Arusha Region Research Articles

Adoption and Scaling-Up of Conservation Agriculture in Tanzania: Case of Arusha and Dodoma Regions

A study was conducted to assess the adoption and scaling-up of Conservation Agriculture in Arumeru district, Arusha region, northern Tanzania and Chamwino and Dodoma Urban districts in Dodoma region, Central Tanzania. The study employed structured questionnaire survey and key informant interviews as the main data collection methods. Data analysis was done descriptively to determine factors that influence the adoption. Results showed that farmers in Arusha have highly adopted terraces, minimum tillage and cover cropping whereas their counterparts in Dodoma have highly adopted large planting pits, minimum tillage, and rippers. The intensity of adoption in Arusha is higher for the wealthy compared to the poor while in Dodoma the wealth status was not a factor that influenced adoption of the Conservation Agriculture (CA) technologies. The process of technology adoption should include the use of various participatory methods including farmer field schools, experimental plots, farmer exchange visits, and training of trainers among others. Use of farmer groups, incentives, and support instruments such as Savings and Credit Co-operative Society (SACCOS) or warehouse receipts systems are also important to ensure that farmers realize some acceptable profits from their efforts. Involvement of various stakeholders is also very important including local governments and agricultural change agents at national, regional, district, ward and village levels. Hence, the intention to promote CA technologies should not only look at the economic importance, but also its socio-economic importance to the local people in the area. Their desire to adopt and out-scale a technology should be among the most important investment factors that the government and development partners should consider.

Animal Health Governance And Services: A Case Of Pastoralists In Ngorongoro District, Tanzania

While good governance has been on the development agenda, animal health governance issues have remained relatively neglected in the debate on animal health services. This has resulted in inadequate public and private sector investment in animal health services in pastoral remote areas. The study had three specific objectives: to assess animal health governance, to analyse animal health services, and to determine governance related factors affecting animal health services. The study was conducted in Ngorongoro District, Arusha Region, Tanzania. A cross-sectional research design was used in this study. A structured questionnaire with open and close-ended questions was administered. Purposive sampling procedure was used to select the district, three wards and three villages. A sample size of 125 respondents was drawn from three villages by using simple stratified sampling procedure. Data were analysed by the use of Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). Descriptive statistics were computed to assess animal health governance. Frequencies, percentages and cross- tabulation were used to analyse animal health services. The findings showed there was a weak chain of command within the animal health governance structure. The findings also revealed poor availability of animal health services in pastoral areas. Research findings showed significant association between governance and animal health services I‡2 = 6.085 (p < 0.05). There was significant differences in the mortality of livestock where governance factors held differently (T-test = 50.230, P < 0.05). This study recommends a need to improve animal health governance, supportive institutional and legal frameworks in order to improve animal health services in pastoral areas.

Validating Regression Models to Assess Factors for Motorcycle Accidents in Tanzania

There are several ways in which regression model can be validated. One of the ways is a collection of new data to check model predictions (Snee, 1977). In Nyakyi et al. (2014) a multiple regression model was formulated, analyzed, and discussed to assess motorcycle accidents in Tanzania. The model included several factors which are wrong overtaking, legal status of not owning license, rough road, high speed, mechanical defect, personal status, experience of a driver, and tarmac road. All these factors were considered to be the causes of motorcycle accidents in Tanzania, specifically in Arusha and Kilimanjaro regions. This paper presents the analysis and discussion of the accidents problem using new data collected through questionnaire; the study's results are then compared with the results, predicted by the multiple regression models, for validation. Questionnaires were designed to access the extent to which identified factors cause motorcycle accidents, and the data is obtained from motorcycle stake holders who in this study are considered to have reliable information about motorcycle accidents in Tanzania. The results of the validation indicate that there is a good correlation between the data obtained from the questionnaire and the data produced by the regression model.

