Artificial Robotics Research Articles

In Search of the ‘Human Element’: International Debates on Regulating Autonomous Weapons Systems

ABSTRACT The ‘weaponisation’ of artificial intelligence and robotics, especially their convergence in autonomous weapons systems (AWS), is a matter of international concern. Debates on AWS have revolved around (i) the identification of hallmarks of AWS with respect to other weapons; (ii) what it is that makes AWS destructive force especially troublesome from a normative standpoint; and (iii) steps the international community can take to allay these concerns. Of particular concern is the need to preserve the ‘human element’ in the use of force. A differentiated approach to this latter issue, which is also principled and prudential, may pave the way to a legally binding instrument to regulate AWS by establishing meaningful human control over all weapons systems.

The Use of Progressive Technologies in Logistics of Slovak Automotive Enterprises

Research background: Rapid technical progress supports the development of advanced technologies, which increases the requirements of customers who emphasize the quality of products. We can expect revolutionary changes in every business area, but especially in production and logistics, as they will be most subject to the implementation of artificial intelligence, robotics, augmented reality, 3D printing and other technologies related to Industry 4.0 as a representative of The Fourth Industrial Revolution. Based on these facts, every enterprise is looking for new ways to reduce costs not only in production but also logistics, speed up and simplify the production and logistics process. One of the effective ways to achieve this is to use and implement progressive technologies in logistics. The aim of the paper was to examine progressive technologies in logistics that are used in Slovak automotive enterprises and then analyse selected technologies. The paper is divided into two parts. The first part of the paper is devoted to a literary view of progressive technologies in logistics. The second part provides an insight into a comparative analysis of selected technologies in logistics of 65 Slovak automotive enterprises. The paper used several research methods, which include: literature search, system analysis, comparative analysis, induction, deduction and visualization method. Progressive technologies in today’s conditions are a prerequisite for effective results in every enterprise in the form of economy and efficiency. The use and continuous improvement of progressive technologies in automotive enterprises must be one of the necessary activities in the management of the enterprise in order to maintain competitiveness in the market. Purpose of the article: The aim of the paper was to examine progressive technologies in logistics that are used in Slovak automotive enterprises and then analyse selected technologies. The paper is divided into two parts. The first part of the paper is devoted to a literary view of progressive technologies in logistics. The second part provides an insight into a comparative analysis of selected technologies in logistics of 65 Slovak automobile enterprises. Methods: The paper used several research methods, which include: literature search, system analysis, comparative analysis, induction, deduction and visualization method. Findings & Value added: Progressive technologies in today’s conditions are a prerequisite for effective results in every enterprise in the form of economy and efficiency. The use and continuous improvement of advanced technologies in automotive enterprises must be one of the necessary activities in the management of the enterprise in order to maintain competitiveness in the market.

Developmental delays of healthcare in the digital economy

Currently, the driver of the development of socio-economic systems is their digital transformation. Information and communication technologies have significantly simplified a number of organizational and operational processes of companies in all sectors of the economy. In healthcare, ICTs have found their way into improving communication solutions. However, in general, the digital transformation of this area is much broader, and current trends, problems and prospects for its activation require additional scientific research. The study outlines promising directions for the development of the healthcare sector, based on the introduction of artificial intelligence, robotics, 3D printing and other end-to-end digital technologies. The trends examined in the course of the study made it possible to speak not only about promising directions for the introduction of key digital technologies in the healthcare sector, but also about the presence of a number of limitations. In particular, the activation of these processes in Russia is hindered by gaps in patent law and licensing. The article identifies possible management and regulatory decisions to overcome the existing limitations. The research results can be used as a theoretical basis for managing the development of the healthcare sector in the digital economy.

ИСКУССТВЕННЫЙ РАЗУМ: НОВЫЕ ВЫЗОВЫ ГОСУДАРСТВУ И ПРАВОВОЙ СИСТЕМЕ

The article deals with the concept of «artificial intelligence», its relation to the concept of AI, the scientists' point of view on the possibility of legal regulation of artificial intelligence and robotics. Issues of digital totalitarianism, political-legal and ethical-axiological aspects of digitalization of modern society are raised.

