Aspects Of Process Research Articles

PRACTICAL SESSION USED FOR A DEEPER UNDERSTANDING OF VAPOUR COMPRESSION SYSTEMS – A PURPOSE OF TEACHING IN CONSTANTA MARITIME UNIVERSITY

In order to increase the knowledge of future marine engineers it is needed to bring closer the practical skills with theoretical gains. In Constanta Maritime University, Marine Refrigerating Plants is a discipline included in the curricula of future marine engineers. Practical learning can be also developed on low cost and effective means – as it will be proven in the paper. By using Coolselector 2, future marine engineers are trained to apply theoretical knowledge such as thermodynamics principles and to better understand the vapour compression cycle analysis, thermodynamic properties of refrigerants or the importance of the main components of a basic vapour compression refrigeration cycle. At the end of the practical session, students will gain important skills specific to theoretical aspects of refrigeration and thermodynamic processes and real situations.

Food Safety: An Essential Aspect of Due Diligence

The investment in a food company is an investment in its brand and consumer trust. Ensuring a solid investment means including a full food safety assessment and inspection in the pre-investment due diligence. This assessment focuses on evaluating the company’s regulatory compliance, operational practices, and reputational standing to identify any risks that could later jeopardize or weaken the investment. Because due diligence is a standard practice for the successful investor, it behooves the food company being considered for investment to conduct its own pre-transaction due diligence. Both the investor and investee due diligence should be conducted by a person with extensive food safety experience and expertise, which may warrant the employ of a qualified food safety consultant. With the purpose of a due diligence being to ensure a safe and financially solid buy, the food safety assessment of a food company is an uncompromisable aspect of the pre-investment process.

Clinical application of ultrasound in thoracic medial branch block and thoracic cooled-radiofrequency ablation: Case report and literature review

Introduction: Radiofrequency ablation is a procedure used to alleviate pain by destroying nerves with by radiofrequency-generated heat. Traditionally, radiofrequency ablation is preceded by diagnostic medial branch block injections, both guided by fluoroscopy. Fluoroscopic visualization of the superolateral aspect of the thoracic transverse process, where thoracic medial branch nerves occur, can be challenging due to anatomical complexities, especially in obese patients. We present a novel technique in which ultrasound was utilized in conjunction with fluoroscopy to perform medial branch block and radiofrequency ablation of the thoracic medial branch nerves. Case Report: First, two diagnostic thoracic medial branch nerve blocks were performed under ultrasound guidance. For the subsequent radiofrequency ablation, spinal needles were first advanced under ultrasound guidance to the target thoracic medial branch nerves. The position of those spinal needles was then used to guide the placement of cooled radiofrequency ablation probes using fluoroscopy. The patient reported 100% pain relief following the procedures. Discussion: We found that the addition of ultrasound allowed us to overcome the challenge of visualizing the superolateral aspect of thoracic transverse process under fluoroscopy alone. Direct ultrasound visualization allowed us to accurately and safely perform a thoracic medial branch block and radiofrequency ablation in a patient with poor fluoroscopic anatomy, as demonstrated by the patient’s complete pain relief after both medial branch block and radiofrequency ablation. We also theorize that our novel technique allows the provider to directly visualize the pleura, which could reduce the risk of severe pneumothorax associated with thoracic medial branch block and cooled radiofrequency ablation.

Clear insight into complex multimodal resins and impurities to overcome recombinant protein purification challenges: A review.

Increasing attention has been paid to the purity of therapeutic proteins imposing extensive costs and challenges to the downstream processing of biopharmaceuticals. One of the efforts, that has been exerted to overcome such limitations, was developing multimodal or mixed-mode chromatography (MMC) resins for launching selective, orthogonal, non-affinity purification platforms. Despite relatively extensive usage of MMC resins, their real potential and fulfillment have not been extensively reviewed yet. In this work, the explanation of practical and key aspects of downstream processing of recombinant proteins with or without MMC resins was debated, as being useful for further purification process development. This review has been written as a step-by-step guide to deconvolute both inherent protein purification and MMC complexities. Here, after complete elucidation of the potential of MMC resins, the effects of frequently used additives (mobile phase modifiers) and their possible interactions during the purification process, the critical characteristics of common product-related impurities (e.g., aggregates, charge variants, fragments), host-related impurities (e.g., host cell protein and DNA) and process related impurities (e.g., endotoxin, and viruses) with solved or unsolved challenges of traditional and MMC resins have been discussed. Such collective experiences which are reported in this study could be considered as an applied guide for developing successful downstream processing in challenging conditions by providing a clear insight into complex MMC resins and impurities.

