Angelica Keiskei Research Articles

케일과 신선초 채소즙의 안전성 및 항돌연변이 효과

Vegetables contain high levels of nitrate, which can be converted to nitrite for reaction with secondary amines to form nitrosamines. In this study, we evaluated safety effects against nitrite and nitrosamine as well as anti-mutagenic activities of vegetable juices. To do this, the contents of nitrate, nitrite, and nitrosamines were determined in vegetable juices. The safety effects against nitrite and nitrosamine formation were also investigated under simulated human gastric conditions. The contents of nitrate and nitrite in common and organic kale and Angelica keiskei juices were 931~2,052 mg/kg and 13~82 mg/kg, respectively. However, seven kinds of nitrosamines were not detected in the vegetables juices. The nitrate content decreased when vegetable juices were digested under simulated human gastric conditions. Nitrosamine (N-nitrosodimethylamine) formation under simulated human gastric conditions was inhibited by addition of vegetable juices. In addition, vegetable juices, especially organically cultivated juices, showed anti-mutagenic effects in a Salmonella assay system. These results suggest that organically cultivated vegetable juices are a promising health-promoting source.

Bioassay-guided isolation and identification of anti-platelet-active compounds from the root of Ashitaba (Angelica keiskei Koidz.)

Platelet aggregation is fundamental to a wide range of physiological and pathological processes, including the induction of thrombosis and arteriosclerosis. Anti-platelet activity of a crude methanol extract and solvent fractions of Ashitaba roots (Angelica keiskei Koidz.) was evaluated using a turbidimetric method using washed rabbit platelets. We identified the anti-platelet activities of two chalcones, 4-hydroxyderricin and xanthoangelol, isolated from the ethyl acetate-soluble fraction of Ashitaba roots by using a bioassay-guided isolation method. 4-Hydroxyderricin and xanthoangelol effectively inhibited platelet aggregation induced by collagen (IC50 of 41.9 and 35.9 μM, respectively), platelet-activating factor (IC50 of 46.1 and 42.3 μM, respectively) and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (IC50 of 16.5 and 45.9 μM, respectively). These compounds did not inhibit thrombin-induced platelet aggregation (IC50 of>80 μM). The results suggest that the chalcones 4-hydroxyderricin and xanthoangelol may be potent anti-thrombotic components of A. keiskei Koidz.

전처리 건조 방법에 따른 간편가정식용 신선초죽의 항산화 효과와 품질 특성

This study investigated the antioxidative activities and quality characteristics of gruel as a home meal replacement with Angelica keiskei powder pre-treated by far-infrared radiation or freeze-drying methods. Far-infrared treated Angelica keiskei powder (F-IAP) showed significantly lighter, weaker green, and stronger yellow color values than powder subjected to freezedrying (FAP) (p<0.001). F-IAP showed higher total phenolic compound contents than that of the FAP. ABTS radical scavenging activity of F-IAP was 50.31%, which was significantly higher than that of FAP, at 43.51% (p<0.05). Color values of gruel significantly decreased with increased addition of Angelica keiskei powder (p<0.05). Gruels containing far-infrared treated Angelica keiskei powder (F-IAG) showed higher total phenolic compound contents as well as ABTS radical scavenging activities compared to the gruels containing freeze-dried Angelica keiskei powder (FAG). Gruels containing 5 g of Angelica keiskei powder showed 2.0 to 2.5 times higher antioxidant activities than those containing powder alone due to the presence of other ingredients with antioxidant activities such as black soybean or sweet pumpkin. In the results of sensory evaluation, F-IAG containing more than 5 g of Angelica keiskei powder had higher sweetness and roasted grain flavor, as well as lower bitterness and astringency compared to FAG. Sensory acceptance tests of all samples showed higher scores than 5.0 representing possibilities of successful development of gruels as a home meal replacement containing Angelica keiskei powder.

Inhibitory Effects of 4-Hydroxyderricin and Xanthoangelol on Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammatory Responses in RAW264 Macrophages

The Japanese herb, Ashitaba (Angelica keiskei Koidzumi), contains two prenylated chalcones, 4-hydroxyderricin and xanthoangelol, which are considered to be the major active compounds of Ashitaba. However, their effects on inflammatory responses are poorly understood. In the present study, we investigated the effects and underlying molecular mechanisms of 4-hydroxyderricin and xanthoangelol on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory responses in RAW264 mouse macrophages. LPS-mediated production of nitric oxide (NO) was markedly reduced by 4-hydroxyderricin (10 μM) and xanthoangelol (5 μM) compared with their parent compound, chalcone (25 μM). They also inhibited LPS-induced secretion of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and expression of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). Although chalcone decreased the DNA-binding activity of both activator protein-1 (AP-1) and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), 4-hydroxyderricin and xanthoangelol suppressed only AP-1 and had no effect on NF-κB. On the other hand, all of the tested chalcones reduced the phosphorylation (at serine 536) level of the p65 subunit of NF-κB. 4-Hydroxyderricin and xanthoangelol may be promising for the prevention of inflammatory diseases.

