewers had different opinion on it, more reviewers would be selected to help make a final decision. We believe that the Proceedings will serve as an important research source to provide recent development and information related to agriculture, water resources and environment protection.On behalf of the Organizing Committee, we would like to take this opportunity to express our sincere gratitude to all authors and presenters. We are also grateful to the Technical Program Committee members and reviewers as well as all the colleagues from IOP publisher. It is the joint efforts of everyone that makes the conference a great success.Committee of ASWR2021List of Committee Members are available in this Pdf.

Research on Application Effect of Construction Technology in Agricultural Water Conservancy Project

In recent years, with the improvement of Chinese social productivity and the continuous development of science and technology, Chinese agricultural technology is constantly being reformed and developed. In this process, people are paying more and more attention to the development of agricultural science and technology. Development. Government departments have also invested a lot of talents, funds, technology and other aspects in agriculture, especially in the construction technology of farmland water conservancy projects, which has laid down a better and faster development for Chinese agriculture. Therefore, this article mainly analyses and discusses the construction technology of farmland water conservancy projects.

Detect thy family: Mechanisms, ecology and agricultural aspects of kin recognition in plants.

The phenomenon that organisms can distinguish genetically related individuals from strangers (i.e., kin recognition) and exhibit more cooperative behaviours towards their relatives (i.e., positive kin discrimination) has been documented in a wide variety of organisms. However, its occurrence in plants has been considered only recently. Despite the concerns about some methodologies used to document kin recognition, there is sufficient evidence to state that it exists in plants. Effects of kin recognition go well beyond reducing resource competition between related plants and involve interactions with symbionts (e.g., mycorrhizal networks). Kin recognition thus likely has important implications for evolution of plant traits, diversity of plant populations, ecological networks and community structures. Moreover, as kin selection may result in less competitive traits and thus greater population performance, it holds potential promise for crop breeding. Exploration of these evo‐ecological and agricultural implications requires adequate control and measurements of relatedness, sufficient replication at genotypic level and comprehensive measurements of performance/fitness effects of kin discrimination. The primary questions that need to be answered are: when, where and by how much positive kin discrimination improves population performance.

Applied Research Note: Development of a novel low flow water monitoring system in poultry/agriculture systems

Water scarcity is a global reality and with the anticipated population growth, freshwater resources will be further strained to meet both human and agriculture applications. To ensure a water sustainable and food secure future, all aspects of agriculture must become more efficient. Two strategies were explored. The first strategy was to develop a more efficient and accurate method for measuring water consumption/inputs in agriculture. To date, water measuring technology has lacked the necessary sophistication to assure accuracy and repeatability of low flow water usage. The second strategy utilized the improved water measuring technology, to develop water-efficient genetics in agricultural populations (i.e., row crops, avian and mammalian species) and evaluate nutrition-related associations. Although this low flow water monitoring system has applications in many agriculture/research fields, the current research focuses on measuring water consumption in the commercial broiler.

PDB-101: Educational Portal of the RCSB Protein Database

A new virtual resource called PDB-101 has been designed to help teachers, students, and the general public explore the 3D world of proteins and nucleic acids. Learning about their diverse shapes and functions helps us understand all aspects of biomedicine and agriculture, from protein synthesis to health and disease to biological energy.The PDB has assembled and created a plethora of materials for COVID-19. The resources are divided into 10 subsections: “Getting Started: Hand Washing”; “SARS-CoV-2 Life Cycle”; “The Main Protease Enzyme”; “Evolution of SARS-CoV-2”; “SARS-CoV-2 Genome and Its Expression”; “Infection: The Spike Story”; “The Disease COVID-19”; “Testing: For Virus and Infection”; “Treatment: Drugs”; and “Prevention: Vaccines”. Each of these subsections has a video, Learning Materials, Activities, and Additional Resources. The Learning Materials are downloadable PowerPoint Presentations with presenter notes. Activities are downloadable Word documents with step-by-step instructions for database analysis and discussion. Additional Resources are a variety of links to interactives, printable activities, and journal articles.The 10 subtopics provide multiple entry points for high school students to investigate a variety of topics, from handwashing to complex protein structures and disease processes. The assorted activities cover protein structure at different depths to meet the needs of students in biology, cell biology, virology, and AP biology courses. The videos provide clear imagery for students, which can be used as opening phenomena for units of study on cell biology, proteins, viruses, and immunology. The presentation slides are full of images that make complex content clear to students. Teachers can use the downloaded presentation slides as is, or edit them to meet the needs of their students, then use the downloaded activity to provide reinforcement and enrichment opportunities for their students.These resources could be used to enhance the freshman biology curriculum in several ways – for example, as an extension of cell biology and to reinforce the topics of hydrophilic and hydrophobic substances through the study of the interaction of soap with cell membranes. The activity for subtopic “The Main Protease Enzyme” could be used as an in-depth review of protein structure and the importance of chemical bonding, molecular interactions, and enzyme function. While some students may need modifications to the materials as written, many students will be able to navigate the step-by-step instructions with the assistance of a teacher.The applications for AP and upper-level biology courses are quite clear. At the end of any of the subsections of this topic, students will be able to explain the importance of the molecular shape of a protein, how this shape is determined, and how it determines the function of the protein. In the “Evolution of SARS-CoV-2” section, students use the main protease to examine relationships between variants of the protein using Uniprot and the RCSB Mol* visualization tool. This activity could be used as is for upper-level students, as an enrichment activity, or be modified for general biology as a lesson in an evolution unit.The PDB-101 collection is an excellent set of timely, relevant resources that will enhance student learning as we continue to navigate an unprecedented pandemic.

