AS INDICATOR Research Articles

Effect of intermittent structures on the spectral index of the magnetic field in the slow solar wind

Abstract. Intermittent structures are ubiquitous in the solar wind turbulence, and they can significantly affect the power spectral index (which reflects the cascading process of the turbulence) of magnetic field fluctuations. However, to date, an analytical relationship between the intermittency level and the magnetic spectral index has not been shown. Here, we present the continuous variation in the magnetic spectral index in the inertial range as a function of the intermittency level. Using the measurements from the Wind spacecraft, we find 42 272 intervals with different levels of intermittency and with a duration of 5–6 min from 46 slow-wind streams between 2005 and 2013. Among them, each of the intermittent intervals is composed of one dominant intermittent structure and background turbulent fluctuations. For each interval, a magnetic spectral index αB is determined for the Fourier spectrum of the magnetic field fluctuations in the inertial range between 0.01 and 0.3 Hz. A parameter Imax, which corresponds to the maximum of the trace of the partial variance increments of the intermittent structure, is introduced as an indicator of the intermittency level. Our statistical result shows that, as Imax increases from 0 to 20, the magnetic spectrum becomes gradually steeper and the magnetic spectral index αB decreases from −1.63 to −2.01. Accordingly, for the first time, an empirical relation is established between αB and Imax: αB=0.4exp⁡(-Imax/5)-2.02. The result will help us to uncover more details about the contributions of the intermittent structures to the magnetic power spectra and, furthermore, about the physical nature of the energy cascade taking place in the solar wind. It will also help to improve turbulence theories that contain intermittent structures.

Evaluation of Some Salivary Parameters in a Group of Children Suffering From Rampant Caries in Ismailia City

Introduction: Rampant caries (RC) is a severe form of dental decay with multifactorial origin. RC poses a challenging management problem for dentists and patients. Aim: the aim of the study was to evaluate and compare between some salivary parameters: pH, buffering capacity, total protein, flow rate and zinc concentration in a group of children suffering from rampant caries and others with normal caries activity in Ismailia city. Material and methods: sixty apparently healthy children aged from 3-5 years of both sexes. According to dmfs index the selected children were divided into three groups. Saliva samples were examined for salivary pH changes, measured by pH meter, Buffering capacity by titratable acidity, Total protein by colorimetric method, Flow rate by drooling method and Zinc concentration using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Results: there was no statistically significant difference between mean salivary pH values in three groups. Salivary buffering capacity results showed, group I had a statistically significantly highest mean buffering capacity, There was no statistically significant difference between group II and group III, salivary total proteins showed no statically significant difference between group I and group II; both showed the statistically significant highest mean total protein, but group III showed the statistically significant lowest mean salivary total protein. There was no statistically significant difference between the three groups in salivary flow rate and Zn concentration. Conclusion: salivary pH, flow rate and Zn conc. can’t be used as an indicator for occurrence of rampant caries but salivary total protein and salivary buffering capacity may be used. Introduction: Rampant caries (RC) is a severe form of dental decay with multifactorial origin. RC poses a challenging management problem for dentists and patients. Aim: the aim of the study was to evaluate and compare between some salivary parameters: pH, buffering capacity, total protein, flow rate and zinc concentration in a group of children suffering from rampant caries and others with normal caries activity in Ismailia city. Material and methods: sixty apparently healthy children aged from 3-5 years of both sexes. According to dmfs index the selected children were divided into three groups. Saliva samples were examined for salivary pH changes, measured by pH meter, Buffering capacity by titratable acidity, Total protein by colorimetric method, Flow rate by drooling method and Zinc concentration using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Results: there was no statistically significant difference between mean salivary pH values in three groups. Salivary buffering capacity results showed, group I had a statistically significantly highest mean buffering capacity, There was no statistically significant difference between group II and group III, salivary total proteins showed no statically significant difference between group I and group II; both showed the statistically significant highest mean total protein, but group III showed the statistically significant lowest mean salivary total protein. There was no statistically significant difference between the three groups in salivary flow rate and Zn concentration. Conclusion: salivary pH, flow rate and Zn conc. can’t be used as an indicator for occurrence of rampant caries but salivary total protein and salivary buffering capacity may be used.

