Aspects Of Empathy Research Articles

Validation of a Modified Version of Interpersonal Reactivity Index for Medical Students Using Rasch Analysis

Construct: Empathy has been accepted to interweave both cognitive aspects (the ability to put oneself in another person’s place), and affective (or emotional) aspects, indicating an emotional reaction or response to another person’s emotional state. Literature supports the positive influences of empathy on doctor-patient relationship, patient satisfaction, and positive clinical outcomes. Background: Many studies have dealt with the development of empathy measurement tools for physicians and medical students. A frequently used empathy measuring instrument for medical students is the “Interpersonal Reactivity Index” (IRI) which was designed to measure the multi-dimensional aspects of empathy in the general adult population. Most previous literature which validated IRI for medical students has used factor analysis, whilst studies applying Rasch models have been limited. Our study aimed to investigate the psychometric properties of a modified version of IRI for medical students using Rasch analysis. Approach: Medical students (1,293) from 15 medical schools in South Korea participated in an online questionnaire consisting of 28 items of the Korean translated version of IRI. We applied exploratory factor analysis (EFA) using polychoric correlation matrix to determine the optimal number of factors followed by Rasch analysis and McDonald’s Omega calculation. Findings: The adapted IRI-MS (IRI for medical students) consisted of 17 items in four dimensions: empathic concern (5), fictitious situation (4), perspective taking (4), and personal distress (4). The overall fit of IRI-MS revealed an acceptable goodness-of-fit for all 17 items and a positive point measure correlation for all items. Reliability indices from the Rasch modeling and McDonald’s Omega values of all four dimensions were satisfactory for research. We found the Wright-Andrich maps and category probability curves of the IRI’s four dimensions to be less than optimal in measuring empathy levels with adequate precision. Conclusions: Rasch analysis of IRI-MS fell short from being able to prove satisfactory validity in measuring the multidimensional nature of empathy in medical students. However, our study applying Rasch analysis may serve as groundwork for future studies, to further develop from the shortcomings of our findings. Supplemental data for this article are available online at at www.tandfonline.com/htlm .

INCREASING THE EMPATHY OF CHILDREN AGED 5-6 YEARS THROUGH STORYTELLING (ACTION RESEARCH IN TUNAS MANDIRI KINDERGARTEN, BOGOR)

AbstrackThis study aims to improve the behavior of children aged 5-6 years empathy in kindergarten Tunas Mandiri Bogor. The subjects were children kindergarten group B1 Tunas Mandiri Bogor aged 5-6 years as many as 9 people. The method used is action research. Data collection using the instrument, observation, interviews, and documentation. The results showed that results of the analysis of quantitative data obtained empathy percentage of 66% in the first cycle and 74.2% in the second cycle. These results indicate conformity with the hypothesis that an increase in acts of pre-study to the first cycle and second cycle exceeds 71%, then the hypothesis is accepted. Results of the qualitative analysis based on field notes, interview notes, and also records the documentation to prove that the activities of storytelling can increase the empathy of children aged 5-6 years. Behavioral aspects of empathy that appears after getting action in the form of storytelling activity that is able to accept the other person's perspective, sensitive to the feelings of others and willing to listen to others. Based on quantitative data and qualitative data obtained by researchers that the activities of storytelling can increase the empathy of children aged 5-6 years in kindergarten Tunas Mandiri Bogor. Keywords: Empathy, Activity of Storytelling

