ASEAN Political-Security Community Research Articles

CONFLICT RESOLUTION PATTERNS WITH A MULTITRACK DIPLOMACY APPROACH (STUDY OF THE ROLE OF THE INDONESIAN MILITARY IN CONFLICT OF ASEAN COUNTRIES)

This article discusses the ASEAN political-security community (APSC), which was created to accelerate political-security cooperation in Southeast Asia and promote peace among ASEAN member countries. Both parties must quickly use diplomacy to resolve the situation. Diplomacy, in the common perspective, is an attempt to represent the country of origin to negotiate or otherwise advance the interests of conflicting countries. Indonesia actively promotes regional harmony. Regionally, bilaterally. At Yangoon, Myanmar's capital, the ASEAN forum is discussing the Rakhine issue with Indonesia's Minister of Foreign Affairs. This research suggests that Track One, the government's active role, and multi-multi other tracks, civil society in Indonesia voices concern for incidents in Rakhine, and Indonesia maintains security stability by sending humanitarian access for Rakhine residents with National assistance distributed by the Indonesian military with automation can reduce conflict. The ASEAN forum is discussing the Rakhine issue in Yangoon, Myanmar's capital, thanks to Indonesia's Foreign Minister. With Track One, the government's active role, and multi-multi other tracks, civil society in Indonesia voices concern for incidents in Rakhine, and Indonesia maintains security stability by sending humanitarian access for Rakhine residents with national assistance distributed by the Indonesian military with automation to reduce conflict. The ASEAN forum is discussing Rakhine in Yangoon, Myanmar's capital, with the help of Indonesia's Minister of Foreign Affairs. With Track One, the government's active role, and multi-multi other tracks, civil society in Indonesia voices concern for incidents in Rakhine, and Indonesia maintains security stability by sending humanitarian access for Rakhine residents with national assistance distributed by the Indonesian military with automation to reduce conflict.

Road to ASEAN Political Security Community Vision 2025: Understanding Convergence and Divergence in ASEAN Voting Behaviors in the UNGA

While the ASEAN Political-Security Community (APSC) Blueprint 2025 envisages a centrality of regional architecture in responding to security challenges in the region, divided positions among the member states – mostly visible in the South China Sea dispute – have deepened the pessimism on the fate of APSC. Notwithstanding the persisting intra-ASEAN disunity, the organization has been projecting the goal of ASEAN centrality in the global political arena. The goal highlights ASEAN’s emerging role as the ‘hub’ of regional cooperation in Asia-Pacific hence cohesion is highly expected. This paper aims to examine ASEAN cohesion and how it aligns with the institution’s community-building project. To this aim, it primarily looks at the pattern of divergence and convergence in ASEAN voting behavior across security issues discussed in the UN General Assembly. It also underscores the underlying factors behind the emerging patterns. Using Agreement Index (AI), this paper found that ASEAN member states’ voting highly converges on colonialism, the law of the sea, the Mediterranean region, military expenditures, outer space, peace, and transnational crimes. Alternatively, voting diverges on resolutions related to arms transfer, counterterrorism, and armed conflict. Contributing factors to this pattern include member states' preferences, the identity, value, norms, and cognitive prior of the regional organization, as well as alliance and major powers’ preferences.

The Effectiveness ASEAN Political Security Community (APSC in The Implementation of ASEAN Convention on Counter Terrorism (ACCT) to Combat Terrorism in Southeast Asia

This research aims to explain the effectiveness of the ASEAN Political-Security Community (APSC) in implementing the ASEAN Convention on Counter-Terrorism (ACCT) to combat terrorism in Southeast Asia. Using qualitative research methods and data collection techniques, literature studies through various scientific works to understand and study the phenomena that will be discussed in this journal. Researchers see the potential and strength possessed by APSC in implementing ACCT in Southeast Asia. However, the existence of the ASEAN Way will complicate the implementation of the ACCT itself. Coupled with evidence on acts of terrorism in the Philippines, ACCT under the auspices of the APSC has not been able to stop the issues. The researcher also examines how each terrorist group ends, presenting that terrorist groups end up using regulation from the country itself through the domestic police, without regulatory interference from international organizations. In conclusion, the APSC has played a crucial role in enhancing regional cooperation and coordination to combat terrorism in Southeast Asia. The establishment of the ACTC and the adoption of common strategies and policies have been significant achievements in the implementation of the ACCT. However, more needs to be done to address the challenges and ensure consistent and effective enforcement of counter-terrorism laws across ASEAN member states.