Long-term water stress and drought assessment of Mediterranean oak savanna vegetation using thermal remote sensing

Abstract. Drought is a devastating natural hazard that is difficult to define, detect and quantify. The increased availability of both meteorological and remotely sensed data provides an opportunity to develop new methods to identify drought conditions and characterize how drought changes over space and time. In this paper, we applied the surface energy balance model, SEBS (Surface Energy Balance System), for the period 2001–2018, to estimate evapotranspiration and other energy fluxes over the dehesa area of the Iberian Peninsula, with a monthly temporal resolution and 0.05∘ pixel size. A satisfactory agreement was found between the fluxes modeled and the measurements obtained for 3 years by two flux towers located over representative sites (RMSD = 21 W m−2 and R2=0.76, on average, for all energy fluxes and both sites). The estimations of the convective fluxes (LE and H) showed higher deviations, with RMSD = 26 W m−2 on average, than Rn and G, with RMSD = 15 W m−2. At both sites, annual evapotranspiration (ET) was very close to total precipitation, with the exception of a few wet years in which intense precipitation events that produced high runoff were observed. The analysis of the anomalies of the ratio of ET to reference ET (ETo) was used as an indicator of agricultural drought on monthly and annual scales. The hydrological years 2004/2005 and 2011/2012 stood out for their negative values. The first one was the most severe of the series, with the highest impact observed on vegetation coverage and grain production. On a monthly scale, this event was also the longest and most intense, with peak negative values in January–February and April–May 2005, explaining its great impact on cereal production (up to 45 % reduction). During the drier events, the changes in the grasslands' and oak trees' ground cover allowed for a separate analysis of the strategies adopted by the two strata to cope with water stress. These results indicate that the drought events characterized for the period did not cause any permanent damage to the vegetation of dehesa systems. The approach tested has proven useful for providing insight into the characteristics of drought events over this ecosystem and will be helpful to identify areas of interest for future studies at finer resolutions.

FICOCIANINA COMO INDICADOR DE CIANOBACTÉRIAS EM RESERVATÓRIOS

PHYCOCYANIN AS AN INDICATOR OF CYANBACTERIA IN RESERVOIRS. Phycocyanin is a pigment present in cyanobacteria whose optical characteristics favor its application in clinical, dietary, and environmental aspects. There are reports of studies of these pigments in lakes and reservoirs, which present different analysis methodologies. Based on this information, this work aims to evaluate correlations between phycocyanin and the number of cyanobacteria to optime the methodologies mentioned above. The samples were collected from four reservoirs in the semiarid region of Ceará, and the applied methodology was based on the work of Hórvath (2013). The spectrophotometry and the fluorimetry analyzes were performed in this analysis. The analytical curves for the phycocyanin showed high linearity, and the fluorimetric technique, which was used due to its greater analytical sensitivity. The absorbance coefficient (2.57 mL mg-1 cm-1) was obtained by spectrophotometry, which was lower than that reported in the literature. The correlations found were higher and significant for phycocyanin (r > 0.70) for the reservoirs, while the correlations with chlorophyll were much lower, hence is contrary to what was observed in the literature. It is concluded that the phycocyanin pigment should be used as an indicator in the estimation of cyanobacteria in reservoirs, replacing the use of chlorophyll for the same function.

PRONOUN AS AN INDICATOR OF AUTHORIAL STANCE IN ACADEMIC WRITING

ZORI BARSEGHYAN - PRONOUN AS AN INDICATOR OF AUTHORIAL STANCE IN ACADEMIC WRITING The article discusses the cases of usage of personal pronoun ‘I’ in academic writing as an indicator of expressing author’s position in scientific writing. Academic writing is characterized by objectivity, abstractness, regularity, accuracy, clarity and impersonality. In recent years the western scientific community considers the impersonality of scientific writing as an unnecessary formalism and advises to use personal pronoun ‘I’ unrestrainedly in scientific writing as a means of expressing one’s position.

