Artificial Robotics Research Articles

Искусственный интеллект: новые вызовы и перспективы

The article analyzes the risks and new opportunities that arise before man and modern society in the light of the development of artificial intelligence and robotics in the conditions of the fourth industrial revolution. The rapid development of AI indicates the absence of uniform approaches to assessing the risks and prospects associated with the use of AI. Using PESTEL analysis, the article examines the key areas of interaction between AI and humans, new challenges and prospects that open to humanity in the era of new technologies.

A Method of Generating Fuzzy Implications from n Increasing Functions and n + 1 Negations

In this paper, we introduce a new construction method of a fuzzy implication from n increasing functions g i : [ 0 , 1 ] → [ 0 , ∞ ) , ( g ( 0 ) = 0 ) ( i = 1 , 2 , … , n , n ∈ ℕ ) and n + 1 fuzzy negations N i ( i = 1 , 2 , … , n + 1 , n ∈ ℕ ). Imagine that there are plenty of combinations between n increasing functions g i and n + 1 fuzzy negations N i in order to produce new fuzzy implications. This method allows us to use at least two fuzzy negations N i and one increasing function g in order to generate a new fuzzy implication. Choosing the appropriate negations, we can prove that some basic properties such as the exchange principle (EP), the ordering property (OP), and the law of contraposition with respect to N are satisfied. The worth of generating new implications is valuable in the sciences such as artificial intelligence and robotics. In this paper, we have found a novel method of generating families of implications. Therefore, we would like to believe that we have added to the literature one more source from which we could choose the most appropriate implication concerning a specific application. It should be emphasized that this production is based on a generalization of an important form of Yager’s implications.

Adaptive leadership overcomes persistence-responsivity trade-off in flocking.

The living world is full of cohesive collectives that have evolved to move together with high efficiency. Schools of fish or flocks of birds maintain their global direction despite significant noise perturbing the individuals, yet they are capable of performing abrupt collective turns when relevant agitation alters the state of a few members. Ruling local fluctuations out of global movement leads to persistence and requires overdamped interaction dynamics, while propagating swift turns throughout the group leads to responsivity and requires underdamped interaction dynamics. In this paper we show a way to avoid this conflict by introducing a time-dependent leadership hierarchy that adapts locally to will: agents’ intention of changing direction. Integrating our new concept of will-based inter-agent behaviour highly enhances the responsivity of standard collective motion models, thus enables breaking out of their former limit, the persistence-responsivity trade-off. We also show that the increased responsivity to environmental cues scales well with growing flock size. Our solution relies on active communication or advanced cognition for the perception of will. The incorporation of these into collective motion is a plausible hypothesis in higher order species, while it is a realizable feature for artificial robots, as demonstrated by our swarm of 52 drones.

Ethical Problems of Digitization and Robotization in Medicine

The article discusses the ethical problems that arise when implementing the processes of digitization and robotization in medicine, and focuses on the relationship between the doctor and the patient. The purpose of this article is to identify the limits of the transformative impact of these processes on the medical profession. The possibilities and disadvantages of telemedicine are considered, and the role of artificial intelligence in modern medical practice is analyzed. A comparative characteristic of the traditional paternalistic model of the doctor’s attitude to the patient and the modern engineering model replacing it is given. The study identified risks of computerization for doctors and patients, which may include the lack of direct contact between the doctor and the patient, the inability to “physical examination,” the uncertainty of liability for medical errors, as well as problems of maintaining the confidentiality of personal data of patients. The dominance of a technical-type model can lead to depersonalization of the patient and replacement of most doctors with artificial intelligence (AI) systems and robots. Since modern medicine belongs to two categories – “human territory,” which implies taking care of a person as the main task, and “machine territory,” which is associated with the automation of many processes, the article raises a natural question about the place of a doctor in the modern world. The analysis made it possible to draw some conclusions. With the widespread introduction of artificial intelligence and robotic systems into medicine, the relationship between doctor and patient is being transformed. Diagnostics, treatment and medical manipulations will increasingly be assigned to machines, which will free doctors from the impossible task of collecting a huge array of medical data and free up time to communicate with patients. Intelligent machines and robotic systems will outperform doctors in diagnosing diseases and performing precise surgeries, but they will never replace doctors in caring for patients. An important task of modern medicine is to maintain “live contact” between the doctor and the patient.