Analysis of student satisfaction with the quality of education services

The purpose of this research was to determine students’ satisfaction with the quality of education services in universities in West Kalimantan. The method used in this study is the quantitative research method. The results known after conducting this study is, first, the students’ satisfaction to the quality of service of information technology and computer education study programme is considered satisfactory with a score of 77.09%. Then, the second satisfaction of the students to the services of the ICT study programme is seen from the tangible aspect of satisfaction, with a satisfaction score of 77.09%. Students’ satisfaction with the ICT study programme services seen from the aspect of trust (reliability) was satisfactory, with a satisfaction score of 76.84%. Students’ satisfaction with the ICT study programme services seen from the responsive aspect (responsive) was satisfactory, with a satisfaction score of 77.24%. Students’ satisfaction with the ICT study programme services was seen from the aspect of satisfactory assurance, with a satisfaction score of 76.54%. Finally, students’ satisfaction with the ICT study programme services seen from the aspect of empathy was satisfactory, with a satisfaction score of 77.81%.
 Keywords: student satisfaction, education services, Information Communication,Technology

Analysis of Customer Preferences and Satisfaction toward Sharia Bank Services in Indonesia during the Covid-19 Pandemic

Islamic banks are one of the financial industries affected by the covid 19 pandemic. The inability to pay their obligations to Islamic banks and deposit withdrawals directly impacts the decline in customer business. This condition increases the risk of Islamic banks so that the ability of Islamic banks is needed to maintain customer loyalty. This study aims to analyze customer preferences and satisfaction with Islamic banking services during the pandemic.The data analyzed is primary data with 308 Islamic bank customers as respondents. Determination of the sample using the purposive sampling method with the criteria of the management of Islamic social organizations has been a customer since before the pandemic and made transactions during the pandemic. The data analysis uses the Importance Performance Analysis (IPA) method with the Carter approach (Compliance, Assurance, Responsiveness, Tangible, Empathy and Reliability).The results showed that compliance and assurance have a high level of performance with high preferences and satisfaction. Meanwhile, people's preferences are low, and satisfaction is low because their performance is also low in the tangible and reliability aspects. Another finding is that customers have high preferences but low satisfaction because their performance is typical responsiveness, and people have low preferences. Still, high satisfaction lies in the reliability and empathy aspects.

Cultural Adaptation, Validation, and Psychometric Description of the Pictorial Empathy Test (PET) in the Spanish Population

Abstract: Research in psychology and social neuroscience distinguishes between dispositional and situational empathy for the cognitive and affective aspects of empathy. Yet, the Pictorial Empathy Test (PET) is one of the few brief tests focusing on situational affective empathy. This paper describes the adaptation of PET in a two-stage process, consisting of instrument translation and exploratory analysis of the construct in a university student sample, followed by confirmatory factor analysis and psychometric validation in a general population sample (Study 1, N = 79 and Study 2, N = 580). Our results indicate that the Spanish PET version constitutes a single factor structure with high internal consistency as well as high construct stability across genders and across in-person and online test administration setups. We report satisfactory convergent, discriminant, and nomological validity of the Spanish PET, as reported for the original version, in addition to when explored across new dimensions, like the Interpersonal Reactivity Index or in relation to age and prosocial tendencies. Based on the above, we discuss delineation of the distinct components of emotional empathy as measured by the instrument. The work presented supports the use of the Spanish PET version as a brief screening tool for state affective (emotional) empathy.

THE INFLUENCE OF SERVICE QUALITY ON CUTOMER SATISFACTION IN HANDLING UMROH TRAVEL DOCUMENTS ON TARA TOUR DURING THE EID 2018 HOLIDAY PERIOD

This study aims to find out how the effect of quality of service on customer satisfaction in handlingtravel documents in Tara tour during the holiday period of Eid Al-Fitr 2018. This study uses descriptive methodswith qualitative approach, namely transforming raw data into a form of data that is easy to understand andinterpret, as well as composing, manipulating and presenting in order to become information. The results of thisstudy show that there are several aspects that affect the quality of service, namely the aspects of physical evidence,aspects of reliability, aspects of responsiveness, aspects of assurance and aspects of empathy. From the results ofthis study, the findings that customer satisfaction in handling documents from the aspect of physical evidence(tangible) by 69%, customer satisfaction in handling documents from the aspect of reliability (reliability) of73%, customer satisfaction in handling documents from the aspect of responsiveness (responsiveness) of 72%,customer satisfaction in handling documents from the aspect of assurance (assurance) of 84% and customersatisfaction in handling documents from the aspect of empathy (empathy) of 84%.

