Artificial Expert Research Articles

Improvement of production performance of domestic spotted cattle using Montbeliard bulls

Improvement of breed structure of cattle, that is improvement of their production performance and characteristics, as well as phenotype, is main task of centers for artificial insemination and expert services. During the period 1992 - 2000, in Republic of Serbia, 8 Montbeliard bulls were active in AI Centre Krnjaca. Bulls originated from Montbeliard heifers imported from France into Negotin region. Bulls were raised, exploited in AI Centre Krnjaca and tested on the territory of the Republic. Of total 8 bulls, 6 completed progeny testing and for 2 bulls test is ongoing. Testing was carried out by A control compared to Simmental bulls used and tested in identical conditions and under same criteria. Results of the test concerning milkiness are higher by 296 l, and lower by O,54% for milk fat. Exterior traits in average are increased with the exception of body mass that is in average lower by 16 kg.

The Representation Machine... Breaks

3. See Jacobs et al. v. The Seminole County Canvassing Board and Gore v. Harris. 4. This principle was instrumental in the judicial reasoning for many of the secondary cases filed by Florida citizens during the election recount process. Even in Jacobs et al v. The Seminole County Canvassing Board, where the County Supervisor of Elections admitted allowing Republican party officials to add voter identification numbers to thousands of ballots, the judge ruled that this action should not outweigh the right of those voters to have their votes counted. The judge's ruling reads: 'If the court finds substantial compliance with the absentee voting laws, the ballots cast are not void or illegal'. 5. Boardman v. Esteva, 323 So.2d 259; 1975 Fla. 6. Ibid. 7. This sense of arbitrariness was enhanced by the failure of two key justices O'Connor and Kennedy to offer any reasoned explanation for their choice to abide by the 12 December deadline, given their apparent unwillingness to sign on to the tortured logic of the Scalia concurrence. 8. For a scholarly treatment of the interpretive flexibility associated with following rules in practice, see H.M. Collins, 'The TEA Set: Tacit Knowledge and Scientific Networks', Science Studies, Vol. 4, No. 2 (April 1974), 165-86, and Collins, Artificial Experts: Social Knowledge and Intelligent Machines (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1989).

A cognitive architecture that solves a problem stated by Minsky

We named "Minsky's problem" the challenge of building up a cognitive architecture able to perform a good diagnosis based on multiple criteria that arrive one by one as successive clues. This is a remarkable human information processing capability, and a desirable ability for an artificial expert system. We present a general cognitive design that solves Minsky's problem and a neural network implementation of it that uses distributed associative memories. The type of architecture we present is based on the interaction between an "attribute-object associator (AOA)" and an "intersection filter (IF)" of successive evoked objects, with the intermediation of a working (short-term) memory.

Artificial intelligence and expert systems applications in new product development—a survey

The authors review and categorize the research in applications of artificial intelligence (AI) and expert systems (ES) in new product development (NPD) activities. A brief overview of NPD process and AI is presented. This is followed by a literature survey in regard to AI and ES applications in NPD, which revealed twenty four articles (twenty two applications) in the 1990–1997 period. The applications are categorized into five areas: expert decision support systems for NPD project evaluation, knowledge-based systems (KBS) for product and process design, KBS for QFD, AI support for conceptual design and AI support for group decision making in concurrent engineering. Brief review of each application is provided. The articles are also grouped by NPD stages and seven NPD core elements (competencies and abilities). Further research areas are pointed out.