Facial Expression Analysis using Convolutional Neural Networks

Human feelings are mental conditions of sentiments that emerge immediately as opposed to cognitive exertion. Some of the basic feelings are happy, angry, neutral, sad and surprise. These internal feelings of a person are reflected on the face as Facial Expressions. This paper presents a novel methodology for Facial Expression Analysis which will aid to develop a facial expression recognition system. This system can be used in real time to classify five basic emotions. The recognition of facial expressions is important because of its applications in many domains such as artificial intelligence, security and robotics. Many different approaches can be used to overcome the problems of Facial Expression Recognition (FER) but the best suited technique for automated FER is Convolutional Neural Networks(CNN). Thus, a novel CNN architecture is proposed and a combination of multiple datasets such as FER2013, FER+, JAFFE and CK+ is used for training and testing. This helps to improve the accuracy and develop a robust real time system. The proposed methodology confers quite good results and the obtained accuracy may give encouragement and offer support to researchers to build better models for Automated Facial Expression Recognition systems.

ФОРМИРОВАНИЕ ЦИФРОВЫХ НАВЫКОВ У БУДУЩИХ ПЕДАГОГОВ С ЦЕЛЬЮ ПРОФИЛАКТИКИ КИБЕРБУЛЛИНГА

The article deals with the problem how to prevent cyberbullying in the educational environment, which is currently relevant due to the increasing influence of digital resources on our social life. The authors describe the specific characteristics and features of bullying, including economic, psychological, social, physical and cyberbullying. According to the statistics there is inaction in bullying situations in the educational environment. This is due to the insufficient level of digital skills of modern teachers. Digital skills is a cluster of above-professional competencies that includes media literacy, programming and artificial intelligence, modeling, design and robotics as well as technical literacy. In this regard the research problem is identified as finding the tools to form above-professional competencies of future teachers in the educational process. The authors analyze the causes, forms and features of cyberbullying which are determined by the specifics of the Internet environment. The article presents the results of content analysis of creative works of the future teachers under the topic "Recommendations for working with children exposed to cyberbullying". The analysis of the works showed that only 10% of the students include measures related to working in the Internet space in their recommendations. The authors also propose to discuss the results of a study aimed at development of digital skills of the future teachers, since their level of proficiency affects the quality of tools helping to prevent cyberbullying. The results of the study showed that students, both full-time and part-time, note high importance of media literacy and technical literacy of their work or study. At the same time they realize that the level of proficiency in digital skills is currently insufficient to prevent cyberbullying. As one of the tools for preventing cyberbullying the authors suggest using web quests. During the training sessions, future teachers learn not only to develop web quests, but also to model scenarios for getting out of situations related to bullying, thereby developing their professional competencies in the digital environment.

Is investment in technology a threat to employment in the BRICS region

This paper makes an attempt to understand and quantify the impact of investment in technology in the BRICS region. The paper adopts the computable general equilibrium model with the GTAP 10 database to achieve the objective. Three scenarios are built to measure the ramifications of this structural transformation. The paper concludes that there will be mixed results for different sectors, and governments of these countries have to step forward to bridge the gap created by the advent of new technologies such as blockchain, and artificial intelligence and robotics. Governments will have to find answers to some pertinent questions such as what policies are required to be framed to enjoy the benefits of technological changes and how can the functioning of labour markets be improved in view of the technological revolution. They will also have to ensure inclusiveness and income equality through new policies.