Единство интеллекта и аффекта в множественной регуляции эмпатии

Background. The manuscript provides a synthetic review of the multiple understandings of the concept of empathy. Recent studies generally limit their focus to some aspects of empathy; alternatively, others adopt a top-down methodology for conceptualization of its dimensions rather than the analysis of the multiple regulation of processes that result in empathy. This review is timely and relevant not only because it compares various types of empathy but also because it provides an analysis of the involvement of various empathy processes in a wide plethora of relationships. Objective. The goa of the review was to establish the conceptual framework for the understanding of multiple types of empathy involvement in cognitive and affective/personality domains, as well as of theoretical discrepancies that can be overcome from the standpoint of unity of intellect and affect. Methods. This synthetic review elucidates fundamental dichotomies that are central to understanding of empathy (cognitive-affective; immediate-mediated; situational-dispositional etc) as well as the wide range of associations established between empathy, emotional intelligence, and unstable personality core traits such as the Dark Triad. Results. The results of the study are based on the systematic review of theories of empathy and suggest the need for differentiation between empathy as a product and empathy as a set of processes that might through different pathways achieve the same result and product — empathy. Thus, we argue that the seeming inconsistency between the multiple types of empathy can be resolved by postulating that it is subject to the principle of dynamic regulative systems (DRS) that allow for a rich combination of hierarchical structures of cognitive and emotional processes. This approach assumes that multiple processes underly regulation of empathy. This idea is rooted in Vygotsky’s idea of the unity of intellect and affect, pointing to the pivotal role of empathy as the binding and mediating trait between cognitive and personality/ affective domains. Conclusion. The review lays the foundation for the approach that omits the development of partial theories of empathy in favor of viewing it as a resulting product of multiple processes. Different types and forms of empathy that are frequently discussed in the literature reflect the development of hierarchical dynamic systems and processes.

LAUGHTER AND EMPATHY

At a biological level, laughter was found to help in dealing with pain and suffering. From a psychological perspective, its effects have been studied both at intrapersonal and interpersonal levels. At an intrapersonal level, laughter contributes to self-regulating emotions (especially lowering the trait anxiety), diminishing the expression of anger, internally or externally, the same time with increasing self-acceptance. At interpersonal level, laughing together builds trust, while being laughed at may be traumatic. In the present study, the objective was to investigate the effects of laughter on empathy, awareness, and acceptance of personal experience. The participants in the study, all women, watched a situational comedy for 1.5 hours, with different life situations which may seem negative, but presented in an amusing manner, and, very important, with a happy end. At the end, they completed the empathy and awareness questionnaires. Statistical analysis, comparing their scores with those in a non-treatment condition, showed that laughing at the situational comedy significantly influenced almost all aspects of empathy, significantly decreasing the personal distress from empathizing with others, but also sensitivity and emotional interest towards them, without significant influence on awareness and acceptance of personal experience.

Analisis Kualitas Pelayanan pada Rumah Makan Panca Rasa Puruk Cahu

The Panca Rasa Puruk Cahu Restaurant is one of the companies in Murung Raya Central Kalimantan Province, where its business is engaged in providing products (goods and services). In providing services to the community, Panca Rasa Restaurant is required to do the best and provide satisfaction to customers in their services. This study aims to determine the quality of service about customer satisfaction at the Panca Rasa Puruk Cahu restaurant. The research approach used is descriptive qualitative with data collection techniques through: observation, interviews and documentation. Data analysis techniques: data reduction data presentation and drawing conclusions, with the respondents are consumers at the Panca Rasa Restaurant, consumers who have been set as many as 8 people. From the results of the research analysis, it can be concluded that the quality of service is shown from the aspects of tangible, realibility, responsiveness, assurance, and empathy at the Panca Rasa Puruk Cahu restaurant as follows: Tangible aspects provide complete facilities, arrangement of goods and appearance. Clean and tidy employees. In the aspect of reliability, using a manual system in making payment transactions for operating hours that are always correct and provide polite and courteous service. Responsiveness aspect, always responds / responds to complaints and complaints from consumers, but consumers must first find employees to get service. Aspects of assurance, providing security, comfort, and guarantees for products purchased by consumers and employees having skills and knowledge about the products being sold. Aspects of empathy, employees always communicate to consumers.