Difficult cases of punctuation in the tasks of the All-Russian Olympiad of schoolchildren in the Russian language

The article examines those All-Russian Olympiad assignments in the Russian language that include questions on punctuation. It is noted that punctuation as a separate section is not included in the methodological recommendations for compiling Olympiad assignments. There are several reasons accounting for the small number of punctuation Olympiad tasks. Firstly, modern Russian punctuation is variable. Thus, the use of one or another punctuation mark can be determined not only by the main structural-grammatical principle of punctuation, but by the semantic and intonation ones as well. Secondly, the absence of unified prescriptive rules leads to discrepancies in the explanation of a particular punctuation case. Nevertheless, assignments on difficult cases of punctuation are appropriate in the Russian language Olympiad since they are the type of research tasks that form textual analysis skills in the aspect of the norm variation processes.

Critical assessment of recent advancements in chitosan-functionalized iron and geopolymer-based adsorbents for the selective removal of arsenic from water.

Inorganic arsenic (As), a known carcinogen and major contaminant in drinking water, affects over 140 million people globally, with levels exceeding the World Health Organization's (WHO) guidelines of 10μgL-1. Developing innovative technologies for effluent handling and decontaminating polluted water is critical. This paper summarizes the fundamental characteristics of chitosan-embedded composites for As adsorption from water. The primary challenge in selectively removing As ions is the presence of phosphate, which is chemically similar to As(V). This study evaluates and summarizes innovative As adsorbents based on chitosan and its composite modifications, focusing on factors influencing their adsorption affinity. The kinetics, isotherms, column models, and thermodynamic aspects of the sorption processes were also explored. Finally, the adsorption process and implications of functionalized chitosan for wastewater treatment were analyzed. There have been minimal developments in water disinfection using metal-biopolymer composites for environmental purposes. This field of study offers numerous research opportunities to expand the use of biopolymer composites as detoxifying materials and to gain deeper insights into the foundations of biopolymer composite adsorbents, which merit further investigation to enhance adsorbent stability.

Compatibility Model between Encapsulant Compounds and Antioxidants by the Implementation of Machine Learning

The compatibility between antioxidant compounds (ACs) and wall materials (WMs) is one of the most crucial aspects of the encapsulation process, as the encapsulated compounds’ stability depends on the affinity between the compounds, which is influenced by their chemical properties. A compatibility model between the encapsulant and antioxidant chemicals was built using machine learning (ML) to discover optimal matches without costly and time-consuming trial-and-error experiments. The attributes of the required antioxidant and wall material components were recollected, and two datasets were constructed. As a result, a tying process was performed to connect both datasets and identify significant relationships between parameters of ACs and WMs to define the compatibility or incompatibility of the compounds, as this was necessary to enrich the dataset by incorporating decoys. As a result, a simple statistical analysis was conducted to examine the indicated correlations between variables, and a Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was performed to reduce the dimensionality of the dataset without sacrificing essential information. The K-nearest neighbor (KNN) algorithm was used and designed to handle the classification problems of the compatibility of the combinations to integrate ML in the model. In this way, the model accuracy was 0.92, with a sensitivity of 0.84 and a specificity of 1. These results indicate that the KNN model performs well, exhibiting high accuracy and correctly classifying positive and negative combinations as evidenced by the sensitivity and specificity scores.

Intangible cultural heritage in practice Between appreciation and appropriation

This text deals with selected issues related to the use of cultural heritage undertaken from the position of stakeholders. Theoretical considerations are based on selected examples of craft skills used in safeguarding intangible heritage. The lively activity of dissemination and promotion of these skills is largely linked to the implementation of the 2003 UNESCO Convention on the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage and the consequent creation of the National List of Intangible Cultural Heritage. In particular, the text analyses aspects of the nomination process of heritage bearers and the outcomes of such a role. More broadly, the article highlights issues related to the boundary between cultural heritage appreciation and appropriation, as well as heritage management and community empowerment.

Anatomo-functional changes in neural substrates of cognitive memory in developmental amnesia: Insights from automated and manual Magnetic Resonance Imaging examinations.