Intellectual property rights as the main object of investment activity in the field of artificial intelligence and robotics

Intellectual property rights as the main object of investment activity in the field of artificial intelligence and robotics

Artificial intelligence, robotics and digitalization in the concept of military surgery of the German medical service

As in other areas, military surgery is being transformed by developments in artificial intelligence, robotics and digitalization. Although the prospect of operating with arobot-assisted surgery system in the country of deployment while the responsible surgeon is in Germany is still along way off, the training of military surgeons and the treatment of injured soldiers on deployment would nowadays be unimaginable without the digitalization of surgery in the armed forces. The structure of the medical environment in German clinics places restrictions on training that is close to operational reality. In the daily routine it is not possible to carry out the necessary numbers of deployment-relevant emergency surgical procedures under the expected conditions. Such procedures thus require the use of appropriate simulators or simulated scenarios that are as close to reality as possible. Although military surgeons are qualified in at least two specialist areas, the availability of telemedicine on deployment is helping to noticeably improve the treatment of injured soldiers. Telemedical consultation with colleagues in Germany makes it possible, for example, to reach joint decisions across different branches and disciplines. Until now it has not been possible to substitute the attending surgeon in the country of deployment with robot-assisted surgery systems or even robots for carrying out life-saving and stabilizing procedures; however, in order to provide surgeons with the necessary tools to successfully operate in situations where there is ashortage of personnel and materials in an inhospitable environment, use is made of the means that are currently available in the German medical services and constant efforts are made to explore the future possibilities of digital simulation. This article shows the reader the current status of digitalization in surgical training and deployments in the German armed forces.

A Comprehensive Realization of Robot Skin: Sensors, Sensing, Control, and Applications

This article presents a holistic approach to the engineering of an artificial robot skin for robots. An example of a multimodal skin cell is given, one that supports multiple human-like sensing modalities, and support for skin cell network is also provided; this is essential to form large-area skin patches in order to cover the surfaces of robots. The essential elements of efficiently handling a large amount of tactile data are explained. A general control framework, which supports robots commanded in position, velocity, and torque, is provided and validated. Several applications of this robot skin will be presented, demonstrating the effectiveness and efficiency of our artificial robot skin to support a wide number of robotic platforms as well as its ease of use across different domains.

A water-retaining, self-healing hydrogel as ionic skin with a highly pressure sensitive properties

Abstract In recent years, artificial skin materials have attracted increasing attention of researchers in the field of wearable devices, artificial robot, artificial intelligence and other fields. However, the skin possesses multiple functions as the largest human organ, so there is still tremendous challenge in mimicking human skin. In this work, we successfully fabricated a skin sensor by constructed a sandwich structure to introduce a PDMS (polydimethylsiloxane) as water-retaining layer into sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (SDBS) and Bimetallic ion (Fe3+, Al3+) prepared flexible hydrogel to maintain moisture. The results manifested that he average dehydration rate of the hydrogel was reduced by more than 97%, due to the coating of PDMS, compared to the uncoated hydrogel. More importantly, the addition of SDBS results in a graded porous structure of the hydrogel, which facilitates the transport of ions and thus achieves pressure-sensitive behavior such as pulse rhythm, sound vibration and joint bending. Additionally, the hydrogel fabricated by the bimetallic ion as a crosslinking agent has high mechanical strength and self-healing properties that can self-heal within 2 s without any stimulation, wherein the self-healing efficiency is as high as 95%. As-prepared the artificial skin can not only be applied to various fields such as artificial intelligence, sensors, and personal medical care, but also promotes the further development and exploits great potential applications of smart skin.

Avoid Startup Traps

Beware entrepreneurs, don't get lured into the startup ecosystem. Venture capitals (VCs), accelerators, incubators, universities and governments all promote startups, usually with good intentions, but lack of certain basic qualities of entrepreneurs may lead to devastating effects, which needs to be taken into context while starting and running a startup. Exponential growth in technologies like artificial intelligence (AI) and robots have led to a myth that there may be an expected loss of jobs drives many of these stakeholders to rapidly assign resources to copy Silicon Valley's model of startups without clear understanding. The success stories of Google, Tesla and Apple have also prompted many Indian entrepreneurs to start ventures. Entrepreneurship, or the journey of turning a founder's vision into a "sustainable," real venture, is clearly not something new, and has always been ingrained into every human being. It promotes the capacity and willingness to have courage, intuition, emotional intelligence (EI), creativity and networking. These are fundamental traits required of entrepreneurs involved in startups. With almost 98 out of 100 startups failing globally one must analyze why the success rate is not that great.