Designing for others: the roles of narrative and empathy in supporting girls’ engineering engagement

PurposeScience museums provide a context for developing and testing engineering activities that support visitors in creating personally meaningful objects. This study aims to propose that narrative design elements in such engineering activities can foster empathy to support engineering engagement among girls ages 7–14.Design/methodology/approachTaking a constructionist approach to engineering design, the authors present results from an observational study (n = 202 girls) of engineering activities across three museums that were designed to foster girls’ engineering engagement by integrating narrative elements aimed to foster empathy in activities. Using quantitative counts from observation protocols, the authors conducted statistical analyses to explore relationships between narrative, engineering and empathy.FindingsLinear regression demonstrated a statistically significant relationship between empathy and increased numbers of engineering practices within museum activities. Additionally, this led us to explore the impacts the potential narrative design elements may have on designing for empathy – multiple linear regressions found both narrative and empathy to be independently associated with engineering practices. Overall, the authors found that using narrative to design activities to elicit empathy resulted in girls demonstrating more engineering practices.Originality/valueThe authors offer design ideas to foster aspects of empathy, including user-centered design, perspective-taking, familiarity and desire to help.

Disrupted Association Between Empathy and Brain Structure in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder.

ObjectivesTo investigate the relationship between brain structure and empathy in early adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).MethodsNineteen early adolescents with ADHD and 20 healthy controls underwent 3T MRI. All the participants were assessed for different aspects of empathy using measures including the Interpersonal Reactivity Index and Empathy Quotient. Cortical thickness and subcortical structural volume based on T1-weighted scans were analyzed using FreeSurfer.ResultsCognitive empathy (t=-2.52, p=0.016) and perspective taking (t=-2.10, p=0.043) were impaired in the ADHD group compared with the control group. The cluster encompassing the left posterior insular, supramarginal, and transverse temporal cortices [cluster-wise p-value (CWP)=0.001], which are associated with emotional empathy, was significantly smaller in the ADHD group, and the volume of the left nucleus accumbens was greater than that of the control group (F=10.12, p=0.003, effect size=0.22). In the control group, the left superior temporal (CWP=0.002) and lingual cortical (CWP=0.035) thicknesses were positively associated with cognitive empathy, while the right amygdala volume was positively associated with empathic concern (Coef=14.26, t=3.92, p=0.001). However, there was no significant correlation between empathy and brain structure in the ADHD group.ConclusionThe ADHD group had a smaller volume of the cortical area associated with emotional empathy than the control group, and there was no brain region showing significant correlation with empathy, unlike in the control group.

Cultural Sensitivity of the Interpersonal Reactivity Index in Empathy Measure

The Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI) is one of the commonly used self-report scales to measure empathy. Davis (1980) reported a four-factor structure in empathy in developing this scale, including empathic concern, perspective taking, personal distress, and fantasy. Empirical studies among different populations with Western culture provided solid and stable support to this four-component scale, such as adults in France and America, college students in Belgium and Chile, and adolescents in Dutch. Although IRI is a popular instrument for measuring parental empathy in most studies, exploring its factor structure among parents as a sample is quite rare. Moreover, the number of factors in its structure is not stable among the Chinese population. For example, it reported a hierarchical four-factor model among both general population and clinical patients with schizophrenia, but a bi-factor model among Chinese students in Mainland China. On the other hand, a three-factor model, where a new component, namely empathy scale, is a combination of both emotional and cognitive aspects of empathy, was reported among Chinese students in Hong Kong. Further investigation of its factor structure by developing a Chinese version with Chinese parents as samples to fill up this research gap is deemed necessary.