Status and distributions of pesticides buried at five sites in Arusha and Mbeya regions, Tanzania

This study investigated the compositions and distributions of pesticides buried at five sites in Tanzania. Samples were collected from various depths up to 220 cm. The analytes in samples were extracted by pressurized fluid extraction. Labelled internal standards were used for identification and quantification. Clean-up of extracts was conducted by using column chromatographic techniques. Determination of the analytes was performed by using a high resolution GC–MS. The dominant compounds detected were 4,4'-DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane), 2,4'-DDT, 4,4'-DDE, 2,4'-DDE, 4,4'-DDD, 2,4'-DDD, hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) isomers (α-, β-, γ-, δ- and e-HCH), aldrin, dieldrin, endrin, pentachlorobenzene, hexachlorobenzene, pentachloroanisole, endosulfans, chlordanes, heptachlor and heptachloroepoxides. The highest concentrations of total DDT and total HCH ranged 5.2 to 5410 mg/kg dry weight (dw) and 1.4 to 42200 mg/kg dw, respectively, while the highest concentrations for other compounds varied from 1.1 to 7200 mg/kg dw. The results indicated aged contaminants but the rate of degradation was generally very slow. The concentrations of the compounds decreased with increase in distance from the burial points. There were variations in the distribution of the compounds among the sampling sites and depths; some showed even distribution or accumulation downwards indicating some risks for groundwater contamination. Key words: Buried pesticides, soil, Tanzania.

Domestic pigs as potential reservoirs of human and animal trypanosomiasis in Northern Tanzania.

BackgroundPig keeping is becoming increasingly common across sub-Saharan Africa. Domestic pigs from the Arusha region of northern Tanzania were screened for trypanosomes using PCR-based methods to examine the role of pigs as a reservoir of human and animal trypanosomiasis.MethodsA total of 168 blood samples were obtained from domestic pigs opportunistically sampled across four districts in Tanzania (Babati, Mbulu, Arumeru and Dodoma) during December 2004. A suite of PCR-based methods was used to identify the species and sub-species of trypanosomes including: Internally Transcribed Sequence to identify multiple species; species specific PCR to identify T. brucei s. l. and T. godfreyi and a multiplex PCR reaction to distinguish T. b. rhodesiense from T. brucei s. l.ResultsOf the 168 domestic pigs screened for animal and human infective trypanosome DNA, 28 (16.7%) were infected with one or more species of trypanosome; these included: six pigs infected with Trypanosoma vivax (3.6%); three with Trypanosoma simiae (1.8%); two with Trypanosoma congolense (Forest) (1%) and four with Trypanosoma godfreyi (2.4%). Nineteen pigs were infected with Trypanosoma brucei s. l. (10.1%) of which eight were identified as carrying the human infective sub-species Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense (4.8%).ConclusionThese results show that in Tanzania domestic pigs may act as a significant reservoir for animal trypanosomiasis including the cattle pathogens T. vivax and T. congolense, the pig pathogen T. simiae, and provide a significant reservoir for T. b. rhodesiense, the causative agent of acute Rhodesian sleeping sickness.

Socio-economic impact of Rift Valley fever to pastoralists and agro pastoralists in Arusha, Manyara and Morogoro regions in Tanzania

Rift Valley fever (RVF) is a viral notifiable zoonotic disease primarily of domestic ruminants that causes significant socio-economic impacts. Using the 2006–07 outbreak cases, this study aimed to establish the socio-economic impact of RVF and assessing knowledge, attitude and practice of livestock keepers towards controlling RVF in selected areas of Tanzania. Data were collected in Arusha, Manyara and Morogoro regions using questionnaires, focus group discussions and in-depth interviews with key informants. Results indicate that there was little knowledge on disease (all clinical signs scored <50%) and the difference between the three regions was statistically significant (P = 0.00459). Socio-economic impacts of RVF shown by this study included; animal and human deaths, disruption of livestock market chains, inability of pastoralists to achieve their daily demands, inability to obtain protein leading to malnutrition and monetary loss at individual and national level during control of the disease. These findings have demonstrated low knowledge of the community on RVF, thus, more education and engagement is needed in order to develop more effective and efficient control strategies.