AKSELERASI INOVASI TEKNOLOGI SPESIFIK LOKASI STRATEGI PENINGKATAN PRODUKSI DI MASA PANDEMI COVID-19

Food is the most basic and foremost human need, whose adequacy and quality determine the level of intelligence and quality of human resources. One of the important and strategic aspects of agriculture can be seen from the national/regional contribution (GDP/GDPR). Agriculture remains the main priority for development policies in Indonesia, especially during the Covid 19 pandemic, which is still endemic today. This paper, which is a review of various information data and related literature, aims to present various levels of technology application, levels of technical efficiency in various agro-ecosystems, which are presented in a qualitative deductive manner. The occurrence of the global financial crisis (for the short term) and climate change (for the long term) as well as national disasters (for example the Covid 19 pandemic) resulted in a weakening of the economy, especially its growth, increased unemployment, and decreased purchasing power. This condition causes access to food to decline, so that food security is predicted to be more vulnerable. It is necessary to provide technology and information according to needs, adequate government and operational policy tools, the functioning of various supporting institutions (research, extension, marketing) that are more focused and take sides in accelerating the achievement of location-specific technological innovations. This is the right strategy for fulfilling national food. Evaluation of agricultural development policies from the aspect of food institutions is needed as a strategy and measures for the accuracy of policy formulation in supporting future increases in national rice production.

Chemical changes in soil with use of pelletized organomineral fertilizer made from biosolids and sugarcane filter cake

Soil fertility has become an interconnected aspect of modern agriculture, incorporating factors such as nutrient availability from soil, and its revision has become necessary for ensuring sustainability. Therefore, to understand the solubility of nutrients from organomineral fertilizers pelleted with biosolids and sugarcane filter cake, and to evaluate the resulting chemical changes in soil from its use, an experiment was performed in a completely randomized design. The experiment was done with four replicates in a 3 × 5 +1 factorial scheme, using three fertilizer sources (mineral fertilizer, organomineral fertilizer pelletized with biosolids, and organomineral fertilizer pelletized with the filter cake); five doses (60%, 80%, 100%, 120%, and 140% of the recommended dose of fertilization for corn); and an additional control treatment (absence of fertilization). The formulation of the organomineral fertilizers was 5-17-10 with 10% total organic carbon. All fertilizer sources were packed in a microfiber cloth positioned 1 cm below the surface of the soil and incubated for 60 days. Subsequent evaluation of chemical attributes: pH H2O (1:2.5); pH SMP (Shoemaker-McLean-Pratt); and the content of exchangeable aluminum, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, silica, and organic matter within the soil was done. Organomineral fertilizers pelleted with biosolids or filter cake do not acidify the soil, but they were found to reduce aluminum saturation and promote a slow release of nutrients, which allowed a more balanced base in the soil. This then ensured a better balance of nutrients, with greater cation exchange capacity, base sums, and base saturation. The use of these fertilizers can contribute to stabilizing the pH of the soil with fewer applications of acidity correctives

Drivers of information sources use pattern by the farm households of Bihar

Agriculture is the main occupation of a large majority of households in Bihar. The differences in demographics and availability and accessibility of various information sources determine the information sources use pattern. Information is one of the basic inputs required prior to, during and after performing any agriculture practices. Present study was conducted in Muzaffarpur and Madhubani districts of Bihar that included a random sample of 120 farmers, 60 each from both the districts. The farmers of Muzaffarpur and Madhubani districts were having varied perceptions on information needs for most of the aspects in agriculture. The step wise multiple regression models revealed that mass media use, education, family size and household expenditure together have explained 53 per cent variation in farmers’ perception on information needs. While, mass media use, education, annual income, family size and personal localite sources use together have determined 61 per cent variation in fulfillment of information needs with respect to various aspects of agriculture. The farmers’ attributes like mass media use, education, annual income, family size and personal localite sources use together have determined 63 per cent variation in perceived effectiveness of the communication sources.

Agriculture in the Age of Technology

In the previous two decades, technological uses in the Indian agricultural sector have steadily increased. Farm mechanisation has taken the lead in this shift, which is allowing farmers to earn more money. Other aspects of agriculture were also seeing technological advancements.