THE LOSS OF INFRARED LIGHT SENSITIVITY OF PHOTORECEPTOR CELLS MEASURED WITH TWO-PHOTON EXCITATION AS AN INDICATOR OF DIABETIC RETINOPATHY: A Pilot Study.

Human photoreceptors are sensitive to infrared light (IR). This sensitivity can be used as a novel indicator of retinal function. Diabetic retinopathy patients were assessed using in vivo two-photon excitation and compared their scotopic IR threshold with that of healthy patients. Sixty-two participants, 28 healthy and 34 with diabetic retinopathy, underwent a comprehensive eye examination, where visual acuity and contrast sensitivity were assessed. Infrared thresholds were measured in the fovea and parafovea following 30-minute dark adaptation. A two-photon excitation device was used with integrated pulsed laser light (1,045 nm) for sensitivity testing and scanning laser ophthalmoscopy for fundus imaging. The mean Snellen visual acuity of diabetic patients (6/7.7) was worse than that of the healthy patients (6/5.5), which was significantly different (P < 0.001). Disease patients had decreased contrast sensitivity, especially at 6 and 18 cycles/degree. The mean retinal sensitivity to IR light in eyes with diabetic retinopathy (11.6 ± 2.0 dB) was significantly (P < 0.001) lower than that in normal eyes (15.5 ± 1.3 dB). Compared with healthy control subjects, the IR light sensitivity of diabetic patients was significantly impaired. Two-photon measurements can be used in the assessment of retinal disease, but further studies are needed to validate IR light stimulation in various stages of diabetic retinopathy.

Assessment of serological markers of dengue and it’s correlation to thrombocytopenia Running title: Platelet counts and serological markers of dengue infection

Background:Dengue is an acute, potentially fatal viral infection that can culminate in dengue hemorrhagic fever and dengue shock syndrome. The present study was conducted to assess the correlation between platelet counts and serological markers of dengue infection. Materials and Methods: The present study was conducted among 120 patients suspected of dengue fever. Serum samples were collected from suspected dengue fever patients. The samples were tested for NS1 antigen, IgM, and IgG antibodies using the ICT test kit. The platelet count was recorded in dengue parameter-positive and -negative cases. Results: Out of 120 patients, males were 70 and females were 50. NS1 only was detected in 62, IgM only in 20, IgG only in 14, NS1 and IgM only in 10, NS1 and IgG only in 8 and IgM and IgG only in 6 cases. 62 patients that were positive for NS 1, thrombocytopenia was seen in 48, 12 out of 20 IgM positive patients, 10 out of 14 IgG positive patients, 6 out of 10 NS1 and IgM only positive patients, 4 out of 8 NS1 and IgG only positive patients and 2 out of 6 IgM and IgG only positive patients were detected. The difference was significant (P&lt; 0.05). Conclusion:In fever, thrombocytopenia is observed more uniformly in subjects positive for dengue. WheneverIgM is detected as compared to NS1 and can be used asan indicator to reduce the complication of dengue disease. The use of NS1 in the diagnosis of dengue increases the detection rate significantly.

Soil Organic Carbon Pools under &lt;i&gt;Terminalia chebula&lt;/i&gt; Retz. based Agroforestry Systemin Himalayan Foothills, Indiax

Knowledge of carbon (C) pools in soils is helpful in devising practices for efficient carbon management in intensive cropping systems. Carbon fractions of soil organic carbon are used asan indicator for land-use induced change in soil quality. The present study evaluated carbon pools under Terminalia chebula(chebulic myrobalan) based agroforestry system supplied with different nutrient sources, viz. farmyard manure, poultry manure, vermicompost, wheat straw and inorganic fertilizer (NPK @ 100:80:60). Carbon fractions, viz. very labile (C 1 frac ), labile (C 2 frac ), less labile (C 3 frac ) and non-labile (C 4 frac ), were analysed at 0–15 and 15–30 cm soil depth. The higher value of C 1 frac (13.8%), C 2 frac (4.8%), C 3 frac (8.3%) and C 4 frac(11.1%) were recorded under agroforestry as compared to open system. Among the nutrient sources, all the carbon fractions were higher under 100% integrated nutrient sources as compared to controlled treatment. Microbial biomass carbon (MBC) was recorded higher (298.31 μg g –1 ) under agroforestry system compared to the open system (290.63 μg g –1 ) at 0–15 cm. Among the different nutrient sources, higher MBC (458.66 μg g –1 ) at 0–15 cm and lower (340.59 μg g –1 ) at 15–30 cm soil depth was recorded in 100% integrated treatment.Thus, agroforestry-based land-use types and integrated nutrient management are more efficient for soil health and carbon management in Himalayan foothills.