HIV/AIDS KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE AND PRACTICE AMONG WOMEN IN THE LEAST AND MOST HIV/AIDS AFFECTED REGIONS OF MAINLAND TANZANIA

Among women in mainland Tanzania, Iringa region in the southern highlands has the highest HIV/AIDS prevalence rate while Arusha region in the north-east has the lowest prevalence rate. In a 2007/8 survey, Iringa's HIV rate for women was 18.6% versus 0.8% in Arusha. Using data from a survey of women aged 15-49 years conducted in 2009 by the Champion project of EngenderHealth, a comparison was made of HIV/AIDS knowledge, attitude and practice between women in Iringa and Arusha regions. It was found that women in Arusha region had more knowledge of HIV/AIDS than women in Iringa region, and that more than three-quarters of the women in each region were married and 12% of the women in Arusha region had never been married compared with 8% of the women in Iringa region. The majority of women in each region had at least primary school education and there was no significant difference between their educational levels. Women in Arusha region were economically less active than women in Iringa region, a statistically significant association. More women in Arusha region than in Iringa region had never had children (24% versus 12%). Similarly, women in Arusha region had significantly fewer children compared with women in Iringa.

Races of Hemileia vastatrix and Variation in Pathogenicity of Colletotrichum kahawae Isolates to Compact Coffee Genotypes in Tanzania

Eighteen clones of coffee rust differentials were used to characterize rust races prevailing in the coffee growing areas in Arusha, Kilimanjaro, Mara, Bukoba, Kigoma, Mbeya and Ruvuma regions. The results showed the presence of seven new Hemileia vastatrix races causative agent for coffee leaf rust (CLR) in the surveyed coffee growing areas. The races were: XLI (v2, 5, 8), XLII (v2, 5, 7, 8 or v2, 5, 7, 8, 9), XV (v4, 5), XXX (v5, 8), XXXIII (v5, 7 or v5, 7, 9), XXXIV (v2, 5, 7 or v2, 5, 7, 9), XXXIX (v2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9). Four strains of Colletotrichum kahawae originating from 4 coffee ecosystems were used to test their level of pathogenicity on 16 compact coffee genotypes, Ctr088 and commercial variety N39. The four C. kahawae strains were less pathogenic to six compact coffee genotypes; CVT2, CVT4, CVT5, CVT7, CVT8 and CVT13, completely nil pathogenic to Ctr088, but significantly highly (P < 0.05) pathogenic to N39. Coffee genotype Ctr088 was confirmed to be a potential donor of developing coffee berry disease (CBD) varieties with durable resistance. Differential interaction between the compact genotypes and the four C. kahawae strains needs further investigation.

Farmers’ Participatory Identification of Horticultural Traits: Developing Breeding Objectives for Vegetable Amaranth in Tanzania

Inadequate documentation of farmer-preferred market traits in vegetable Amaranth (Amaranthus spp.) necessitated this study. Vegetable amaranth is a cheap and reliable source of vitamins and minerals in sub-Saharan Africa. In Tanzania, commercial varieties are limited in number partly because of inadequate research work. A participatory approach was used to identify farmer-preferred and promising accessions for genetic enhancement and distribution. Respondents from Arusha, Meru, and Moshi regions evaluated 84 accessions during 2008–2009. Genotype ranks for farmer-preferred traits were not consistent across years. Farmers’ participatory research indicated that accessions 1008, 1004, 1001, 1003, 1002, 5, and 1018 were best for delayed flowering. Accessions 45, 25, 32, and 35 performed best for leaf size, and accessions 1001, 45, 25, 32, 7, and 35 were tastier than other accessions. Accessions 38, 25, and 45 were preferred for multiple traits. Promising accessions selected by the farmers were recommended for multi-environment testing, genetic enhancement, and promotion in Tanzania.