Modeling and Fabrication of Scalable Tactile Sensor Arrays for Flexible Robot Skins

Artificial robot skins capable of multi-modal tactile feedback are anticipated to revolutionize how robots perceive their immediate surroundings and how they collaborate with humans on tasks that are more complicated and dynamic than currently possible. Efforts to develop the tactile skins must tackle significant hurdles related to flexibility, robustness, and scalability of sensors. In this paper, a flexible tactile sensor array is developed to address these hurdles via a novel sensor geometry and thermal compensation technique. This tactile skin relies on a polymeric piezoresistive array of strain gauges with a novel star-shaped geometry. Due to their radial symmetry, the proposed strain gauges exhibit a biaxial response to local strain-stress loading, avoiding “blind spots” in the vicinity of individual tactels. The sensors are fabricated using gold electrodes and piezoresistive polymers (PEDOT:PSS) micro-patterned on a flexible polyimide substrate enclosed in a compliant silicone matrix. The sensor is first modeled using multiphysics finite elements software to guide the design choices for a variety of geometric parameters under various load profiles and locations with respect to the gauge’s center. A novel homogeneous thermal compensation technique is proposed, which packages the sensors on the opposite sides of a flexible carrier. This thermal compensation technique achieves a 10-fold attenuation in temperature drifts as well as a double sensitivity in terms of strain measurement. After numerical modeling, a $4\times 4$ tactile array with the optimal geometry obtained through simulation was fabricated and interfaced to a custom-made electronic data acquisition system. Samples were tested using an automated dynamic force experimental test bed. The tactile skin array was experimentally characterized in terms of force sensitivity, spatial response, dynamic bandwidth, and temperature drift. The array exhibits a sensitivity of 1125 nV/N in the range of 0–0.5 N, a sensitivity of 412 nV/N in the range of 0.5–2.3 N, a hysteresis of 11.13%, a dynamic bandwidth of 1.49 Hz, and a temperature sensitivity of 6 nV/°C, averaged among individual sensors.

Ukrainian

Ukrainian

Artificial Intelligence and Robotics: The Possibility of Invasion of Human Rights and Legal Regulation of these Processes in the EU and the World

The paper analyzes the dangers faced by man and modern society in the light of the development of artificial intelligence and robotics in the fourth industrial revolution. The author examines the areas of human rights that are threatened by these advances in science and technology in case they are not properly monitored and regulated through legal advances. The historical and regional aspects of legislative regulation of the use of artificial intelligence units and robotics are investigated. Prospects of collision of artificial intelligence units with interests of the person and mankind, and also possible legal mechanisms of the resolution of the conflicts arising between them are analyzed. Using the methodology of comparative law, integration law, international law, analysis and synthesis, the author considers the latest documents of the European Union, EU member States, the United States, Russia, China, South Korea and other most representative countries of the world aimed at effective legal regulation of this promising area of development of modern law. The paper provides an analysis of the main trends in the evolution of modern law of science and technology that affect the life and realization of human and civil rights at the national, supranational and international level and the peculiarities of their legal regulation. The research is carried out on the interdisciplinary combination of elements of comparative law, integration, international and national law with reference to philosophy, sociology, history and prognostics. Conclusions are drawn on the possibility of using the world scientific achievements for the long-term development of the law of the Russian Federation. It is also possible to apply positive foreign experience of legal regulation of artificial intelligence and robotics adapted to the conditions of integration organizations with the participation of the Russian Federation.