Sociology Of Law And The Effectivity Of Asean To Prevent Human Security Issues In The Region

Currently there are no indicators that can measure the effectiveness of the role of ASEAN in Southeast Asia, especially those related to human security issues in the safety of labor and migrants’ mobilization. However, ASEAN still working through any possibilities of cooperation to prevent any threats that would endanger the personal securities of ASEAN community. This paper will further analyze the human security issues in Southeast Asia starting with conceptualizing, identifying, and engaging to find how is the effectivity of ASEAN in charge of prevent human security issues from sociology of law perspective with normative-juridical methodology combined with perspective of international relation approach. Based on the findings in conceptual and data, this research will show the problems that have been handled and have not been done by ASEAN institutionally. In addition to showing the relevance of the establishment of ASEAN Political-Security Community (APSC) 2015 as an affirmation for all ASEAN member countries to respond to institutional human security issues especially in the mobilization of labor and migrants.

아세안 정치안보공동체 실현을 위한 제도적 진전: 역내 안보협력을 중심으로

본 연구는 아세안이 자신들의 대내 안보목표인 아세안정치안보공동체(APSC) 구성을 위해 아세안-기반 제도를 어떻게 점진적으로 발전시켜왔는지 안보협력 제도인 아세안 국방장관회의(ADMM)의 사례를 통해 논의한다. 즉 APSC는 아세안의 정치안보 협력 문서들에 지속적으로 담아온 그들의 규범과 원칙이 안보공동체라는 구체적 틀로 발현된 것인데, 아세안은 이러한 안보목표를 달성하기 위한 제도적 정책으로 ADMM 을 출범시키고 이를 지속적으로 개선, 발전, 제도화시키고 있다는 것이다. 이를 다시 말하면, 아세안이 ADMM이라는 제도를 활용하여 지역 차원에서의 협력을 안보 분야 로까지 확대하고 이를 발전시킨 것은 APSC 실현을 위한 하나의 수단이자 전략이라 볼 수 있다. 이러한 논의를 위해 본 글은 아세안이 구상하는 정치안보공동체가 무엇이며, 이것이 왜 2000년대를 전후로 구체적 안보목표와 지역의 비전으로 등장했는지를 설명하고, APSC로의 진전을 위해 아세안이 안보협력 제도를 출범시킨 이후 현재까지 어떠한 과정을 거쳐 이를 제도화 및 발전시켜왔는지 살펴본다. 이를 통해 ADMM의 출범과 제도적 진전이 아세안의 대내 안보목표인 APSC를 실현하기 위한 구체적 전략이자 수단 이었음을 주장하며, 이를 바탕으로 한국의 신남방정책 추진에 대한 함의를 제공한다.

Institutional Change in ASEAN: A Conceptual Analysis of the ASEAN Political-Security Community

ObjectivesTo figure out whether adaptation – specifically, Ernst B. Hass’ incremental growth model – is able to account for institutional changes of ASEAN in the shape of the ASEAN Political-Security Community (APSC).MethodsUse Ernst Hass' theoretical arguments and propositions to examine some of ASEAN's internal and external factors that have an impact on the discussion, planning, and implementation of the APSC. Three variables -- the types of knowledge used by ASEAN leaders in making choices, their political objectives, as well as the manner in which issues being negotiated -- are found in historical documents and academic analyses and then operationalized in a simpler way.ResultsThe selection of the incremental growth model is justified and the incremental growth model can serve as an innovative analytical framework for the institutional change in ASEAN.ConclusionsASEAN is in a dynamic context where increased expectations and pressure from within and outside are taking place all at once. The institutionalization of ASEAN security arrangements, originally led by the initiation of the ASC/APSC, means that ASEAN has started facing these expectations and pressure and moved on to enhance security cooperation to a certain degree. It is time for students of international relations to apply again the previous finding of adaptation through incremental growth and conduct further field investigations into the current evolution of the APSC.