Świadczenie pracy jako wyznacznik sytuacji prawnej pracownika — wybrane problemy

PERFORMANCE OF WORK AS AN INDICATOR OF AN EMPLOYEE’S LEGAL SITUATION — SELECTED ISSUESThe term “work” is of key importance for the understanding of the legal situation of an employee. Unfortunately, the term is ambiguous. It is determined by a variety of factors, such as time and place. Moreover, “work” may adopt a different meaning in different branches of law. In labour law, this term specifies the performance of duties by an employee, and in social security law it constitutes a prerequisite for an accident at work. These functions make it possible for work to be perceived independently in each area of the law. This diversity makes it challenging to delineate the rights and obligations of an employee. It appears that in such a case it is essential to make use of not only linguistic interpretation but also systemic and functional rules.

WATER, PEOPLE AND BILLS IN THE BODVA MICRO-REGION: INVESTMENTS AND CONNECTION TO WATER INFRASTRUCTURE AS AN INDICATOR OF STRUCTURAL PROBLEMS

WATER, PEOPLE AND BILLS IN THE BODVA MICRO-REGION: INVESTMENTS AND CONNECTION TO WATER INFRASTRUCTURE AS AN INDICATOR OF STRUCTURAL PROBLEMS

Diseño de un modelo para la administración de inventarios en un cultivo de fresa, basado en el modelo de pedido para un solo periodo y las métricas 6 sigma

La administración de inventarios es parte de las actividades fundamentales de toda empresa, por tanto, de su adecuadomanejo dependerán los resultados de actividades posteriores. Los modelos de inventario parten del supuesto general deque los productos presentan un tiempo de vida ilimitado, sin embargo, en algunos sistemas existe una generación de costosadicionales, asociados al deterioro de la calidad de los productos, llamados perecederos. A partir de las condicionesproductivas, de gestión de inventarios y de control de desperdicio, el presente estudio incluye una propuesta de diseño deun modelo para la administración de inventarios en un cultivo de fresa, basado en un modelo de inventario para productosperecederos, conocido como el modelo de pedido de un solo periodo y la aplicación de métricas 6 sigma, para la consideracióny control del nivel de desperdicio y las limitantes de capacidad productiva del cultivo. A partir del modelamientoplanteado, se realiza una prueba de verificación del funcionamiento teórico del mismo El modelo a nivel teórico es funcional,permitiendo evidenciar en un periodo de planeación de un mes, que el modelo permite establecer adecuadamente lacantidad óptima de recolección recomendada; relacionando capacidad esperada de recolección respecto a capacidad realdisponible; así como a partir de la cantidad de desperdicio en el cultivo en un periodo determinado, permitiendo establecercontroles en el cultivo, teniendo en cuenta el factor de calidad seis sigma y su aplicación como indicador de ocurrenciasde desperdicio, que permite garantizar a nivel teórico la planeación y momentos de renovación de cultivo.

Spatial and temporal variability in coccolithophore abundance and distribution in the NW Iberian coastal upwelling system