Формирование дискурсов уголовно-правового обеспечения национальной безопасности России

he article attempts to formulate the criminal law component of the problem of support national security, based on the National Security Strategy approved by the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation in 2021. The authors consider the formation of the national security domestic paradigm, highlight the stages of creating a system of national security legal regulation in the Russian Federation, and assess the effectiveness of such regulation. It is concluded that the negative consequences of the reforms carried out in Russia partly themselves pose a threat to its national security. The article studies the formation of the state criminal law policy; the development of criminal law measures against terrorism, extremism, economic crime and corruption; countering the malicious use of artificial intelligence and robotics as priority areas of countering threats to national security by criminal legal means. The formation of an effective criminal legal framework for countering economic crime and corruption is associated with the development of the modern criminal and criminal-legal policy concept. The changes in Russian legislation aimed at ensuring national security through the tightening a number of the Criminal Code norms in relation to terrorist and extremist crimes after the coup d’état in Ukraine in 2014 are illustrative. The risks of malicious use of artificial intelligence require a proactive reaction of the domestic legislator. Analyzing the sphere of development of the economic foundations of the state and society, it is necessary to focus on the conditions of fierce competition from foreign goods, works and services. At the same time, it is impossible not to take into account the fact that competition is often associated not only with scientific and technological advantages, but also with various kinds of abuses on the part of legal entities, which brings the authors back to the discussion on the introduction of the institution of legal entities criminal liability in the Russian Federation.

Legal and ethical principles of regulation artificial intelligence and robotics

Legal and ethical principles of regulation artificial intelligence and robotics

New Trends in Scientific and Technological revolution (STR) and Transformation of Science and Education Systems in the Paradigm of Sustainable Development

Education and science play a key role in the vision and development of a fair, peaceful and sustainable society (global, continental, regional and national). Education is one of the crucial preconditions for the implementation of the UN global strategy “Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development” (“Agenda 2030”). Agenda 2030 sets practical challenges for governments to transform the education system (Education for Sustainable Development). Developments in the field of artificial intelligence (AI), robotics and intelligent systems are developing rapidly right now, purely now bring benefits (and, at the same time – probable danger and harm), directly now – significantly determine our existence – and will soon determine even more. When universities argue that 4IR should be given strong and close attention, it means that they can no longer rely only on traditional forms of human thinking and imagination, but also need thinking that depends on algorithmic computations of machines or forms of technology. In this sense, 4IR has changed not only what we do and how we do it, but also who we have become. The mission of the universities of the XXI century is to form a developed personality, a person of high cultural level, who can act in a situation characterized by significant environmental risks. Educational institutions must be transformed and improved as institutions that must create and strengthen a safe, non-violent, inclusive and effective learning environment for all members of society. Which, in the end, will help to achieve success in cooperation at all levels – both in education and science, and in society in general.

To the question about the place of technology artificial intelligence and robotics in the system of legal regulation

To the question about the place of technology artificial intelligence and robotics in the system of legal regulation

ПРАВОВОЕ РЕГУЛИРОВАНИЕ ИСКУССТВЕННОГО ИНТЕЛЛЕКТА И РОБОТИЗАЦИИ: КОНЦЕПЦИИ И ПЕРСПЕКТИВЫ

More recently, the idea of a robot among laypeople was at the level of an "exhibition piece" that had little or no connection to real life, but rather was part of a theoretically possible future. But with the passage of time and the development of technology, artificial intelligence has been introduced into people's everyday lives: smartphones, robots that help and facilitate human life, electronic assistants in various kinds of services. At the same time, the relation-ship between robots and humans is still largely unregulated by law. The probability of unpre-dictable consequences is growing exponentially. In order to reduce the risk of such adverse consequences, the need for legal regulations plays a key role, the content of which is being reviewed and developed by leading lawyers and engineers. The Industrial Revolution changed the very notion of the ways and means of production in the minds of the masses in such a way that the process of robotisation and the introduction of artificial intelligence into various spheres of life became inevitable. Later on it was under-stood that human influence on production process began to decrease noticeably and was re-placed by programs, which with the help of digital algorithms determined behavior of robots and character of artificial intellect thinking. Russian legislation faced the task of legal assess-ment of the nature of artificial intelligence and regulation of its use. The article analyzes possible ways of disclosing the concept "artificial intelligence" as a legal category and its correlation to the concept "robot", deals with questions of legal respon-sibility for the work of artificial intelligence, studies the possibility of recognition of a robot possessing artificial intelligence as a subject of law. Purpose of work is to propose ways of legislation development in conditions of digitalisa-tion and introduction of artificial intelligence in everyday life. The topic of legal regulation of artificial intelligence and robotics is investigated on a scientific basis. The scientific basis of this article was formed on the basis of scientific works of foreign scientists (Higgins T., Musk I., Calo R., Frumkin A.M., Kerr I., Pagallo W., Walker J.). The scientific development of the content of this article was based on general scientific methods: analysis, synthesis, generalization, statistics, induction and deduction, interpretation, classification and comparative methods.