Bioavailability of plant pigment phytochemicals in Angelica keiskei in older adults: A pilot absorption kinetic study.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVESAngelica keiskei is a green leafy vegetable rich in plant pigment phytochemicals such as flavonoids and carotenoids. This study examined bioavailability of flavonoids and carotenoids in Angelica keiskei and the alteration of the antioxidant performance in vivo.SUBJECTS AND MATERIALSAbsorption kinetics of phytochemicals in Angelica keiskei were determined in healthy older adults (> 60 y, n = 5) and subjects with metabolic syndrome (n = 5). Subjects consumed 5 g dry Angelica keiskei powder encapsulated in gelatin capsules with a low flavonoid and carotenoid liquid meal. Plasma samples were collected at baseline, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8 h. Samples were analyzed for flavonoids and carotenoids using HPLC systems with electrochemical and UV detection, respectively, and for total antioxidant performance by fluorometry.RESULTSAfter ingestion of Angelica keiskei increases in plasma quercetin concentrations were observed at 1-3 and 6-8 hr in the healthy group and at all time points in the metabolic syndrome group compared to baseline (P < 0.05). Plasma lutein concentrations were significantly elevated in both the healthy and metabolic syndrome groups at 8 hr (P < 0.05). Significant increases in total antioxidant performance were also observed in both the healthy and the metabolic syndrome groups compared to baseline (P < 0.05).CONCLUSIONSFindings of this study clearly demonstrate the bioavailability of phytonutrients of Angelica keiskei and their ability to increase antioxidant status in humans.

アシタバ黒枯病 (新称) および葉腐病 (病原追加) の発生

アシタバ黒枯病 (新称) および葉腐病 (病原追加) の発生

Quantitative analysis of phenolic metabolites from different parts of Angelica keiskei by HPLC–ESI MS/MS and their xanthine oxidase inhibition

Angelica keiskei is used as popular functional food stuff. However, quantitative analysis of this plant’s metabolites has not yet been disclosed. The principal phenolic compounds (1–16) within A. keiskei were isolated, enabling us to quantify the metabolites within different parts of the plant. The specific quantification of metabolites (1–16) was accomplished by multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) using a quadruple tandem mass spectrometer. The limit of detection and limit of quantitation were calculated as 0.4–44μg/kg and 1.5–148μg/kg, respectively. Abundance and composition of these metabolites varied significantly across different parts of plant. For example, the abundance of chalcones (12–16) decreased as follows: root bark (10.51mg/g)>stems (8.52mg/g)>leaves (2.63mg/g)>root cores (1.44mg/g). The chalcones were found to be responsible for the xanthine oxidase (XO) inhibition shown by this plant. The most potent inhibitor, xanthoangelol inhibited XO with an IC50 of 8.5μM. Chalcones (12–16) exhibited mixed-type inhibition characteristics.

Fortification of the Health Benefit of Buckwheat (F agopyrum tataricum ) Tea

Three extracts from Zijuan (Camellia sinensis), Kudingcha (Ilex kudingcha) and Mingri (Angelica keiskei) leaves were used to fortify the health promoting function of traditional buckwheat tea. Three fortified teas with similar sensory property to the original tea and higher level of total flavonoids and catechin were chosen to evaluate their capability in lowering hyperglycemic and hyperlipidemic stress using mouse models. The blood glucose level in the hyperglycemic mice was significantly reduced by 10.84 to 34.12% after oral gavage of the three fortified teas (0.4 mL of 20% in solution) each day for 7 days, while it only lowered 4.56% in the original buckwheat tea treatment (P < 0.05). Also, the three fortified teas had effective response to lower the boosted blood glucose level in fasted mice. In the hyperlipidemic mouse model, the mice fed with the fortified teas for 30 days had lower serum total cholesterol and triglyceride levels and higher high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol level. Practical Applications This study demonstrated a potential method to enhance the health benefit of buckwheat tea without loss of its sensory properties. The information would be valuable in developing various health-promoting food products from buckwheat and other grains.