Abstract. A systematic investigation of the spatial and temporal variability in coccolithophore abundance and distribution through the water column of the NW Iberian coastal upwelling system was performed. From July 2011 to June 2012, monthly sampling at various water depths was conducted at two parallel stations located at 42∘ N. Total coccosphere abundance was higher at the outer-shelf station, where warmer, nutrient-depleted waters favoured coccolithophore rather than phytoplanktonic diatom blooms, which are known to dominate the inner-shelf location. In seasonal terms, higher coccosphere and coccolith abundances were registered at both stations during upwelling seasons, coinciding with high irradiance levels. This was typically in conjunction with stratified, nutrient-poor conditions (i.e. relaxing upwelling conditions). However, it also occurred during some upwelling events of colder, nutrient-rich subsurface waters onto the continental shelf. Minimum abundances were generally found during downwelling periods, with unexpectedly high coccolith abundance registered in subsurface waters at the inner-shelf station. This finding can only be explained if strong storms during these downwelling periods favoured resuspension processes, thus remobilizing deposited coccoliths from surface sediments, and hence hampering the identification of autochthonous coccolithophore community structure. At both locations, the major coccolithophore assemblages were dominated by Emiliania huxleyi, small Gephyrocapsa group, Gephyrocapsa oceanica, Florisphaera profunda, Syracosphaera spp., Coronosphaera mediterranea, and Calcidiscus leptoporus. Ecological preferences of the different taxa were assessed by exploring the relationships between environmental conditions and temporal and vertical variability in coccosphere abundance. These findings provide relevant information for the use of fossil coccolith assemblages in marine sediment records, in order to infer past environmental conditions, of particular importance for Paleoceanography. Both E. huxleyi and the small Gephyrocapsa group are proposed as proxies for the upwelling regime with a distinct affinity for different stages of the upwelling event: E. huxleyi was associated with warmer, nutrient-poor and more stable water column (i.e. upwelling relaxation stage) while the small Gephyrocapsa group was linked to colder waters and higher nutrient availability (i.e. early stages of the upwelling event), similarly to G. oceanica. Conversely, F. profunda is suggested as a proxy for the downwelling regime and low-productivity conditions. The assemblage composed by Syracosphaera pulchra, Coronosphaera mediterranea, and Rhabdosphaera clavigera may be a useful indicator of the presence of subtropical waters conveyed northward by the Iberian Poleward Current. Finally, C. leptoporus is proposed as an indicator of warmer, saltier, and oligotrophic waters during the downwelling/winter regime.

Oxidation Tmax: A new thermal maturity indicator for hydrocarbon source rocks

We report a new thermal maturity indicator for hydrocarbon source rocks based on non-isothermal programmed temperature oxidation of organic matter.Open system pyrolysis (e.g., Rock-Eval) is a fast and inexpensive analysis method and thus it is widely used in geochemical screening of source rocks. Pyrolysis Tmax based maturity assessment is known to be adversely affected by the presence of oil-based mud and organic contaminants. Moreover, pyrolysis does not yield reliable Tmax for overmature or organic-lean samples. With these limitations in mind, we aimed at utilizing thermal oxidation behavior of organic matter that could be used asan indicator for its maturity.A suite of organic-rich shale samples was analyzed using routine pyrolysis, and pyrolysis Tmax values were obtained. Then the same suite of samples were subjected to thermal oxidation using a LECO analyzer, and the maximum temperature of oxidation was measured. A strong correlation (R2≥0.88) was found between pyrolysis Tmax and oxidation Tmax values. Furthermore, oxidation analyses of pre-pyrolyzed (charred) samples also produced a strong relationship between oxidation Tmax of the pre-pyrolyzed (charred) samples and the pyrolysis Tmax of the original sample. A final trial was conducted using routine pyrolysis instrumentation, namely Rock-Eval 6 (RE6) to measure the maximum temperature of oxidation (S4 peak) and compare it to pyrolysis Tmax. A cross plot of pyrolysis Tmax and oxidation Tmax values both acquired from RE6 analyses led to the following relationship:Pyrolysis Tmax(°C)=(oxidation Tmax(S4)+272.82)/1.71(R2=0.89)We note that oxidation Tmax is a reliable new thermal maturity indicator, especially for contaminated and/or overmature samples.