Sr31-Virulent Races (TTKSK, TTKST, and TTTSK) of the Wheat Stem Rust Pathogen Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici are Present in Tanzania.

Since the first detection of race TTKSK (syn. Ug99) in Uganda in 1999 (2), the migration and evolution of Sr31-virulent races of Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici [Pgt] have been closely monitored, particularly in Kenya and countries north, along the likely trajectory of migration to major wheat-producing regions of Asia. More recently, surveillance efforts have been undertaken to the south as well, and Ug99-related races have been detected in South Africa and Zimbabwe (3,4). Here we report for the first time results of a survey conducted in Tanzania. Systematic race surveillance provides data not only on the current distribution of the Ug99 race group, but also on the possible points of origin as well as the pace and probable paths of dispersal of future races from the region. In this context, the presence or absence of the Ug99 group of wheat stem rust races in adjacent countries like Tanzania assumes regional, and possibly global, relevance. A preliminary survey conducted in September 2006 indicated the presence of Sr31-virulent races of Pgt outside Slahhamo Village (3°15'S, 35°48'E) in the Ngorongoro highlands of northern Tanzania, based on compatible reactions with cv. K-Mamba (a.k.a. Mwamba), a cultivar whose pedigree indicates the presence of Sr31. A broader survey was conducted in August 2009, during which infected tissue was collected from currently-grown cultivars in research plots and on large estates, as well as from the mixes of older cultivars common on smallholder farms. In all, Pgt-infected samples were collected from one site in the Arusha region [Monduli (3°16' S, 36°24'E)], three sites in the Ngorongoro highlands [Karatu (3°20' S, 35°40' E), Upper Kitete (3°14' S, 35°53' E), and Slahhamo], one site in the Manyara region [Hanang (4°43' S, 35°40' E)], and one site in the Mbeya region [southern highlands (8°87' S, 33°40' E)], thereby giving representation to all four major wheat growing areas in the country. Sample storage, inoculation, incubation, disease assessment, and derivation of single-pustule cultures were all performed according to the methods described by Jin et al. (1). In addition to the 20 differentials in the expanded Pgt differential set of North America, we included two supplemental tester lines: Siouxland (Sr24 + Sr31) and Sisson (Sr31 + Sr36). Each single-pustule-derived isolate was evaluated for virulence on the differential and supplemental lines at least twice. A total of 39 single-pustule isolates were derived from the six collection sites. All 39 isolates were identified as belonging to the Ug99 race group, with six identified as TTKSK (all four regions), 30 identified as TTKST (Sr31 + Sr24 virulence; Arusha region and the Ngorongoro highlands), and three identified as TTTSK (Sr31 + Sr36 virulence; Manyara region and the Ngorongoro highlands). The results of this study suggest that, to more precisely locate the "hot spots" and thereby gain a better understanding of the mechanisms of novel race emergence in East Africa, it would be prudent to include Tanzania, heretofore a blank area on the wheat rust surveillance map, in future systematic race monitoring efforts.

Miracle at Merelani A Remarkable Occurrence of Graphite, Diopside, and Associated Minerals from the Karo Mine, Block D, Merelani Hills, Arusha Region, Tanzania

Miracle at Merelani A Remarkable Occurrence of Graphite, Diopside, and Associated Minerals from the Karo Mine, Block D, Merelani Hills, Arusha Region, Tanzania

Fluorapatite From A Remarkable Occurrence of Graphite And Associated Minerals

Karo Pit Block D Merelani Hills Arusha Region Tanzania Figure 1. The finest single crystal of fluorapatite found in the December 2007 Karo pit pocket and a schematic (Shape program) showing the fac...