Citation for H. M. Collins

It is a great pleasure for me that the Society for Social Studies of Science has awarded the John Desmond Bernal Award to Professor H. M. Collins for his outstanding achievements in the study of science and particularly the sociology of scientific knowledge. Harry Collins, as we all know, has been first and foremost among those who have taken the content of natural scientific work seriously, and by doing so, have turned the sociology of science around and refocused it on SSK, or the sociology of scientific knowledge. Though I may have had one or another bone to pick with Harry Collins in the past, I have also genuinely admired him for some of his intriguing accomplishments. Not only has he always put his finger on epistemic issues such as the problems of replication and consensus formation in natural science-opening up for empirical study questions that no sociologists would have touched in the past-but he has also articulated and developed along the way a number of important concepts without which today we could not go about the business of studying science. These concepts often summarize not only his but also others' work in the field, thus offering the field a measure of conceptual coherence and integration-I am thinking of concepts such as that of experimenter's regress, interpretative flexibility, core group, or recently, in his work on artificial experts, behavior specific acts. Harry Collins also always gave me the impression of being a master in applying what we learned in SSK in his own work and career. If he made the study of controversy in science one of his major strengths, he also unloosed a fair number of controversies himself-and undoubtedly he was also the one who most enjoyed fighting them out and winning the point. Come to think

Evaluation of the Expert System for Respiratory Therapy of Newborns on Archival Data

The aim of this study was to evaluate the artificial ventilation expert system for neonates (AVES-N) using archival data. The recommendations of the system were compared to the decisions made by the expert-physician in the same clinical situation (patient condition, respirator settings). In our retrospective study we used data of 320 newborns which were ventilated in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit of the Vanderbilt University Hospital in Nashville (USA). Best agreement between the recommendations of the system and the decisions of the experts was found for positive end expiratory pressure (PEEP), inspired oxygen fraction (FiO2) and peak inspiratory pressure (PIP)--about 70%. Worse agreement was found for time related parameters: respiratory frequency (f) - 54%, time of inspiration (ti) - 46%, time of next blood gas analysis - 15%. The expert system advised lower FiO2 PEEP and f. The differences were smaller in a group of patients who survived than in a group of patients who died. The overall agreement of the AVES-N advice and real therapeutic actions leads to the clinical evaluation of the expert system. The differences can be attributed to a) different therapeutic strategies at 2 NICU's, b) missing data regarding complications in the data base which were not taken into account by the expert system.

An artificial intelligent diagnostic system on differential recognition of hematopoietic cells from microscopic images.

Despite their advantages, none of the automated white blood cell differentiated counters have replaced the conventional microscopic evaluations of blood and bone marrow slides by hematologists. We have analyzed the smears of 39 patients and 8 control subjects to develop an artificial expert system that recognizes 16 different types of nucleated hematopoietic cells during the stages of differentiation. A charge coupled television camera and a special frame grabber were used for data acquisition, and 247 nucleated cell images were transferred from a microscope to an IBM 386 computer to be processed. One hundred sixty-five and 82 of these images were used for training and testing, respectively. Our system is composed of image processing and analysis (enhancement, thresholding/smoothing, edge detection), pattern recognition (feature extraction and classification with supervised artificial neural network), and expert system development. Image processing and analysis were used to obtain 13 cellular features to be used as the input parameters (neurons) of the artificial neural network. A supervised artificial neural network (back-propagation learning algorithm) was used in the classification of 16 different cells (output neurons of the neural network), which is the second step of pattern recognition. A confusion matrix has been developed to compare the similarities and dissimilarities between the differential recognitions of the hematologist and the expert system. The discriminatory power of the procedure is statistically significant: Q = (N - n.K)2/N.(K - 1) = 28.2. The sensitivity and the specificity of the expert system were 71.4% and 90.9%, respectively.