Assessing the environmental status of the short-beaked common dolphin (Delphinus delphis) in North-western Spanish waters using abundance trends and safe removal limits

Monitoring and assessment of the status of marine mammal populations is a requirement of the European Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD). Due to the difficulty of collecting data in the marine environment and because many populations of these highly mobile species inhabit waters of several Member States, monitoring of marine mammals is particularly challenging. In the present work we have used a 10-year time-series of data collected from multidisciplinary research surveys to estimate common dolphin (Delphinus delphis) abundance and trends in continental shelf waters of the northwest Spanish sub-region. We argue that this approach provides a valuable addition to large-scale dedicated surveys, offering a shorter interval between surveys and hence offering the possibility to track abundance changes at a regional scale. Trends in the number of dolphins present in the study area over the last 10years show a mean increase of about 9.6% per year, which results in an evaluation of Good Environmental Status for the species in the area using the abundance indicator adopted in the framework of the MSFD. Data obtained from dedicated dual-platform surveys have been used to correct the detection bias in our data collected using single-platforms (attraction toward the observation platform and animals missed on the track-line), to obtain absolute abundance estimates for calculating bycatch limits. The average abundance over the study period was 12,831 dolphins [CI 95%; 9025, 18,242] calculated with the conventional distance sampling methodology, 4747 [3307, 6816] corrected for attraction and missed animals on the track-line, and 22,510 [15,776, 32,120] corrected only for missed animals on the track-line. The estimated safe bycatch limit for this area calculated from these abundance values were 218 [153, 310], 81 [56, 115] and 383 [268, 546] per year, respectively. Comparing these figures with estimates based on different sources, the percentage of dolphins that die in this study area is higher than the maximum limit allowable under the OSPAR criteria for population mortality adopted asan indicator for the MSFD.

Control of temperature and aqueous Mg2+/Ca2+ ratio on the (trans-)formation of ikaite

The calcium carbonate hexahydrate mineral ikaite (CaCO3⋅6 H2O) has been documented in aquatic environments at near-freezing temperatures. An increase of the prevailing temperature in the depositional environment, results in the transformation of natural ikaite into less soluble calcium carbonate phases occasionally leaving calcite pseudomorphs in the sediments, which are considered asan indicator for primary cold water temperatures. Detailed understanding on the physicochemical parameters controlling ikaite (trans-)formation however, such as temperature and reactive solution chemical composition, are still under debate. In order to study the formation of ikaite, we conducted precipitation experiments under controlled physicochemical conditions (pH = 8.3±0.1; T=6, 12, and 18±0.1°C) at defined aqueous molar Mg/Ca ratios. The transformation of ikaite into anhydrous calcium carbonate polymorphs was investigated in solution and at air exposure. The obtained results reveal the formation of ikaite at temperatures up to 12°C, whereas Mg-rich amorphous calcium carbonate precipitated at 18°C. In contact with the reactive solution ikaite transformed into aragonite at aqueous molar Mg2+/Ca2+ ratios of ≥14. In contrast, ikaite separated from the Mg-rich solution and exposed to air transformed in all cases into calcite/vaterite. The herein obtained temperature limit of ≤12 for ikaite formation is significantly higher than formerly expected and most probably caused by (i) the high saturation degree of the solution with respect to ikaite and (ii) the slow dehydration of the aqueous Ca2+ ion at low temperatures. This result questions the suitability of calcite pseudomorphs (i.e. glendonites) as a proxy for near-freezing temperatures. Moreover, our findings show that the CaCO3 polymorph formed from ikaite is strongly controlled by the physicochemical conditions, such as aqueous molar Mg2+/Ca2+ ratio of the reactive fluid and H2O availability throughout the transformation process.

EVALUATION OF FEEDING BEHAVIOR AS AN INDICATOR OF PAIN IN SNAKES.

The necessity to prevent and manage pain in reptiles is becoming increasingly important, as their use in scientific research and popularity as exotic pets continues to rise. It was hypothesized that feeding behavior would provide an adequate indicator of pain perception in the ball python (Python regius). Normal feeding was defined the previous week, where a dead rodent was struck within 12 sec (n = 10). Eighteen pythons were randomly assigned to one of three treatments: anesthesia only (AO), chemical noxious stimulus (CS; capsaicin injection), or surgical noxious stimulus (SS; surgical incision). The time to strike was recorded 4 hr after the procedure and weekly during the subsequent 3 wk. Delayed feeding was observed in animals in the CS and SS groups, and normal feeding resumed after 1 and 3 wk, respectively. Spontaneous feeding remained uninterrupted for the AO group. These findings demonstrate feeding behavior as a potential model to assess pain in snakes.