The effectiveness of birth plans in increasing use of skilled care at delivery and postnatal care in rural Tanzania: a cluster randomised trial

To determine the effectiveness of birth plans in increasing use of skilled care at delivery and in the postnatal period among antenatal care (ANC) attendees in a rural district with low occupancy of health units for delivery but high antenatal care uptake in northern Tanzania. Cluster randomised trial in Ngorongoro district, Arusha region, involving 16 health units (8 per arm). Nine hundred and five pregnant women at 24weeks of gestation and above (404 in the intervention arm) were recruited and followed up to at least 1month postpartum. Skilled delivery care uptake was 16.8% higher in the intervention units than in the control [95% CI 2.6-31.0; P=0.02]. Postnatal care utilisation in the first month of delivery was higher (difference in proportions: 30.0% [95% CI 1.3-47.7; P<0.01]) and also initiated earlier (mean duration 6.6±1.7days vs. 20.9±4.4days, P<0.01) in the intervention than in the control arm. Women's and providers' reports of care satisfaction (received or provided) did not differ greatly between the two arms of the study (difference in proportion: 12.1% [95% CI -6.3-30.5] P=0.17 and 6.9% [95% CI -3.2-17.1] P=0.15, respectively). Implementation of birth plans during ANC can increase the uptake of skilled delivery and post delivery care in the study district without negatively affecting women's and providers' satisfaction with available ANC services. Birth plans should be considered along with the range of other recommended interventions as a strategy to improve the uptake of maternal health services.

English

&nbsp; This paper assessed the influence of consumers on sorghum based clear beer (Eagle) value chain in Tanzania. The specific objectives were to assess consumers&rsquo; preferences and market potential of Eagle beer in Tanzania. The study areas were Moshi Rural and Karatu Districts in Kilimanjaro and Arusha regions respectively in Northern Tanzania. In these regions, the Eagle beer was launched for the first time by the manufacturers, that is, Tanzania Breweries Limited (TBL) in 2007. The respondents were selected purposely from different drinking outlets in Moshi Rural and Karatu districts. The findings show that the majority of the Eagle consumers were males, 87% in Moshi Rural and 93% in Karatu districts, respectively and their mean age was 36 years. The educational level of most of the consumers was primary education that is 63% for Moshi Rural and 67% for Karatu districts, respectively. The majority of consumers were married that is 73% in Moshi Rural and 60% in Karatu districts respectively. Most consumers shifted to Eagle due to reasonable price followed by its taste. The mean beer consumption was 20.5 bottles (500 ml) per week for Moshi Rural district consumers and 32 bottles per week for Karatu district consumers. Most preferred drinking outlet in Moshi Rural was bar (43%) followed by grocery stores (33%) whereby in Karatu, the most preferred outlet was grocery store (53%) followed by bars (43%). Most Eagle consumers shifted from drinking other beer brands and very few shifted from drinking spirits and locally produced beer or wines. However, 83% of Eagle consumers in Moshi Rural and 86% in Karatu districts respectively were consuming TBL products before switching to Eagle beer. The remaining were consuming non-TBL products and local drinks. The logistic regression analysis whereby consumers&rsquo; willingness to buy (WTB) Eagle beer was a dependent variable, showed that consumers&rsquo; taste of Eagle beer, consumers&rsquo; preference, grocery stores and bars were statistically significant. Log-linear regression analysis results whereby Eagle beer weekly consumption was a dependent variable showed that consumers&rsquo; taste and preference of Eagle beer and household income were statistically significant. Therefore, it is concluded that price, taste, preferences and household income had influence on Eagle beer consumption in Moshi Rural and Karatu districts respectively. It is therefore recommended that more marketing and promotion should be done in order to capture the market share that is still enjoyed by locally produced drinks and non-TBL products. However, care should be taken as this might cannibalize other TBL brands. Hence, as long as Eagle market is there, TBL will continue to buy sorghum from farmers and therefore farmers&rsquo; income will be improved. &nbsp; Key words:&nbsp;Consumer preference, market potential, Sorghum based clear beer.