The relationship between positive parenting and adolescent prosocial behaviour: The mediating role of empathy and the moderating role of the oxytocin receptor gene

<p id=p00005>Prosocial behaviour, that is, behaviour intended to benefit others, has been linked to a variety of desirable traits, including positive relationships, better academic performance and lower levels of antisocial behaviours. As such, the origins and the mechanisms underlying the remarkable individual differences in prosocial behaviour are the focus of an increasing number of studies, with numerous research consistently documenting the important role of positive parenting and empathy. Notably, differentiating between cognitive and emotional components of empathy may help further clarify the processes by which parenting eventuates in prosocial behaviour. Although all children may be impacted by parenting, some children benefit more than others from good-quality rearing. Recent research has suggested that the oxytocin receptor (<italic>OXTR</italic>) gene rs53576 polymorphism could determine the degree to which a child is influenced by environment. The biological function of rs53576 polymorphism has yet to be delineated, and the literature is mixed with regard to heterozygote (AG) grouping; thus, the implications for AG grouping are not well understood. Therefore, the dummy coding, additive coding, dominant coding and recessive coding models were all investigated in this study to test the nature of gene effect. This study aimed to extend previous studies on the association between parenting and prosocial behaviour by examining the mediating role of cognitive and emotional empathy and the moderating role of the <italic>OXTR</italic> gene. <p id=p00010>The participants were 1082 mother-offspring dyads (adolescents’ mean age: 12.32 ± 0.48 years, 50.3% females) recruited from the community. At Time 1, mothers reported their positive parenting via the Chinese version of the Child-Rearing Practices Report (CRPR) and peer-rated adolescents’ prosocial behaviours. At Time 2, adolescent-reported perspective-taking and empathic concern, peer-rated prosocial behaviours and saliva samples were collected. All measures showed good reliability. Genotyping at <italic>OXTR</italic> gene was performed with MassARRAY RT software version 3.0.0.4 and analysed using the MassARRAY Typer software version 3.4 (Sequenom). <p id=p00015>Results showed that adolescents who received higher levels of maternal positive parenting exhibited more prosocial behaviours. However, the direct effect of positive parenting on prosocial behaviour became nonsignificant after controlling for baseline prosocial behaviour. Cognitive empathy, but not emotional empathy, mediated the association between positive parenting and prosocial behaviour. Specifically, positive parenting was positively associated with cognitive empathy, which in turn was positively associated with adolescent prosocial behaviour. Further, this mediation was moderated by the <italic>OXTR</italic> gene rs53576 polymorphism. For adolescents with AA and GG genotypes, positive parenting was related to higher levels of cognitive empathy, which increased prosocial behaviour. However, this mediation effect was not observed among adolescents with AG genotype. In addition, the results revealed evidence for an overdominance model for <italic>OXTR</italic> rs53576. Moreover, the G × E term predicted cognitive empathy but not prosocial behaviour. This finding suggests that cognitive empathy may be an endophenotype closer along the causal chain to the genotype and that the strength of the G × E effects was greater for empathy than for distal behavioural outcomes. <p id=p00020>These findings add to our understanding of how empathy and genetic factors contribute to adolescents’ prosocial behaviour within the family context. In addition, these results suggest that cognitive and emotional aspects of empathy are likely to be involved—in somewhat different psychosocial mechanisms—in the development of prosocial behaviour. Notably, the overdominance effect of <italic>OXTR</italic> should be interpreted with caution until replicated. However, when a three-category polymorphic genotype is used, as is commonly applied when modelling a dominant or recessive effect, both false positive and false negative results can occur, and the nature of the interaction can be misrepresented.