Prokofiev’s seventh symphony and its two еndings: A study of “imposed” revisions

Why does a composer resort to changing any one of his compositions? Under what circumstances does the creative output need to be re-evaluated and perhaps reconsidered? Prokofiev?s final Seventh Symphony presents two endings different in mood and character, one subtler and the other more vivid. This paper examines the background behind the appearance of the alternative ending - most specifically an extended coda, which appeared as an indication of a conformist stance on Prokofiev?s part, an attempt to appease the regime and probably obtain the Stalin Prize, so essential to him.

STUDI KOMPARASI ANGKA KUMAN UDARA PADA RUANG PERAWATAN KELAS III DI IRNA II RSUD PROF. DR. MARGONO SOEKARJO PURWOKERTO TAHUN 2014

The Hospital of Prof. Dr. Margono Soekarjo Purwokerto is a type B regional hospital that providesspecialist medical care and subspecialty limited. Treatment Room at IRNA II Class III is room surgicaltreatment for the disease, so that the potential occurrence of nosocomial infections. The purpose of thisstudy was to determine whether there are differences in the numbers of germs existing air in 6 types ofclass III treatment rooms of IRNA II in hospitals of Prof. Dr. Margono Soekarjo Purwokerto.This research is an analytic observational study with cross sectional approach. Type variables usedwere the independent variables (sanitary conditions in the third class ward IRNA II), the dependentvariable (number of air germs), potentially confounding variables (temperature, humidity, lighting,ventilation and a wide density residential).Based on the results of the examination, the average - average rate of 6 indoor air bacteriaexamined was 157.5 CFU/m3. Average - The average temperature is 29,630 C. Average - averagehumidity is 69.05%. Average - average is 122.5 Lux lighting. Ventilation holes wide average - average is13.5 m2. Average occupancy density - average is 17.55 m3.Researchers concluded in the third class ward IRNA II is not fully qualified fully seen from thequality of the physical environment. Researchers suggest a number of bacteria should be monitored asan indicator of air disinfection room does.

UKURAN LINGKAR PERGELANGAN TANGAN SEBAGAI INDIKATOR KEGEMUKAN PADA ANAK USIA SEKOLAH DASAR DI KOTA BOGOR JAWA BARAT

WRIST CIRCUMFERENCE AS AN INDICATOR FOR OBESITY AMONG PRIMARY SCHOOL CHILDREN IN BOGOR, WEST JAVA Introduction:Obesity is now increasing problem among primary school children. Obesity during childhood has a consequence of obesity in the teen age. Approximately, one third of children with obesity will become obese in their older age. Objective:To examine the reliability of wrist circumference as an indicator of obesity, particularly for rapid assessment. Method: The analysis used data from the study on ”The development of nutrition education intervention for primary school children from midlle economic class families (2001)”. The sample in this study is primary school children age 9-12 years from several favorite schools in the city of Bogor West Java. The weight and height of 1990 children were collected during the study. In addition data of wrist circumference was collected by a simple method non numerical measure but a qualitatif. The method used was by connecting the thumb and the mid-finger of child’s right hand on the wrist of child’s left hand. The method gives three condition: 1) Normal if the tips of thumb and mid-finger touch each other and no space between wrist and the circle made by the thumb and mid-finger, 2) Thin if the tips of thumb and mid-finger touch each other but there is space between the wrist and the circle, and 3) overweight/obese if the tips thumb and mid-finger does not touch each other. Data on weight and height were converted into z-score weight-for-height (ZWH) based on WHO-NCHS standard, 1982. Kappa coefficient was obtained to evaluate the reliability of wrist circumference to Z-WH in identifying obesity among school children. Result: 76% of overweight/obese children and 95% of non-overweight/obese children could be identified by using wrist circumference. The Kappa coefficient for the reliability test is 0,6 and is a sufficiently reliable. Conclusion: Wrist circumference could be used as a simple tool for a rapid assesment or sceening of obesity among school children. Keywords :obesity, wrist circumference, weight-for-height Z-score, school children

Systems oncology: A new paradigm in cancer research.

Systems oncology: A new paradigm in cancer research.