Human, AI, Robot Teaming and the Future of Work: Barriers and Opportunities for Advancement

Global investments in artificial intelligence (AI) and robotics are on the rise, with the results to impact global economies, security, safety, and human well-being. The most heralded advances in this space are more often about the technologies that are capable of disrupting business-as-usual than they are about innovation that advances or supports a global workforce. The Future of Work at the Human-Technology Frontier is one of NSF’s 10 Big Ideas for research advancement. This panel discussion focuses on the barriers and opportunities for a future of human and AI/robot teaming, with people at the center of complex systems that provide social, ethical, and economic value.

Light-steered locomotion of muscle-like hydrogel by self-coordinated shape change and friction modulation

Many creatures have the ability to traverse challenging environments by using their active muscles with anisotropic structures as the motors in a highly coordinated fashion. However, most artificial robots require multiple independently activated actuators to achieve similar purposes. Here we report a hydrogel-based, biomimetic soft robot capable of multimodal locomotion fueled and steered by light irradiation. A muscle-like poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) nanocomposite hydrogel is prepared by electrical orientation of nanosheets and subsequent gelation. Patterned anisotropic hydrogels are fabricated by multi-step electrical orientation and photolithographic polymerization, affording programmed deformations. Under light irradiation, the gold-nanoparticle-incorporated hydrogels undergo concurrent fast isochoric deformation and rapid increase in friction against a hydrophobic substrate. Versatile motion gaits including crawling, walking, and turning with controllable directions are realized in the soft robots by dynamic synergy of localized shape-changing and friction manipulation under spatiotemporal light stimuli. The principle and strategy should merit designing of continuum soft robots with biomimetic mechanisms.

Unmanned vehicles in land management

The article discusses the methods of agriculture digitalization. Digitalization tools, such as the Internet of things, a big data analysis system, unmanned software and hardware and unmanned aerial vehicles, satellite navigation systems, electronic and intelligent sensors, elements of artificial intelligence, robotics, and cloud services are presented in this article. Unmanned systems in agriculture and technologies of unmanned driving are considered here as well. Using satellite navigation systems and information services, it is possible to establish the location and characteristics of movement of vehicles with significant accuracy. The author explains the control system based on satellite navigation systems.

Redefining Humanity in the Era of AI – Technical Civilization

Abstract The human environment is currently undergoing massive change amid the rapid adoption of information and communications technology (ICT). ICT can be characterized as offering an opportunity to consider the nature of humanity, create new values, and foster new cultures. As humans, the question that technical innovation relating to Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Robots thrusts before us is, “What is a human?” What exactly are the things that AI will never be able to do, no matter how close it gets to human capabilities? What makes us humans, and what is it that only humans can do? This essay discusses the impact of AI technology on humans and society from the perspective of a turning point in how people perceive themselves and humanity.

The rise of artificial intelligence and robots in the 4th Industrial Revolution: implications for future South African job creation

ABSTRACT The world is becoming one. Globalisation is slowly becoming the leading figure in the interaction and integration of companies, governments, and people of different nations. In this process, technology, products, and information are all spread at a more extremely faster pace more than ever imagined in centuries. Realistically, there are new developments which are transforming the way people live, work and relate to one another in South Africa. This is shaped by the current and developing environment composing of disruptive technologies and trends such as Artificial Intelligence (AI) and robotics. Against this backdrop, this article seeks to analyse the implications of the so-called 4th Industrial Revolution (4th IR) on the African National Congress (ANC)-led South Africa’s future youth employment trends. As research that is conducted on the African soil for the benefit of Africans, we adopted Afrocentricity as a theory to decolonise South Africa’s education system and also to unpack the realities and myths surrounding 4th IR within the context of South Africa. The central argument which also serves as the principal objective in this article remains that the 4IR is an incoming worst reality. To fully realise this, we relied on document review and thematic content analysis.

Toward a generalized model of human emotional attachment

As artificial intelligence and robots increase in popularity, human emotional attachment to technologies has become a salient research topic. However, many studies face the challenges of lacking a clear definition of emotional attachment that is overarching to cover emotional attachment to different entities and of differentiating these types of attachment phenomena. After reviewing the classic and contemporary research on human emotional attachment to people, pets, and possessions, we propose a novel, generalized definition and model of attachment across a person’s lifespan that describes the mechanism of human emotional attachment. Our literature review revealed two distinct but overlapping broad categories of research on human attachment: human–human attachments and human–nonhuman attachments. Our model integrates psychological principles and mechanisms from both classic infant–mother attachment theory and contemporary consumer behaviour research on emotional attachment to nonhuman objects. Emphasis is placed on the central role of the self-concept in all forms of human emotional attachments. We define human emotional attachment as a psychological phenomenon characterized by (a) perceiving the attributes of the attachment object as congruent with the self (supporting the self-concept and self-worth), (b) eliciting emotional reactions, and (c) evoking attachment behaviours. More specifically, the new model may lead to a series of new research on human emotional attachment to technologies and on its relationship to individuals’ self-concept development and well-being.