Synthesis of Biologically Active Natural Component 4-Hydroxyderricin Through Water-Accelerated [3,3]-Sigmatropic Rearrangement

E-mail: jgjun@hallym.ac.krReceived April 30, 2013, Accepted June 15, 2013Key Words : 4-Hydroxyderricin, Claisen-Schmidt condensation, Water-accelerated [3,3]-sigmatropic rear-rangement, Angelica keiskei, Chalcone Angelica keiskei has been used in traditional medicine,food and beverages, and exhibited various biologicalactivities, such as antitumor,

A combination of TiO2–UV photocatalysis and high hydrostatic pressure to inactivate Bacillus cereus in freshly squeezed Angelica keiskei juice

High hydrostatic pressure (HHP) is an effective nonthermal food processing method for microbial inactivation with minimal change to sensory and nutritional values. However, the resistance of endospores to high pressure hinders application of HHP to freshly squeezed vegetable juice, especially from leafy vegetables that are susceptible to contamination of soil bacteria, such as endospore-forming Bacillus cereus. A combination of TiO2–UV photocatalysis and HHP was used in the processing of freshly squeezed Angelica keiskei juice, and inactivation of naturally occurring microbes, especially B. cereus, was investigated. Yeasts and molds, coliform bacteria, and Pseudomonas were inactivated by HHP to levels below the detection limit, but B. cereus survived HHP and grew during 8 days of subsequent refrigerated storage (4 °C). However, no colonies of yeasts and molds, coliform bacteria, Pseudomonas, or B. cereus were detected in A. keiskei juice after processing with a combination of TiO2–UV photocatalysis and HHP. Although B. cereus in juice processed with the combination treatment recovered and grew to 2.02 log CFU/mL on day 6 of storage, this level was less than the population of B. cereus in unprocessed Angelica keiskei juice immediately after squeezing.

Beneficial Effects of Ashitaba (Gynura nepalensis): Users’ Testimonies

Ashitaba (Gynura nepalensis, Gynura procumbens, Gynura acutifolia) is the ashitaba grown in the Philippines. Ashitaba (Angelica keiskei Kodzumi) originated in the Island of Hachijo, Japan. Both ashitaba have been studied by researchers using animals and in test tubes and have been claimed to be anti-oxidant, anti-cancer, antiaging, anti-inflammatory, antihypertensive, and anti-diabetic. Generally, this study aimed to widen the dissemination of the beneficial effects of ashitaba (Gynura nepalensis) based from testimonies of users. This study utilized the descriptive method of research with data presented in tabular form and analyzed in textual manner, used quota sampling, interview with guide questions, and frequency and percentage and rank. Findings showed that giving a lighter and healthier feeling, emitting stomach gas and giving a lighter feeling, and giving energy ranks 1, 2, and 3, respectively; on the other hand, aiding in dialysis, treating pharyngitis, goiter, and pain in nipples ranks last among the testimonies of respondents. Based on findings, it is concluded that ashitaba (G. nepalensis), is a health enhancer, medicine and good for health maintenance. Further, it is recommended that the result of this study be widely disseminated to be of help particularly to the poor, rich, pharmacologists, food businessmen, researchers, and other interested identities.Keywords: Social Sciences, Gynura nepalensis, Gynura precumbens, Angelica keiskei Kodzumi,quota sampling, Philippines

Xanthoangelol and 4-Hydroxyderricin Are the Major Active Principles of the Inhibitory Activities against Monoamine Oxidases on Angelica keiskei K

Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOI) have been widely used as antidepressants. Recently, there has been renewed interest in MAO inhibitors. The activity-guided fractionation of extracts from Angelica keiskei Koidzumi (A. keiskei K.) led to the isolation of two prenylated chalcones, xanthoangelol and 4-hydroxyderricin and a flavonoid, cynaroside. These three isolated compounds are the major active ingredients of A. keiskei K. to inhibit the MAOs and DBH activities. Xanthoangelol is a nonselective MAO inhibitor, and a potent dopamine β-hydroxylase (DBH) inhibitor. IC50 values of xanthoangelol to MAO-A and MAO-B were calculated to be 43.4 μM, and 43.9 μM. These values were very similar to iproniazid, which is a nonselective MAO inhibitor used as a drug against depression. The IC50 values of iproniazid were 37 μM, and 42.5 μM in our parallel examination. Moreover, IC50 value of xanthoangelol to DBH was calculated 0.52 μM. 4-Hydroxyderricin is a potent selective MAO-B inhibitor and also mildly inhibits DBH activity. The IC50 value of 4-hydroxyderricin to MAO-B was calculated to be 3.43 μM and this value was higher than that of deprenyl (0.046 μM) used as a positive control for selective MAO-B inhibitor in our test. Cynaroside is a most potent DBH inhibitor. The IC50 value of cynaroside to DBH was calculated at 0.0410 μM. Results of this study suggest that the two prenylated chalcones, xanthoangelol and 4-hydroxyderricin isolated from A. keiskei K., are expected for potent candidates for development of combined antidepressant drug. A. keiskei K. will be an excellent new bio-functional food material that has the combined antidepressant effect.