Despite bilateral hippocampal damage dating to the perinatal or early childhood period and severely impaired episodic memory, patients with developmental amnesia continue to exhibit well-developed semantic memory across the developmental trajectory. Detailed information on the extent and focality of brain damage in these patients is needed to hypothesize about the neural substrate that supports their remarkable capacity for encoding and retrieval of semantic memory. In particular, we need to assess whether the residual hippocampal tissue is involved in this preservation, or whether the surrounding cortical areas reorganize to rescue aspects of these critical cognitive memory processes after early injury. We used voxel-based morphometry (VBM) analysis, automatic (FreeSurfer) and manual segmentation to characterize structural changes in the brain of an exceptionally large cohort of 23 patients with developmental amnesia in comparison with 32 control subjects. Both the VBM and the FreeSurfer analyses revealed severe structural alterations in the hippocampus and thalamus of patients with developmental amnesia. Milder damage was found in the amygdala, caudate, and parahippocampal gyrus. Manual segmentation demonstrated differences in the degree of atrophy of the hippocampal subregions in patients. The level of atrophy in CA-DG subregions and subicular complex was more than 40%, while the atrophy of the uncus was moderate (-24%). Anatomo-functional correlations were observed between the volumes of residual hippocampal subregions in patients and selective aspects of their cognitive performance, viz, intelligence, working memory, and verbal and visuospatial recall. Our findings suggest that in patients with developmental amnesia, cognitive processing is compromised as a function of the extent of atrophy in hippocampal subregions. More severe hippocampal damage may be more likely to promote structural and/or functional reorganization in areas connected to the hippocampus. In this hypothesis, different levels of hippocampal function may be rescued following this variable reorganization. Our findings document not only the extent, but also the limits of circuit reorganization occurring in the young brain after early bilateral hippocampal damage.

The dual-edged role of SIRT1 in energy metabolism and cardiovascular disease.

Regulation of energy metabolism is pivotal in the development of cardiovascular diseases. Dysregulation in mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation (FAO) has been linked to cardiac lipid accumulation and diabetic cardiomyopathy. Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) is a deacetylase that regulates the acetylation of various proteins involved in mitochondrial energy metabolism. SIRT1 mediates energy metabolism by directly and indirectly affecting multiple aspects of mitochondrial processes, such as mitochondrial biogenesis. SIRT1 interacts with essential mitochondrial energy regulators such as Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor α (PPARα), PPARgcoactivator-1 (PGC1α), Estrogen-Related Receptor α (ERRα), and their downstream targets. Apart from that, SIRT1 regulates additional proteins, including Forkhead Box Protein O1 (FOXO1) and AMP-Activated Protein Kinase (AMPK) in cardiac disease. Interestingly, studies have also shown that the expression of SIRT1 plays a dual-edged role in energy metabolism. Depending on the physiological state, SIRT1 expression can be detrimental or protective. This review focuses on the molecular pathways through which SIRT1 regulates energy metabolism in cardiovascular diseases. We will review SIRT1 and discuss its role in cardiac energy metabolism and its benefits and detrimental effects in heart disease.

Developing and Evaluating Digital Public Health Interventions Using the Digital Public Health Framework DigiPHrame: A Framework Development Study.

Digital public health (DiPH) interventions may help us tackle substantial public health challenges and reach historically underserved populations, in addition to presenting valuable opportunities to improve and complement existing services. However, DiPH interventions are often triggered through technological advancements and opportunities rather than public health needs. To develop and evaluate interventions designed to serve public health needs, a comprehensive framework is needed that systematically covers all aspects with relevance for public health. This includes considering the complexity of the technology, the context in which the technology is supposed to operate, its implementation, and its effects on public health, including ethical, legal, and social aspects. We aimed to develop such a DiPH framework with a comprehensive list of core principles to be considered throughout the development and evaluation process of any DiPH intervention. The resulting digital public health framework (DigiPHrame) was based on a scoping review of existing digital health and public health frameworks. After extracting all assessment criteria from these frameworks, we clustered the criteria. During a series of multidisciplinary meetings with experts from the Leibniz ScienceCampus Digital Public Health, we restructured each domain to represent the complexity of DiPH. In this paper, we used a COVID-19 contact-tracing app as a use case to illustrate how DigiPHrame may be applied to assess DiPH interventions. The current version of DigiPHrame consists of 182 questions nested under 12 domains. Domain 1 describes the current status of health needs and existing interventions; domains 2 and 3, the DiPH technology under assessment and aspects related to human-computer interaction, respectively; domains 4 and 5, structural and process aspects, respectively; and domains 6-12, contextual conditions and the outcomes of the DiPH intervention from broad perspectives. In the CWA use case, a number of questions relevant during its development but also important for assessors once the CWA was available were highlighted. DigiPHrame is a comprehensive framework for the development and assessment of digital technologies designed for public health purposes. It is a living framework and will, therefore, be updated regularly and as new public health needs and technological advancements emerge.