First Report of the Visceral Leishmaniasis VectorPhlebotomus martini(Diptera: Psychodidae) in Tanzania

Phlebotomus martini is a known vector of visceral leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania donovani in sub-Saharan Africa. The disease is known to be endemic in areas of north and south Sudan, Kenya, Ethiopia, Uganda, and Somalia but has not been reported from Tanzania. In this report we present the first documented collection of P. martini and P. vansomerenae in Tanzania. Sand flies were collected using standard dry-ice baited CDC light traps (John W. Hock Company, Gainesville, FL) from five sampling sites in the Arusha and Kilimanjaro regions from 14 to 20 July 2010. Phlebotomus martini was collected from all sites and represented 6.6% of the total identified sand flies. Phlebotomus martini ranged from 4.5 to 9.4% of the total identified catch from the four sites in the Kilimanjaro region and 17.9% of the total identified catch at the one collection site in the Arusha region. In addition, one male specimen of the sibling species, Phlebotomus vansomerenae, was found at Chemka Springs in the Kilimanjaro region. These data indicate the presence of an established population(s) of P. martini in northern Tanzania that could support L. donovani transmission in an area with no prior case history of visceral leishmaniasis.

Water Source Quality in Northern and Central Tanzania: Implications for Rural Communities

Limited water availability coupled with the lack of hygienic and reliable water sources plague rural areas throughout the developing world. Tanzaniahas abundant fresh water sources, yet delivery, disinfection, and conservation outside of large towns is lacking or minimal at best. Here we examine drinking water sources in two climatologically distinct regions in Tanzania. We consider their chemical and microbiological characteristics specifically with respect to the potential for ultraviolet (UV) disinfection treatment. Interviews with local villagers provided information on collection means, frequency, storage, and incidences of water related illnesses. Total suspended solids, iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn) concentrations, total bacterial abundances, presence of fecal coliforms, and evidence of Escherichia coli contamination were measured in 31 water sources. Total suspended solids exceeded 15 mg/L, the limit for effective UV treatment, in more than half the sources. Principal component analysis indicated a positive correlation of bacterial abundances with levels of Fe. Water with elevated levels of Mn was associated with greater incidences of diseases. Levels of both Fe and Mn appeared to be more dependent on water source than on climatic differences with the chemical composition of the source rock and redox conditions of the water source at time of collection likely contributing to measured concentrations. E. coli was detected more frequently in water sources in the drier Kondoa district than in the wetter Arusha region. Water quality and socio-economic conditions within villages were linked to incidences of water-borne diseases. The maximum risk of exposure to diarrhea-causing pathogens, for example was strongly related to household income level. Nonetheless, incidences of diarrhea were reduced by more than 40% when the average monthly household expenses increased from US $10 to $20. Finally, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first study known to derive an empirical relationship between water-related diseases and poverty.

Bovine Dermatophytosis Caused by Trychophyton Verrucosum: A Case Report

Outbreak of acute bovine dermatophytosis in a large scale dairy herd in Arusha region of Tanzania is described. Clinical history of the condition complimented with detailed examination of the affected animals (33.3%, 14/42) revealed that animals were pastured during the day and padlocked at night. The main clinical signs presented were gray-white, discrete, crusty, circumscribed extensive lesion all over the body. Skin scrapings were taken from the lesions for mites and fungal isolation and characterization. Pinched off lesion were examined in 30 % KOH preparations and scrapping were directly streaked on 0 Trichophyton Agar and incubated at 37 C. Bacteriological and fungal stain of the colonies revealed positive mycotic structures spherical, pyriform to calvate often of irregular shape which is characteristic of Trychophyton verrucosum. The isolation and morphological identification of T. verrucosum supported the clinical diagnosis. Considering the large number of animals involved, and the severity of the lesions, that necessitated veterinary intervention, it would be necessary to asses the prevalence and economic importance of the disease in dairy herd establishments in Tanzania. Arusha, Cattle, Tanzania, T. verrucosum