아세안 정치안보공동체(APSC) 진전과 군사협력 발전

아세안은 그들의 안보협력이 비-아세안 기반임을 명시하고 냉전이 종식될 때까지 제도적 차원의 안보·군사협력을 수행하지 않았다. 그러나 2000년대에 이르러 아세안은 여러 군사 당국자 회의 제도를 잇달아 창설하는 한편, 2003년에는 아세안공동체(AC)의 일환으로 정치안보공동체(APSC) 구성 계획을 공식화했다. 이는 2006년 아세안 국방장관회의(ADMM) 출범의 단초가 되었을 뿐만 아니라 이후 아세안이 하나의 군사협력 주체로 부상하게 된 계기가 되었다.<BR> 이에 본 연구는 아세안이 냉전 시기에도 수행하지 않았던 제도적 군사협력을 시행하게 된 원인을 APSC 형성과 연계하여 규명하고, APSC로의 진전과 아세안 군사협력의 변화·발전을 논의한다. 나아가 2010년대 미·중 경쟁 심화가 아세안에 미친 영향을 분석하여 APSC와 군사협력의 연관성을 보다 구체화함으로써 향후 아세안이 선택해야 할 안보정책과 군사협력은 무엇인지 제언하고자 한다.

Kerja Sama Keamanan dalam Masyarakat Politik-Keamanan ASEAN

ASEAN as a regional organization is currently in an effort to develop cooperation in the form of the ASEAN Community. The formation of the ASEAN Community is based on three pillars, where one of the pillars is the political-security pillar (ASEAN Political-Security Community / APSC) who faces the most dynamic challenges related to security issues in the Southeast Asia. This security issue certainly has an influence on interactions both among intra-regional states and with extra-regional states. This paper aims to analysis the challenges and opportunities faced by the ASEAN political-security community to strengthen cooperation in dealing with security issues in the Southeast Asian. This paper is based on a constructivism analysis of the formation of a security community. This paper will get an overview of the challenges and opportunities faced in the realization of cooperation to tackle security issues in the Southeast Asia region within the framework of the APSC. The description of these challenges and opportunities can be the basis for analyzing what strategies must be done to encourage the realization of the APSC in accordance with what is expected by the members states.

The Trend of Crimes Committed by Lao Immigrants in Thailand After the Inauguration of ASEAN Community

This research is directly relevant to the ASEAN Political - Security Community (APSC). One of the fundamental visions is particularly associated with combatting transnational crime and international challenges effectively in a timely manner. This study has three objectives as follows; (1) to explore causes and current situation of crime resulting from cross-border migration from Laos to Thailand due to the establishment of ASEAN community, (2) to deeply analyse immigration and crime trends across Thai-Lao borders, and (3) to propose approaches to preventing the immigration from Laos to Thailand for criminal purposes. In-depth interviews were conducted to gather crucial information from key informants, followed by two focus group discussions. However, the trend of crimes committed by Lao immigrants in Thailand after the inauguration of ASEAN community is inconsistent with the hypothesis and public fear of general people who believed that checkpoints for border trade for commodity flows and labour transfers would worsen the issues of drugs and illegal immigration. Research findings indicate that drug-related crime and illegal immigration issues tend to decrease because the opening of ASEAN community allows the Thai and Lao governments to strengthen their international relations. It can be stated that warm diplomatic relations between countries are the main factor contributing to successful prevention for transnational crime.

Questioning The Existence Of Asean Political Security Community In South China Sea Conflict

South China sea conflicts continue to escalate and increase the significance of the countries in Southeast Asia. This potentially have an impact on the stability of regional security systemically. Asean Political Security Community (APSC) as an important part of regional governance certainly needs to take a role. However, ASEAN member countries tend to still use their own methods, and have not optimally used the APSC as a means to increasing their bargaining position over the ongoing conflict. The use of the constructivism approach in this paper will try to explore how APSC should be able to play a more operational role and positioning itself as the only security community in the region. Qualitative research methods are used to interpret any phenomena that occur related to the involvement of Southeast Asian countries in the South China Sea conflict. This paper questioning the existence ofAPSC with its formality in responding various kinds of issues and the latest security dynamics in Southeast Asia, especially the South China Sea Conflict. The underlying causes for APSC's nongrounded policy direction will be part of the conclusion of this paper.