Involving lead users in firm’s standardization strategy within action groups: evidence from smart robotics

PurposeThis research explores how firms manage the complex technologies standardization in action groups. It considers the strategic issues that technology producers face when involving lead users in architecture design. Drawing on the multi-mode standardization literature, this study addresses two dilemmas regarding value creation and appropriation by technology producers within coalitions. The first dilemma is how to create value by developing solutions in compliance with industry standards. The second one is how to appropriate value while ensuring the technology sharing with action groups. The answers to these two dilemmas contribute to filling the research gap on value creation and appropriation in multi-mode standardization.Design/methodology/approachThe research focuses on technology producers participating in action groups where lead users play a crucial role. We conducted a qualitative analysis based on the standardization experience of a Japanese company specializing in smart robotics. Data are collected through semi-structured interviews with key actors. Action groups are defined operationally as a set of stakeholders including competitors of the technology producers, component suppliers, end users, services providers, research centers and academia. The case study is suitable for highlighting specific aspects of the standardization process during its manifestation. It reveals how firms create and appropriate value, providing details about its standardization strategy.FindingsOur findings show that smart robotics standardization is drivn by collaborative models, where the two dilemmas of value creation and appropriation are evident. Firstly, the case revealed that standardization is lead users oriented. Secondly, lead users’ involvement is crucial to customize technologies. Thirdly, the firm’s position is to share a part of the value with the members. The IPR policy is a matter of interest within action groups, since the collaboration is based on open innovation models to share patents and licenses related knowledge.Research limitations/implicationsThis research has some limitations attributable to the limited generalizability of the results due to the qualitative analysis. In addition, this study considers the perspective of technology producers, but should also take into account the perspective of both collective actions itself and the lead users. Findings have some implications in the strategy negotiation. Participating in action groups is not enough to ensure a competitive advantage. Involving lead users is of strategic importance to acquire a competitive advantage. Lead users contribute to the producers’ technology design, helping firms to differentiate solutions from the industry standard and create value from customized technologies.Practical implicationsThis study helps practitioners understand the competitive side of collective actions, clarifying the value capture and appropriability in standardization. The research provides insights to policymakers and standard development organizations committees when they are called to harmonize standards considering the fallouts on the sector’s competitiveness. Findings suggest appropriate property rights policies to manage the issues related to the value appropriability and technology sharing, recognizing action groups members for their contribution in value creation.Originality/valueThis study shows how firms deal within action groups with the two dilemmas of variety versus technology conformity and property rights versus technology sharing. It fills the research gap in collective actions, emphasizing the perspective of the individual firm in the group rather than the coalition strategy itself. This topic highlights the crucial role of lead users within action groups in managing the two dilemmas, offering a new perspective for understanding critical issues of multi-mode standardization. Reflecting on mechanisms and tools to manage the two dilemmas allows firms to protect their competitive advantage in coalitions.

Machine-learning classification with additivity and diverse multifractal pathways in multiplicativity

Evidence of multifractal structures has spread to a wider set of physiological time series supporting the intricate interplay of biological and psychological functioning. These dynamics manifest as random multiplicative cascades, embodying nonlinear relationships characterized by recurring division, branching, and aggregation processes implicating noise across successive generations. This investigation focuses on how well the diversity of multifractal properties can be specific to the type of cascade relationship between generation (i.e., multiplicative, additive, or a mixture) as well as to the type of noise (i.e., including additive white Gaussian noise, fractional Gaussian noise, and various amalgamations) among 15 distinct types of binomial cascade processes. Cross-correlation analysis of multifractal spectral features confirms that these features capture nuanced aspects of cascading processes with minimal redundancy. Principal component analysis using 13 distinct multifractal spectral features shows that different cascade processes can manifest multifractal evidence of nonlinearity for distinct reasons. This transparency of multifractal spectral features to underlying cascade dynamics becomes less amenable to machine-learning strategies. Fully connected neural networks struggled to classify the 15 distinct types of cascade processes based on the respective multifractal spectral features (45.5% accuracy) yet demonstrated improved accuracy when addressing single categories of cross-generation relationships, that is, additive (91.6%), multiplicative (75.4%), or additomultiplicative (70.6%). While traditional principal component analysis reveals distinct loadings attributed to individual noise processes, multiplicative relationships between generations effectively make the constituent noise processes less discernible to neural networks. Neural networks may lack sufficient hierarchical depth required to effectively distinguish among nonadditive cascading processes, recommending either elaborating multifractal geometry or using alternate architectures for machine-learning classification of cascades with multiplicative relationships. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