A parasitological survey for bovine trypanosomosis in the livestockwildlife ecozone of Northern Tanzania

Aim: Tsetse-transmitted animal and human trypanosomosis is considered to be one of the major constraints to improved livestock and agricultural production in sub-Saharan Africa. A cross sectional survey to determine the prevalence of trypanosomosis and identifying trypanosome species infecting cattle was conducted in Makuyuni division, Arusha region of northern Tanzania, an area where livestock and wildlife graze together. Materials and methods: A total of 239 indigenous Tanzania short horn zebu cattle at four different villages, and of different ages and sex, were randomly selected and sampled. Field examination of Giemsa stained thick and thin blood smears was undertaken. Results: The overall prevalence of slides positive for bovine trypanosomosis was 5% (95% [confidence interval], CI = 2.68.6). The prevalence was significantly higher in Mswaki juu village (7%) and lower in Ortukai (3%). Of the positive cattle, 8/12 (66.6%) had infections with T. vivax and 4/12 (33.3%) T. congolense. No cases of T. brucei were detected. Animals with poor (13.7%) body score were significantly associated with high prevalence of trypanosomes infection than animals with good (2.7%) score. Prevalence of trypanosomes infections was significantly higher in males (8.42%) than in females (2.47%) and increased markedly in cattle aged >4.5 years, with no significant difference among the age group. Conclusion: Because of the risk of trypanosomosis in the Mswaki juu, a locality which is close to a wildlife Reserve; integrated tsetse and trypanosomosis control strategies need to be improved and enforced.

Slaughter stock abattoir survey of carcasses and organ/offal condemnations in Arusha region, northern Tanzania

The current study reviews a 3-year record of slaughtered animals in Arusha abattoir to determine the causes of carcasses and organ/offal condemnations. A total of 115,186 cattle, 61,551 sheep, 37,850 goats and 13,310 pigs were slaughtered. Out of the slaughtered cattle, 8.6% were pregnant. Up to 125 (0.108%), 39 (0.063%), 40 (0.106%) and 132 (0.992%) of all cattle, sheep, goats and pig carcasses, respectively, were totally condemned. Cysticercosis was the leading cause of total carcass condemnations in cattle (0.051%) and in pig (1.397%), while emaciation accounted for 0.045% and 0.074% of carcass condemnations in sheep and goats, respectively. Livers and lungs were the most condemned organs in all four animal species. The main cause of condemnations of cattle livers was fasciolosis (8.6%), while stilesiosis in sheep and goats accounted for 8.1% and 7.3%, respectively. Ascariasis (4.03%) was the only cause of liver condemnation in pigs. Pneumonia was the leading cause of lung condemnations at the rates of 3.99%, 2.43% and 2.83% in cattle, sheep and goats, respectively. Because of their zoonotic nature, occurrences of hydatidosis, cysticercosis, fasciolosis and tuberculosis may pose a public health risk. Thus, there is a need to introduce appropriate control measures of livestock diseases to minimise the rate of infection and reduce economic losses.

Professionalism and the know‐do gap: exploring intrinsic motivation among health workers in Tanzania

Professionalism can be defined generally as adhering to the accepted standards of a profession and placing the interests of the public above the individual professional's immediate interests. In the field of medicine, professionalism should lead at least some practitioners in developing countries to effectively care for their patients despite the absence of extrinsic incentives to do so. In this study we examine the behavior of 80 practitioners from the Arusha region of Tanzania for evidence of professionalism. We show that about 20% of these practitioners behave professionally, and almost half of those who do so practice in the public sector. These professional health care workers provide high quality care even when they work in an environment that does not reward this effort, a finding that has important implications for the use of performance-based incentives.