Peran Asean Political Security Community (APSC) Dalam Mengontrol Peredaran Senjata Ringan Kaliber Kecil (SRKK) Illegal Di Kawasan Asia Tenggara

ASEAN as a regional organization in Southeast Asia plays a role in maintaining security in the region, the current security issues that go beyond the national borders requires cooperation between countries in the region to overcome solid. The problem of the circulation of illegal small arms light weapons interconnected with drug trafficking and other security problems that it becomes an important issue that must be addressed in the form of security kawasan. One of role of ASEAN is through the ASEAN Political Security Community that focuses on creating and maintaining regional Southeast Asian conflict-free stail security. Through the existence of regional organizations is the one of each member state of mutual trust and work together to address transnational security issues, with the APSC ASEAN to perform its role as a regional organization. This study aims to look at how the process of cooperation that occurs among ASEAN member countries to create a stable regional security in accordance with the principles contained in the Declaration of ASEAN and the ASEAN Charter Bangkok. Researchers also want to know whether the role of ASEAN through the formation of APSC produce positive results for addressing regional security issues that can be resolved only running by the state. To achieve this, the researchers used the theory of roles, and concepts such as international organizations, the role of international organizations, international regimes are also cooperative security. The method used in this study is a qualitative research method with a descriptive case study technique, techniques of data collection using interviews and literature studies. The results of this study indicate that although the role of ASEAN has been run by the APSC but the results shown on the formation of APSC until now did not show any significant eduction and effectiveness have not seen real APSC.

Handling Covid-19 Related to Regional Security According to ASEAN Political-Security Community

INDONESIAN&#x0D; &#x0D; Hadirnya COVID-19 menyebabkan kerugian yang sangat besar dalam berbagai aspek kehidupan berbangsa dan bernegara. Salah satu aspek yang dimaksud adalah aspek keamanan negara, terutama di ASEAN. Hingga kini, belum ditemukan vaksin yang dapat sepenuhnya menyembuhkan COVID-19. Sehingga, tujuan dari penulisan ini adalah untuk mengetahui apa saja upaya penanganan yang telah dilakukan oleh negara-negara di kawasan Asia Tenggara dalam aspek keamanan negara, dan untuk mengetahui upaya yang dilakukan menurut ASEAN Political-Security Community. Peneliti menggunakan metode penelitian yuridis-normatif yang meneliti peraturan perundang-undangan, sumber hukum internasional, doktrin, literatur, dan media lainnya. Berdasarkan dari hasil penelitian yang telah dilakukan, anggota ASEAN telah mengeluarkan berbagai kebijakan dalam upaya penanganan COVID-19 seperti: travel ban, social distancing/ physical distancing, dan lockdown. Selain itu, upaya penanganan yang telah dilakukan oleh ASEAN Political-Security Community bersifat soft law. Maka, diperlukannya itikad baik dan pengedepanan prinsip penanganan bersama dari anggota ASEAN dalam menjalankan isi dari pertemuan tersebut.&#x0D; ENGLISH&#x0D; The presence of COVID-19, caused enourmous losses to the society and nation in various aspects of life. One aspect which is meant is state security especially in ASEAN. Speaking of the present, no antidote has been completely found to cure COVID-19. This paper is made to find out what effort has been done by South East Asia countries in the aspect of state security, and to find out what effort has been done by ASEAN Political-Security Community. The author uses juridical-normative research method, which the author did the research based on national and international instruments of law, doctrines, literature and other medias. Based on the research results, ASEAN members has issued various policies in purpose to deal with COVID-19 such as: travel ban, social distancing/ physical distancing, and lockdown. Furthermore, all efforts made by ASEAN Political-Security Community are categorized as soft law. Therefore, it requires good faith and prioritizing the principle of shared responsibility from the members in order to carrying out the contents of the meeting.