Blockchain Traceability Process for Hairy Crab Based on Cuckoo Filter

With the rapid development of global information technology, smart agriculture has gradually become an important force to promote agricultural modernisation. Taking Yangcheng Lake hairy crabs as the research object, this paper constructs a full-chain traceability process for hairy crabs integrating blockchain and Internet of Things technology in response to the demand for the enhancement of its brand value and market competitiveness. The model covers all aspects of breeding, processing, and transport to sales; realises end-to-end transparent regulation; effectively guarantees the authenticity and non-tamperability of information; and enhances consumers’ trust in the brand. At the technical level, this paper designs the ECMI (Enhanced Cuckoo Merkle Index) model, optimises the data storage and retrieval mechanism, and experimentally verifies the advantages of cuckoo filters over traditional Bloom filters in reducing false positives and improving query efficiency. This paper not only provides an efficient and safe traceability solution for the hairy crab industry in Yangcheng Lake but also provides technical support and practical cases for the further application of blockchain technology in smart agriculture, which is of great value for the realisation of the national rural revitalisation strategy.

A Study on Key Performing Indicator and their Impact on Sales at MYBAE BAGS

Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) play an important role in the sales process in a competitive business environment. This study highlights the importance of KPIs in providing a structured way to measure, evaluate and optimize sales performance. KPIs, which include metrics such as sales revenue, conversion rates, customer acquisition costs, sales growth, and average transaction value, provide valuable insight into aspects of the sales process. Based on organizational goals and industry standards, these metrics help companies make data-driven decisions, reinforce accountability, and drive continuous improvement. This study explores the bag industry, divided into fashion, travel, sports, business and specialty bags. Advances in technology have led to the use of lighter and stronger materials and the inclusion of features such as RFID blocking sensors and integrated circuits. This industry is global and has a significant contribution to the economies of the world and India. Research methods include the collection of primary and secondary data using data analysis techniques to determine market size and forecast. A PESTEL analysis of an industry examines the political, economic, social, technological, environmental and legal issues affecting the industry. The report also provides an overview of MYBAE BAGS, highlighting its business segments, revenue growth, and market strategies. This study highlights the importance of KPIs in driving strategic change and achieving sustainable growth, positioning KPIs as important tools for organizations seeking to improve sales performance and good management

Analysis of fast calcium dynamics of honey bee olfactory coding

Odour processing exhibits multiple parallels between vertebrate and invertebrate olfactory systems. Insects, in particular, have emerged as relevant models for olfactory studies because of the tractability of their olfactory circuits. Here, we used fast calcium imaging to track the activity of projection neurons in the honey bee antennal lobe (AL) during olfactory stimulation at high temporal resolution. We observed a heterogeneity of response profiles and an abundance of inhibitory activities, resulting in various response latencies and stimulus-specific post-odour neural signatures. Recorded calcium signals were fed to a mushroom body (MB) model constructed implementing the fundamental features of connectivity between olfactory projection neurons, Kenyon cells (KC), and MB output neurons (MBON). The model accounts for the increase of odorant discrimination in the MB compared to the AL and reveals the recruitment of two distinct KC populations that represent odorants and their aftersmell as two separate but temporally coherent neural objects. Finally, we showed that the learning-induced modulation of KC-to-MBON synapses can explain both the variations in associative learning scores across different conditioning protocols used in bees and the bees' response latency. Thus, it provides a simple explanation of how the time contingency between the stimulus and the reward can be encoded without the need for time tracking. This study broadens our understanding of olfactory coding and learning in honey bees. It demonstrates that a model based on simple MB connectivity rules and fed with real physiological data can explain fundamental aspects of odour processing and associative learning.