KUALITAS PELAYANAN ADMINISTRASI KEPENDUDUKAN DI KANTOR DISTRIK MERAUKE

This study aims to determine the quality of population administration services at the Merauke District Office, which includes services for making Family Cards (KK), birth certificates, marriage certificates, death certificates, certificates of moving in and out of residents. The method in this research uses a qualitative approach. This study uses data analysis techniques consisting of data reduction, data presentation and conclusion drawing. The results showed that the quality of population administration services at the Merauke District Office was seen from the indicators of the quality of public services; (1) physical evidence is sufficient in providing services to the community, it can be seen from the new service waiting room, comfortable and spacious and equipped with air conditioning, but there is still a lack of filling cabinets and suggestion boxes. (2) the aspect of reliability, employees in responding to any service complaints have not been in accordance with the expectations and desires of the community, as can be seen from the complaints from the public about the population administration service process. (3) the responsiveness aspect of employees has shown a responsive attitude in helping the community when experiencing difficulties in the process of making family cards (KK), birth certificates, marriage certificates, death certificates and residence certificates. (4) the aspect of guarantee, the accuracy of the guarantee on time of service is still not in accordance with the expectations of the community, it can be seen that there are still complaints from the community related to the timeliness of the service process. (5) the aspect of empathy, the Merauke District office has shown efforts to improve service quality, namely by giving a good impression in the service process. The factors that hinder the service process at the Merauke District Office include the lack of human resources or employees, public awareness in completing administrative requirements, and the need for the addition of several facilities such as filing cabinets for documents and suggestion boxes.

Empathy and Togetherness Online Compared to IRL: A Phenomenological Account

Abstract In this paper I aim to show with the aid of philosophers Edith Stein and Peter Goldie, how empathy and other social feelings are instantiated and developed in real life versus on the Internet. The examples of on-line communication show both how important the embodied aspects of empathy are and how empathy may be possible also in the cases of encountering personal stories rather than personal bodies. Since video meetings, social media, online gaming and other forms of interaction via digital technologies are taking up an increasing part of our time, it is important to understand how such forms of social intercourse are different from in real life (IRL) meetings and why they can accordingly foster not only new communal bonds but also hatred and misunderstanding.

Association between relational trauma and empathy among male offenders in China.

Offenders are more likely than the general population to have experienced relationship trauma. They are also more likely to have lower empathy. To date, relationships between historical trauma and later empathic states have not been examined among offenders. To explore the association between history of trauma in close personal relationships and empathy among offenders. Our research question is: Is such relational trauma associated with self-rated impairments in empathy? All men with a primary school education and above at a single all-male prison in Jiangsu Province in China were invited to participate. The self-reported Interpersonal Reactivity Index was used to evaluate empathy, and the Brief Betrayal Trauma Survey was to explore interpersonal trauma and classify such experiences. Interpersonal trauma was associated with higher personal distress and lower empathic concern among men reporting relational trauma in adulthood, but only higher personal distress when the trauma reported was in childhood. Non-relational trauma was associated with higher empathic concern. Cognitive aspects of empathy varied little between groups. Our findings add to the existing literature by making distinctions between the types of trauma and the age of key experience in its relationship to self-reported empathy. The differences found suggest that it may be helpful to consider planning any trauma-related interventions differently according to the type and age of trauma experiences.