Criticizing the Handling of Rohingya Refugees in Southeast Asia by ASEAN and Its Members

This article is a combination of scientific and policy papers. It will critically review how the Rohingya refugees were handled in Southeast Asia. The method used is qualitative policy analysis. The author will compare the statements contained in the ASEAN Charter, the Blueprint of the ASEAN Political-Security Community, and the ASEAN Declaration of Human Rights (AHRD) as legal umbrellas which guarantee the fulfilment of human rights in Southeast Asia with the policy responses of ASEAN and some of its members (Indonesia, Thailand, and Malaysia) toward the flow of Rohingya refugees. The policy analysis will target the substance and implications of the refugees. In general, there are two approaches to refugee policies, ‘security’ with an orientation toward state sovereignty and ‘humanism (human security)’ which is pro-refugee. The author uses the second approach as a framework and a standing position. Based on the results of the analysis, the security approach is far more dominant in the handling of Rohingya than humanism. The wave of Rohingya refugees is read as a security threat, economic burden, potential cultural issue, and other negative things that ultimately put the refugees in a worse position. The author criticizes this and suggests a number of recommendations to pursue a more humanistic approach.

50 years of regional integration in ASEAN

ABSTRACTThis article offers a brief overview of the development of ASEAN in its 50 years of existence. It covers the early motivations and developments since the late 1960s, the acceleration of integration and creation of the ASEAN Free Trade Area in the 1990s, and – more recently – the development of the ASEAN Economic Community, the ASEAN Political-Security Community, and the ASEAN Socio-Cultural Community.

PERAN INDONESIA DALAM IMPLEMENTASI ASEAN POLITICAL SECURITY COMMUNITY

ASEAN established on August 8th 1967 has improving its level. By signing the ASEAN Charter, ASEAN becomes an international organization. Nowadays, ASEAN makes decision on ASEAN Community. ASEAN Community has three pillars, which are ASEAN Political Security Community, ASEAN Economic Community, and ASEAN Socio-Culture Community. ASEAN Community means ASEAN as a unity, as its principle Unity in Diversity. Implementing this vision, it is not only the responsibility of ASEAN itself, but also every member nations of ASEAN have to take part to reach the goal of ASEAN Vision 2020, which accelerate to 2015.&#x0D; Indonesia as one of founding nations of ASEAN tries to take responsibility and participate on ASEAN goals, include implementing and reaching the ASEAN Community. ASEAN Political Security Community (APSC) aims at making ASEAN and Southeast Asia region as a stable, safe, and prosper region. Indonesia commits to take responsibility for making APSC�s goals success. This research tries to analyze the role of Indonesia in making ASEAN as a stable, safe and prosper region.

Kepentingan Nasional Indonesia dalam Inisiasi ASEAN Maritime Forum (AMF)

The complexity of maritime security issues and problems in Southeast Asia became attention of ASEAN states which further encouraged the formation of the ASEAN Maritime Forum (AMF). AMF is a concept and proposal submitted by Indonesia and became one of the ASEAN Political-Security Community points. This research examines Indonesia’s national interest in establishment of AMF. Based on national interest concept, there are three Indonesia’s interest as focus of this study. First, Indonesia’s interest as an Archipelago States and has a history of maritime glories. Second, maritime as sovereignty and the AMF existence as Indonesia efforts to maintaining maritime territorial integrity. Third, maritime economic as the third Indonesia’s interests in propose of AMF establishment. In addition, this study also examine how the achievement of the Indonesia’s national interests in AMF.Keywords: AMF, archipelago states, Indonesia, national interest

ASEAN Political-Security Community: Challenges of establishing regional security in the Southeast Asia

Throughout the post-World War 2 history, Japan has looked on as a passive observer of the events happening in the Korean peninsular despite the peninsula’s geographical proximity and undeniable importance for her security. Neither the outbreak nor results of the Korean War, for example, were influenced by Japan’s action. She was not able to change the continuos division and conflicting relations between North (the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea) and South (the Republic of Korea) Koreas either. Other major neighbors, namely the US, the former Soviet Union, and China, played more active roles and had certain responsibilities in the establishment of the peninsula’s present situation. Even after the size of Japan’s economy, an important potential political power source, became undeniably huge and the basic character of international system, namely the Cold War situation, was changed, this impression of Japan’s passive, if not nonexistent, Korea policy has not changed much. To be exact, Japan played no minor role in South Korea’s achievement in becoming one of Newly Industrializing Economies (NIEs) through her provision of official developmental assistance (ODA) and private investment. But Japan’s ODA to South Korea was often either a response to American requests for strategic aid or, by building infrastructure, a foundation by which Japanese industry advanced on the South Korean market. Therefore, if Japan contributed to the economic growth of South Korea, it was a byproduct rather than the result of a grand strategy for the peninsular. When we turn attention to North Korea, Japan’s appearance has been even less visible. She did not earnestly attempt to draw North Korean society out of its isolation. Through the Korean Peninsula Energy Development Organization (KEDO), the Japanese