Artificial intelligence, robotics and cyborgs: The future of research and technological development in ophthalmology

Artificial intelligence, robotics and cyborgs: The future of research and technological development in ophthalmology

Robots and Artificial Intelligence in Health Care

The infiltration of robotics and artificial intelligence (AI) in the health sector is imminent. Existing and new laws and policies will require careful analysis to ensure the beneficial use of robotics and AI, and to answer glaring questions such as, “when is it appropriate to substitute machines for caregivers?” This article begins part one by offering an overview of the current use of robots and AI in healthcare: from surgical robots, exoskeletons and prosthetics to artificial organs, pharmacy and hospital automation robots. Part one ends by examining social robots and the role of Big Data analytics. In part two, key sociotechnical considerations are discussed, and we examine their impact on medical practice overall, as the understanding and decision-making processes evolve to use AI and robots. In addition, the social valence considerations and the evidenced-based paradox both raise important policy questions related to the appropriateness of delegating human tasks to machines, and the necessary changes in the assessment of liability and negligence. In part three, we address the legal considerations around liability for robots and AI, for physicians, and for institutions using robots and AI as well as AI and robots as medical devices. Key considerations regarding negligence in medical malpractice come into play, and will necessitate an evolution in the duty and standard of care amidst the emergence of technology. Legal liability will also need to evolve as we inquire into whether a physician choosing to rely on their skills, knowledge and judgement over an AI or robot recommendation should be held liable and negligent. Finally, this paper addresses the legal, labour and economic implications that come into play when assessing whether robots should be considered employees of a health care institution, and the potential opening of the door to vicarious liability.

Analysis on Mechanical Behavior of Acrylate Dielectric Elastomers

The dielectric elastomer (DE) has the advantages of large deformation ability, fast response speed, low price and high energy density. Therefore, DE has great prospects as artificial muscle and flexible robot. The purpose of the research is to clarify the mechanical behavior for acrylate dielectric elastomer by tensile test, fatigue test and viscoelasticity measurement.

Modeling and experimental studies of capacitive pressure sensors with microstructured dielectric layers

Electronic skin (e-skin) has shown great application prospects in many fields due to its multiple advantages. Previous studies have illustrated that the structure with a dielectric layer sandwiched between two electrodes had good pressure-sensing abilities, and microstructures in the dielectric layer could improve the sensitivity. In this paper, we proposed mechanical models of e-skin sensing unit with different microstructures (flat, trapezoidal, half-cylinder, and pyramids) in the dielectric layer. Then, we performed finite element method simulations and experiments to validate the model. Finally, we demonstrated its application as the pressure-sensing unit for human hands, showing its great potentials in sensors of artificial prosthesis or soft robots in the future.

The Fourth Industrial Revolution: Promoting 'Meaningful Work' and Protecting Human Dignity

The decades ahead will bring forth a convergence of increasingly capable technologies, such as artificial intelligence and robotics, that will fundamentally reshape and transform work environments by replacing average humans with ordinary job skills. Klaus Schwab, Founder of the World Economic Forum and author of The Fourth Industrial Revolution, perceptively identifies this impending paradigm shift and argues these technologies will challenge policymakers to “think strategically about the forces of disruption and innovation shaping our future.” This challenge, however, extends beyond the political realm, as emerging technologies will change our human existence. For example, Pope Francis’ 2015 Laudato Si’: On Care for Our Common Home echoed similar concerns to Schwab. His Holiness warns that technological progress that replaces the need for human-performed work would be “detrimental to humanity” because work provides dignity through the development of talents and community relationships. As technology disintermediates humans from market transactions, tax policies should rethink the purpose of paid work and focus on furthering vocational opportunities outside the traditional employment context. While innovators, such as Bill Gates, have suggested imposing a “robot tax” to fund displaced-worker retraining programs, the implementation of new tax policies alone will not foster and protect worker dignity. A solution must be crafted to provide humans with meaningful work opportunities. Policymakers will need to think strategically and balance individual economic interests with community concerns about income inequality. To mitigate the disruptive nature of the fourth industrial revolution, forward-focused tax policies should be designed and then refined to promote meaningful work and protect human dignity.