Automating Air Pumps: An Empirical and Conceptual Analysis

Automating Air Pumps: An Empirical and Conceptual Analysis H. M . COLLINS AND M. KUSCH We want to introduce a theory of action in order to elucidate some old relationships. The way that technical skills, scientific closure, the building of technical devices, the automation of instruments, and the spread of scientific ideas fit together has been misunderstood. To clarify we need to understand how the skills needed to operate de­ vices change as the devices develop. We take as our example the automation of vacuum pumps. To see how automation is involved we need a new technical vocabulary. Operating an air pump today is different from operating an air pump in the time of Robert Boyle and Thomas Hobbes. We would expect that Boyle, or more particularly Boyle’s assistants, would need to be more noticeably inventive and skillful than those who operate air pumps nowadays; we would expect modern air-pump use to be less invested with doubts, less surrounded with the need to explore and establish what is going on, more typified by routines, and less obviously beset with the problem of tacit knowledge. We decided to find out what it was like to create a vacuum using a modern pump, and to record the experience. We would compare this with Boyle’s experience as described by Steven Shapin and Simon Schaffer.1 Dr. Collins is professor of sociology at the University of Southampton. His books include Changing Order: Replication and Induction in Scientific Practice (1985; Chicago, 1992), Artificial Experts: Social Knowledge and Intelligent Machines (Cambridge, Mass., 1990), and, with Trevor Pinch, The Golem: What Everyone Should Know about Science (Cambridge, 1993), which won the 1994 Robert K. Merton Award of the American Sociological Association. Dr. Kusch is lecturer in the Science Studies Unit of the Uni­ versity of Edinburgh. His books include Language as Calculus vs. Language as the Univer­ sal Medium: A Study in Husserl, Heidegger, and Gadamer (Norwell, Mass., 1989), Foucault’s Strata and Fields: An Investigation into Archaeological and Genealogical Science Studies (Nor­ well, Mass., 1991), and Psychologism: A Case Study in the Sociology ofPhilosophical Knowledge (London, 1995). The authors thank Bob Draper for his assistance and are also grateful to the Technology and Culture referees for useful and constructive criticism. 'Steven Shapin and Simon Schaffer, Leviathan and the Air Pump: Hobbes, Boyle and the Experimental Life (Princeton, N. J., 1987).© 1995 by the Society for the History of Technology. All rights reserved. 0040-165X/95/3604-0001$01.00 802 Automating Air Pumps: An Empirical and Conceptual Analysis 803 Both in describing what we did in using the pump and in compar­ ing it with the 17th-century experience, we find we need to define, explore, and develop a number of concepts. We look again at the concept of closure and its relationship to black-boxing and delega­ tion.2 We also need to use some concepts belonging to what has been called knowledge science.3 We define and show the application of the concepts polimorphic and mimeomorphic action, action plan, and action cascade.4 We elaborate the ideas of theoretical and behavioral indifference, which tie in with polimorphic and mimeomorphic ac­ tion, and we develop the concepts of active closure and passive closure and of mechanization. We conclude that understanding the historical development of a device such as the air pump requires us to separate the process of closure of debate from the process of mechanization, and separate them both from black-boxing and delegation. Mechani­ zation is not the direct consequence of closure even though it often follows chronologically; consensual science prior to mechanization is in a state of active closure; post mechanization we find passive closure. In the course of the article, we make use of these concepts to sketch out a “just so” story about air pumps. We do not claim this is history proper; rather, it is a model of what a history of a mechanical device might be like if it were informed by the theoretical structure we are trying to develop. We used two methods to find out what it was like to operate a modern vacuum pump. We looked at pumps and operated one our­ selves...

Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Expert Systems (ES)

Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Expert Systems (ES)

Extracting the coherent core of human probability judgement: a research program for cognitive psychology

Human intuition is a rich and useful guide to uncertain events in the environment but suffers from probabilistic incoherence in the technical sense. Developing methods for extracting a coherent body of judgement that is maximally consistent with a person's intuition is a challenging task for cognitive psychology, and also relevant to the construction of artificial expert systems. The present article motivates this problem, and outlines one approach to it.

Counseling, Artificial Intelligence, and Expert Systems

The models and approaches to applying artificial intelligence and expert systems to counseling are discussed. The limitations of artificial intelligence and expert systems use in counseling are explored. Appropriate candidates for counseling versus those for expert systems are presented, and programming considerations are offered. Techniques to deal with rational, nonrational, and irrational thoughts and feelings are also discussed.