Suppression of Human Trafficking: Reflections of the Role of ASEAN Political-Security Community

Notwithstanding the fact that, at present, the Pillar concerning the ASEAN Political-Security Community (APSC) has been established and mobilizing Action Plans to achieve solidarity in the region; to create a peaceful, yet, strong and accountable community ready to resolve any security issues. Nevertheless, the Royal Thai Police’s apparent enthusiasm to reorient its operations in preventing human trafficking since 2014 onwards has proven that, under the pressure of the superpower, the region’s mechanisms may not be an effective one. This also reflects that, eventually, the APSC still remains an intellectual ideology which has yet to create any transformative implications.

ASEAN Political Security Community (APSC) on Counter-terrorism: Roles and Obstacles

Terrorism issue has been transforming into a worldwide concern. Southeast Asia is undoubtedly currently facing the similar issue. During Afghan war, Southeast Asia might be only known as “the exporters” of foreign militants to Afghanistan’s conflict zone. Going into the 21st century, Southeast Asia has, in turn, become the home base for terrorism itself to grow. Thus, ASEAN, as a regional body which shades Southeast Asia member states, responded to its emergence. ASEAN regarded terrorism a huge threat and paid extremely high attention to it through the release of ASEAN Convention on Counter Terrorism (ACCT). Moreover, ASEAN enhanced its commitment as regional body by composing one pillar of cooperation in security called ASEAN Political Security Community (APSC). APSC helps to drive all ASEAN member states to commit onto ACCT by proceeding to the full ratification by each member state and applying the effective implementation in dealing with the issue. This paper examines APSC’s role in combating terrorism within region and discusses its obstacles in implementing ACCT.Keywords: ASEAN; ASEAN Political Security Community; Terrorism; ASEAN Convention on Counter-Terrorism; Non-Interference

Assessing Indonesia’s Leadership in the Advancement of ASEAN Political-Security Community under President Joko Widodo

&lt;p&gt;This paper aims to examine Indonesia’s leadership in ASEAN as the regional organization advances its community building in areas of political-security. Indonesia, the largest state in Southeast Asia both from geographic and economic size, is known for its &lt;em&gt;de facto&lt;/em&gt; leadership within the regional integration process of ASEAN. Such integration is mostly prominent in areas of multilateral engagement, conflict management, and democracy as well as human rights promotion. With President Joko Widodo at the helm of Indonesia’s presidency since October 2014, Indonesia has reoriented its foreign policy cornerstone on ASEAN into other channels that best serve its national interest. As Indonesia repositions its focus from ASEAN, there is a need to evaluate whether the trajectory of ASEAN Political-Security Community will continue to thrive under the consensual decision-making process among its ten member states known as ASEAN way.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;To evaluate Indonesia’s leadership in the advancement of ASEAN Political-Security Community under President Joko Widodo, the paper will review Indonesia’s initiatives to ASEAN and how they contribute towards Southeast Asia’s regionalism. Subsequently, three areas of Indonesia’s leadership in ASEAN Political-Security Community building will be examined: the maintenance of ASEAN Centrality, South China Sea dispute management, and promotion of democracy and human rights. The paper concludes that ASEAN way works not only when ASEAN member states find a common ground on regional issues that affect their respective domestic politics. A presence of informal and voluntary leadership where “matured” member states bring about initiative and persuasion is needed to maintain ASEAN’s strategic relevance in Asia-Pacific. For this reason, Indonesia’s legitimacy as an informal leader in ASEAN plays an important role to ensure that the organization remain united and central to its member states.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Keywords&lt;/strong&gt;: ASEAN Political-Security Community, Indonesian Foreign Policy, Regional Leadership&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;