The Relationship between Reliability, Responsiveness, and Empathy Aspects with Patient Satisfaction in Pharmacy Installations at Mitra Medika Amplas Hospital

As people's standard of living increases, the demand for quality health also increases. Patient satisfaction is correlated with the quality of service in the hospital. By understanding the level of patient satisfaction, hospital management can learn and improve service quality. The study aims to determine the relationship between reliability, responsiveness, and empathy aspects with patient satisfaction in Pharmacy Installations at Mitra Medika Amplas Hospital. This research was an explanatory quantitative research with cross sectional design. The sample of this study amounted to 60 people and taken by accidental sampling technique. The data obtained through interviews using a questionnaire. The results showed that the level of patient satisfaction in Pharmacy Installations at Mitra Medika Amplas Hospital on reliability aspect was 63.3%, responsiveness aspect was 56.7% and empathy aspect was 81.7%. Based on the result of the research, the suggestion given to the service provider in this case Mitra Medika Amplas Hospital is to improve the performance of health service especially in Pharmacy Installation service by way of monitoring and evaluating periodically with the implementation of the service, evaluating and developing human resources, and infrastructure. Keywords: Reliability, Responsiveness, Empathy, Patient Satisfaction.

Kompetensi Kepala Tata Usaha Dalam Meningkatkan Kualitas Layanan Administrasi Pendidikan Di SMK Bhinneka Karawang

This article discusses the competence of the head of administration, the quality of administrative services in improving the quality of educational administration services at SMK Bhinneka Karawang. This study uses a qualitative descriptive method with data collection techniques used are observation, interviews and documentation. The results showed that the most prominent competence possessed was social competence and the lowest competence was managerial competence. Based on the quality seen from the aspect of tangibles (physical facilities) it is necessary to add related facilities, from the aspect of reliability (reliability) it is good because it has reliability in directives and input in dealing with and resolving complaints from students. The aspect of responsiveness (responsiveness) it is very good because of the mutual communication between the head of administration and the administrative staff. The aspect of guarantee (guarantee) there is a guarantee for the security of the service environment, as well as a guarantee on time in service. The aspect of empathy (empathy) it has been seen that there is a concern for the head of administration and administrative staff in identifying alternative solutions to problems faced by students

VR(Virtual Reality)의 공감 구현 요소 - 선댄스 영화제 상영작을 중심으로

This study attempts to investigate visually empathic elements of VR storytelling. VR is an effective medium by which users feel empathy toward a subject or situation throughout sensual experience in virtual space. Despite its significance in recent studies on VR with emerging interest in Metaverse, definitions of the precise aspects of empathy from a designer’s perspective on creation are lacking. Therefore, this study focuses on how to utilize VR to create empathy. To do this, the researcher conducted a literature review and noted visually relationships between VR and empathy, with the classifications of empathy of ‘familiarity via mimicry’, ‘empathic distress’, ‘perspective taking’, ‘online simulation’, ‘affective empathy’, ‘compassion’, and ‘altruism’ based on a meta study by Betrand et al. (2018) on empathy, after which VR works were analyzed. There were approximately 120 VR films from the Sundance Film Festival, and 15 were re-selected as subjects based on reviews each year by the press and by VR and film experts. These works were then analyzed in terms of the classification of empathy. Through this process, this study found that each work positioned the participants’ roles, situations and authorities in the different aforementioned types of empathy. With this analysis, the study notes how a precise strategy of user experience can be conducted with the aim to make viewers feel empathy. Ultimately, this study can serve as a guideline for designers to consider when they create VR work.

Development of Motion Graphic as Education Material for Promoting Shipping Industry Using EPIC Model Testing

Education related to problems in the shipping industry to the general public who have no background in the shipping industry and activities when ships dock at the port becomes a challenge to conduct research. This research develops multimedia motion graphics to combine graphic design, animation, text, and sound in visualizing materials and activities in the shipping industry. Stages of making multimedia start from ideas, narration, storyboard, tracing, editing, rendering, and testing. The research uses the EPIC Model testing by paying attention to aspects of empathy, persuasion, impact, and communication. The results of testing the effectiveness of the EPIC model obtained an EPIC rate of 4.15, which means that the resulting motion graph falls within the effective range criteria.&#x0D; &#x0D; Index terms— multimedia; motion graphic; EPIC model; effectiveness