The image of the opponent of technological innovation in Galley Slave by A.Asimov: modern interpretation

The image of Simon Ninheimer — the opponent of scientific and technological progress — is described by A. Azimov in the story «Galley Slave». It is used to develop the idea of resistance to mechanization, which is now finding increasingly supporters due to the increased influence of information and communication technologies in general and artificial intelligence and robotics in particular. The historical and conceptual foundations of neo-luddism are linked with modern trends calling for a gradual, controlled innovation. It is noticed that the ideas of the luddites have been preserved in romantic literature and transformed into neo-luddism in the 20th century. The theorists of this movement use philosophical concepts of different epochs (e.g. Socrates, J.-J. Rousseau and M. Heidegger) to confirm the legitimacy of their own status. As a result, in the 21st century more moderate areas of struggle against scientific and technological progress are actively developing under the influence of postmodernism. For example, the slow movement is growing strength, and its supporters are trying to slow down the pace of life and are calling for a thoughtful, responsible attitude towards emerging technologies. The positions underlying the slow movement are in tune with the dromology of P. Virilio and the slow philosophy of G. Fleistad. However, neo-luddism has social status of counterculture, but the situation can be changed due to the rapid and sometimes uncontrollable development of technology.

Emotional Models

Emotion modeling has gained attention for almost two decades now due to the rapid growth of affective computing (AC). AC aims to detect and respond to the end-user's emotions by devices and computers. Despite the hard efforts being directed to emotion modeling with numerous tries to build different models of emotions, emotion modeling remains an art with a lack of consistency and clarity regarding the exact meaning of emotion modeling. This review deconstructs the vagueness of the term ‘emotion modeling' by discussing the various types and categories of emotion modeling, including computational models and its categories—emotion generation and emotion effects—and emotion representation models and its categories—categorical, dimensional, and componential models. This review deals with applications associated with each type of emotion model including artificial intelligence and robotics architecture, computer-human interaction applications of the computational models, and emotion classification and affect-aware applications such as video games and tutoring systems applications of emotion representation models.

Artificial Intelligence and its Application in Various Fields

The term ‘AI’ is not a new term but the actual meaning of ai is still hidden. Artificial intelligence is a branch of computer science that aims to create machines which are as intelligent as human beings. AI mainly focus on some questions like knowledge required while thinking, the way knowledge can be presented and the way knowledge can be used in other field’s viz. Robotics. Scope of AI is much wider than our thinking. It is not limited to only one or two areas rather in coming future everything will be directly or indirectly linked to AI. Much research has been done on artificial intelligence which has shown that by the end of 2020 many works which was not possible by human beings will be efficiently and accurately can be carried out by the help of robots. Robotics is a branch of engineering that deals with formation, designing, manufacturing, operation of robots. Artificial intelligence is being applied to many areas which are capable to solve many problems like in robotics, e-commerce, domestic chores, medical treatment, gaming, mathematics, military planning etc. The main idea behind the merging of artificial intelligence and robotics is to optimize the level of autonomy through learning. In the coming future we can surely overcome the disadvantages of robots like misuse of it with the help of facial recognition. Or we can use AI in other fields like in cyber security to prevent the systems from being hacked. The applications of AI and how we can implement other applications in coming time are discussed adding to it how we can overcome the disadvantages of using robots in regular life are also discussed.

Artificial intelligence and robotics in agriculture and allied areas - A study

Artificial intelligence and robotics in agriculture and allied areas - A study

Tropicalizing Frankenstein in Latin America. A tale about promising technologies and apocalyptic robots

Frankenstein is not an exclusive character belonging to the realm of the Gothic narrative, but a vivid element that has evolved and adapted to diverse social contexts and geographies. Mary Shelley's work has endured the passing of time and now is a symbol of the popular culture. In this paper, I look to understand Mary Shelley's Frankenstein influence on people’s attitudes regarding technology and science, particularly artificial intelligence and robots. How the negative visions and fears about the misuse of science to break traditional moral and religious boundaries are still present in popular culture. Fieldwork will be focused on reviewing several Latin American newspapers and magazine articles in Spanish and Portuguese published on the Internet. As final outcomes will show, Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein still continues influencing people’s imagination about science and technology, even in technically less developed regions.