Development and architecture of Customer Relationship Management on Predictive Analytics in Smart Utilities Based

The study's scope is restricted with regard to the topics that are covered, the locations thatare covered, and the analyses that are covered. Given that the researcher's focus was on customerrelationship management, which is just one aspect of the marketing process, the topical scope of thestudy was therefore constrained. Again, concentrating on a few of the numerous units that make uporganisations in an area couldn't disclose any more details about the research. The research is focusedon the Smart Utilities based on Predictive Analytics, and because the consumers of the business aredispersed in the various areas, the geographical scope of the study is restricted because of this. Anotherconstraint of the study is its geographical or regional scope. There is also an analytical restriction to theresearch, which is that the proposed customer engagement methods are only supplied when theemphasis is focused on the predefined goals. It was also observed that customer relationshipmanagement is the most neglected activity in many organizations, which should be given prime attentionto meet the contemporary challenges in Smart Utilities based on Predictive Analytics. Therefore the needis to make in-depth study of how the relationship aspect will affect the growth profitability for the firms to what extent this requires an in-depth study of the subject entitled with intention to make acomprehensive study of customer relationship management in Smart Utilities based on PredictiveAnalytics.

Gradient Scale Monitoring for Federated Learning Systems

As the computational and communicational capabilities of edge and IoT devices grow, so do the opportunities for novel Machine Learning solutions. This leads to an increase in popularity of Federated Learning (FL), especially in cross-device settings. However, while there is a multitude of ongoing research works analyzing various aspects of the FL process, most of them do not focus on issues of operationalization and monitoring. For instance, there is a noticeable lack of research in the topic of effective problem diagnosis in FL systems. This work begins with a case study, in which we have intended to compare the performance of four selected approaches to the topology of FL systems. For this purpose, we have constructed and executed simulations of their training process in a controlled environment. We have analyzed the obtained results and encountered concerning periodic drops in the accuracy for some of the scenarios. We have performed a successful reexamination of the experiments, which led us to diagnose the problem as caused by exploding gradients. In view of those findings, we have formulated a potential new method for the continuous monitoring of the FL training process. The method would hinge on regular local computation of a handpicked metric - the gradient scale coefficient (GSC). We then extend our prior research to include a preliminary analysis of the effectiveness of GSC and average gradients per layer as potentially suitable for FL diagnostics metrics. In order to perform a more thorough examination of their usefulness in different FL scenarios, we simulate the occurrence of the exploding gradient problem, vanishing gradient problem and stable gradient serving as a baseline. We then evaluate the resulting visualizations based on their clarity and computational requirements. We introduce a gradient monitoring suite for the FL training process based on our results.

Специфика изучения игрового процесса в видеоиграх и его связи с агрессией в зарубежных исследованиях

<p style="text-align: justify;"><a><span lang="EN-US">The article addresses the problem of designing a research model applicable to study of enthusiasm for video games</span> <span lang="EN-US">and aggression. As a possible way to overcome the existing contradictions in the research results, it is important to study this interplay, taking into account the features of play activity. Video game is not an accurate model of reality. It is based on a different, significantly simplified system of rules, and has a conventional nature. Thus, it seems important to go on collecting information concerning the psychological aspects of the game process, especially the ones, connected with the reflection of the play experience and the features of behavior in the game. The purpose of this review is to identify the specificity of designing studies aimed at investigating the problem of the implementation of the game process in video games and aggression in relation to the specificity of play activity. In few publications that pay attention to the psychological components of the gameplay its individual aspects (perception of frustrating game events, realism of the game space and involvement in the game context) are often discussed without taking into account the specificity of the game. In perspective we intend to particularize the specificity of processing the play experience, namely, the way it reflects in the chosen game</span> <span lang="EN-US">tactics.</span></a></p>

Shared Religious Education through Christian–Islamic Team Teaching

The article, which is written by an interreligious team, provides comprehensive insights into the conception, implementation and accompanying research of a project on Christian–Islamic religious education in team teaching. The aim of the project is to expand the denominational religious education lessons anchored in Austrian schools through religious-cooperative units taught jointly by a Christian and an Islamic teacher. The analysis of the teaching units is carried out in the format of design-based research and thus encompasses numerous aspects of interreligious educational processes, which are examined in this article. Firstly, the design of the project is described and the legal framework associated with it is explained in the context of the Austrian school system. Subsequently, learning requirements on the part of Christian and Muslim pupils are presented, with a particular focus on their preconceptions and attitudes towards religion in general as well as other religions. Special attention is paid to the specific framework conditions of Islamic religious education teachers, which differ in many aspects from those of Catholic religious education teachers. Furthermore, interreligious competences they consider necessary are described. Specific insights into the teaching units and the complementary research provide information about the opportunities and challenges of interreligious education in team teaching by two teachers. After this focus on the teachers, an outline of the students’ perspectives on the teaching units completes the presentation of the research results. In the concluding summary, the local theories developed from the overall project are presented and discussed.