COMPUTER-AIDED DECISION SYSTEM FOR FUTURE STRATEGIES IN OLD HYDROPOWER PLANTS

The Institute of Waterpower and Pumps at the Technical University Vienna has gained a lot of experience on uprating and refurbishing old hydroelectric power plants in the last decade. During this time a few experts have finished their work and have left the institute. One advantage of artificial expertise is its permanence. Once required, it is around forever, barring catastrophic accidents related to memory storage. This was the main point in the development of a knowledge-based system that stores human expertise. This paper describes a knowledge-based system to aid in the decision making for future strategies of old hydropower plants.

Seventh International Conference On Industrial and Engineering Applications Of Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems

Seventh International Conference On Industrial and Engineering Applications Of Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems

Software Design through Artificial Expertise

Software engineering activities involve tools, methods, programming languages, and human intelligence. In the past, software engineers were concerned with isolated criteria such as functionality, and scheduling in different periods of time. In the 1980's, when Information Technology was widely available to individuals due to the breakthroughs in computer hardware technology, they were mainly concerned with the cost attribute of software development and software quality was partially ignored. The term software quality has mistakenly been taken for excellence which is far from the quality of today's software systems. We believe the ultimate quality goal is user satisfaction. And in the 1990's software quality will be brought to the centre of the development process. Software quality is a multidimensional concept which covers: • the entity of interest: the final deliverable items. • the view point on the entity: the final customer's, the developing organisation's, and the project manager's viewpoints. * the entity attribute contributing to the quality: the designer's viewpoint of the reliability of the deliverable items, and the manager's viewpoint of the elapsed time. Meeting the quality objectives in the final product requires quality tools and methodologies contributing to the development process. This paper discusses the use of expert systems in the software development process. Their use contributes to higher quality in the entities mentioned above. Expert systems achieve part of their effectiveness by reducing the complexity of software development.

Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems: Will They Change the Library?. F. W. Lancaster , Linda C. Smith

<i>Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems: Will They Change the Library?</i>. F. W. Lancaster , Linda C. Smith

Artificial intelligence and expert systems: Will they change the library?

Artificial intelligence and expert systems: Will they change the library?

On teaching AI and expert systems courses

The experiences of faculty members from departments of engineering, mathematics, and computer science throughout the United States and Puerto Rico who came together for three weeks to discuss effective ways to teach artificial intelligence to undergraduates are outlined. The paper describes the rationale for the development of three main topic areas: artificial intelligence, expert systems, and symbolic and logic programming, and it includes syllabi for these topics. Also included is a discussion of the results obtained after a year of using the materials and techniques gathered during the original meeting. >

Artificial Experts: Social Knowledge and Intelligent Machines.

Artificial Experts: Social Knowledge and Intelligent Machines.

Response to Collins, Artificial Experts

Harry Collins's basic idea is that machines can behave intelligently in domains where we have chosen to discipline ourselves into behaving like machines.' We use calculators and can work on assembly lines in a rigid, repeatable way because we have learned to respond in a way that is insensitive to context.2 Such behaviour is digitalizable. There will still be occasional breakdowns but we ignore them or unreflectively repair them. No type of computer, Collins contends, could behave intelligently in a domain where we act in a flexible, situationsensitive way. We can extend the domain of machine intelligence only be extending the range of machine-like human behaviour. And we can extend our robot-like activity without limits, although we may not care to do so.

Comment on `The Crisis in Physics'

digital computers in disguise, but since I claim that mechanism doesn't make much difference, I can't rely too heavily on this argument! 17. Dreyfus, op. cit. note 1, 725-26 (note 15). That a neural net can balance a stick is neither here nor there. There is nothing social about stick-balancing. Performing seals can balance sticks, jets of water can balance ping-pong balls, and cockatoos can ride bicycles; we can happily grant all these abilities to neural nets and all have the potential to be described in terms of space-time coordinates (rules). My claim remains that a neural net will never pass the Turing Test under the protocol set out in Artificial Experts. 18. The relevant chapters are 13 and 14. 19. As I understand it, a machine recently 'passed' a Turing Test in Boston. The machine was little more than an elaborate 'Eliza'. I am sure that it cannot have been