4‐Hydroxyderricin and xanthoangelol from Ashitaba (Angelica keiskei) suppress differentiation of preadiopocytes to adipocytes via AMPK and MAPK pathways

Adipocytes differentiation is deeply involved in the onset of obesity. 4-Hydroxyderricin (4HD) and xanthoangelol (XAG) are the chalcones that are derived from Ashitaba (Angelica keiskei). In this study, we demonstrated the inhibitory effects of these chalcones on adipocytes differentiation. 4HD and XAG suppressed intracellular lipid accumulation by Oil red O staining at 5 μM without cytotoxicity. They inhibited adipocytes differentiation accompanied by down-expression of adipocyte-specific transcription factors, CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein-β (C/EBP-β), C/EBP-α, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ) using RT-PCR and Western blotting analysis. To obtain insights into the underlying mechanism, the activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways was investigated. These two chalcones promoted phosphorylation of AMPK and acetyl CoA carboxylase during differentiation of 3T3-L1 adipocytes accompanied by a decrease in glycerol-3-phosphate acyl transferase-1 and an increase in carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1 mRNA expression. These chalcones also promoted phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases and Jun aminoterminal kinases, but not p38. Moreover, the inhibitors for AMPK and extracellular signal-regulated kinases abolished the chalcones-caused down-expression of C/EBP-β, C/EBP-α, and PPAR-γ. Treatment with Jun aminoterminal kinases inhibitor abolished the down-expression of C/EBP-α and PPAR-γ, but not C/EBP-β. 4HD and XAG inhibit adipocytes differentiation through AMPK and mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways, resulting in the down-expression of adipocyte-specific transcription factors.

Chalcones from Angelica keiskei increase insulin receptor (InsR) and insulin receptor substrate‐2 (IRS‐2) mRNA expression in hepatocytes of rats with type 2 diabetes

Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disease characterized by insulin resistance, of which InsR and IRS play very important roles. Chalcones, isolated from Angelica keiskei, have been reported to possess a variety of biological properties including antidiabetes. To study the effect of chalcones from Angelica keiskei on the expression of InsR and IRS‐2 in hepatocytes, the rats with type 2 diabetes were orally given chalcones with 30, 10 and 0 mg/kg.bw per day for 4 wks, respectively. Blood glucose and serum insulin were evaluated by glucose oxidase method and radioimmunoassay, respectively. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) was used to determine the mRNA expression of InsR and IRS‐2. Blood glucose and serum insulin of rats with 30 mg/kg.bw chalcones were significantly lower than the diabetes control. Their mRNA expression of InsR and IRS‐2 were significantly higher than the diabetes control. It may conclude that chalcones from Angelica keiskei may up‐regulate the expression levels of InsR and IRS‐2 and improve insulin resistance of rats with type 2 diabetes. [Financial support: The Health Department of Shandong contract#QNW001]

신선초와 무시레기의 항산화 성분 및 활성 비교

Dried leaves of Raphanus sativus L. and Angelica keiskei L. extracts have strong antioxidant potential and in consequence profound effects on ulcerative colitis. Present study was conducted to explore the effect of diet mixtures containing dried leaves of Raphanus sativus and Angelica keiskei powder on ulcerative colitis in mice and antioxidant potential of radish green and Angelica extracts as well. Both dried leaves of Raphanus sativus and Angelica keiskei extracts exhibited higher antioxidant activity due to the presence of polyphenols, favonoids and antioxidant enzymes like superoxide dismutase (SOD). Analyzed data indicate that Angelica keiskei extract had higher polyphenol and flavonoid contents compared with radish green, while maximum SOD activity was noted in dried leaves of Raphanus sativus extract Likewise, higher antioxidant () and radical scavenging (17%) activities were noted in dried leaves of Raphanus sativus extract compared with Angelica keiskei.

Target profiling of 4-hydroxyderricin in S. aureus reveals seryl-tRNA synthetase binding and inhibition by covalent modification

4-Hydroxyderricin is a heat labile bioactive chalcone isolated from the plant Angelica keiskei. It received attention due to its antibiotic potency against several strains of bacteria including pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus. Despite these promising pharmacological properties, the exact mode of action or the biological targets are still unknown. Here we report the synthesis and the application of a 4-hydroxyderricin probe for activity-based protein profiling (ABPP) in S. aureus. Due to the heat sensitivity of the natural product we utilize a chemical tool for the mild and selective enrichment of labile probe-protein conjugates and report seryl-tRNA synthetase (STS) to be covalently modified by our probe. This modification results in inhibition of the amino acylation of tRNAs catalyzed by S. aureus STS which is an essential enzymatic pathway for bacterial viability.

&lt;i&gt;Angelica keiskei&lt;/i&gt; Ameliorates Scopolamine-Induced Memory Impairments in Mice

Memory impairment is the most common symptom in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Angelica keiskei (AK) has traditionally been used as a diuretic, laxative, analeptic and galactagogue. However, the anti-amnesic effects of AK and its molecular mechanisms have yet to be clearly elucidated. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the effects of AK on scopolamine-induced memory impairments in mice. The regulatory effect of AK on memory impairment was investigated using passive avoidance, Y-maze and the Morris water maze tasks. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity assay was performed to investigate the cholinergic antagonistic effect of AK in the hippocampus. The effect of AK on phosphorylation of cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) and expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) were evaluated by Western blot assays and immunohistochemistry. The findings showed that AK significantly attenuated scopolamine-induced cognitive impairment in mice. Increase of AChE activity caused by scopolamine was significantly attenuated by AK. Additionally, AK significantly recovered the phosphorylation of CREB and expression of BDNF reduced by scopolamine in the hippocampus. Taken together, these results provide experimental evidence that AK might be a useful agent in preventing deficit of learning and memory caused by AD and aging.

신선초 추출물의 아토피 억제활성

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the anti-atopic-dermatitis effect of Angelica keiskei extract using a DNFB-induced animal model of atopic-dermatitis symptoms. A. keiskei was prepared via extraction with DW, 50% ethanol, and 100% ethanol in addition to fresh juice. All the extracts reduced the thickness levels of the ears and ear epidermis against swelling by DNFB inducement, especially in the aqueous-extract-treated group. The mRNA expressions of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), however, were not observed, which may indicate that Angelica keiskei extract alleviates the atopic-dermatitis symptoms in an MMP-independent manner. Finally, the level of the inflammatory cytokine IL-4 was inhibited only in the juice-treated group, although the IL-13 level was inhibited in the juice-, 50%-ethanol-extract-, and 100%-ethanol-extract-treated groups in a dose-dependent manner, and was not inhibited in the aqueous-extract-treated group. Taken together, these results suggest that Angelica keiskei extract has an inhibitory effect on atopic dermatitis, and may be a useful biomaterial for the development of cosmeceuticals.

Comparison of the toxicity of aqueous and ethanol fractions of Angelica keiskei leaf using the eye irritancy test

To determine whether aqueous and ethanol fractions of the Angelica keiskei leaf exert toxicity when used for cosmetic purposes, we performed the acute eye irritancy test. Animals were treated with sample fractions (100 mg/dose) according to standard procedure guidelines. No significant changes or damage was detected in the fraction-treated groups in terms of ocular lesions in the cornea, the size of the cornea with turbidity, swelling of the eyelid and emission discharge. However, sodium dioctyl sulfosuccinate, a positive control, induced severe toxic symptoms. Thus, aqueous and ethanol fractions of Angelica keiskei do not appear to induce acute toxicity in the eye lens, as assessed from anatomical and pathological observations in the rabbit eye. Our results collectively suggest that aqueous and ethanol fractions show promise as cosmetic ingredients that do not cause eye toxicity.

The Inhibitory Effects of Representative Chalcones Contained in Angelica keiskei on Melanin Biosynthesis in B16 Melanoma Cells

In our effort to find new whitening agents, we evaluated the effects of representative chalcones [4-hydroxyderricin (1), xanthoangelol (2), xanthoangelol H (3), deoxyxanthoangelol H (4), and deoxydihydroxanthoangelol H (5)] contained in the stem of Angelica keiskei on tyrosinase and melanin formation in B16 melanoma cells. In addition, the antioxidant effects of these chalcones in ORAC and DPPH assays were also determined. Interestingly, all chalcones (1-5) inhibit melanin formation in B16 melanoma cells, with low cytotoxicity.