Artificial Bone Graft Research Articles

An Injectable Hydrogel as Bone Graft Material with Added Antimicrobial Properties.

Currently, the technique which provides the best chances for a successful bone graft, is the use of bone tissue from the same patient receiving it (autograft); the main limitations are the limited availability and the risks involved in removing living bone tissue, for example, explant site pain and morbidity. Allografts and xenografts may overcome these limitations; however, they increase the risk of rejection. For all these reasons the development of an artificial bone graft material is particularly important and hydrogels are a promising alternative for bone regeneration. Gels were prepared using 1,4-butanediol diacrylate as crosslinker and alpha tricalciumphosphate; ZnCl2 and SrCl2 were added to the aqueous phase. MTT results demonstrated that the addition of strontium had a beneficial effect on the osteoblast cells density on hydrogels, and zinc instead did not increase osteoblast proliferation. The amount of calcium produced by the osteoblast cells quantified through the Alizarin Red protocol revealed that both strontium and zinc positively influenced the formation of calcium; furthermore, their effect was synergistic. Rheology properties were used to mechanically characterize the hydrogels and especially the influence of crosslinker's concentration on them, showing the hydrogels presented had extremely good mechanical properties. Furthermore, the antimicrobial activity of strontium and zinc in the hydrogels against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis was determined.

Association between intraosseous schwannoma occurrence and the position of the intraosseous nutrient vessel: A case report

Intraosseous schwannoma is a rare benign bone tumor that originates from Schwann cells of the nerve sheath. The majority of intraosseous schwannomas arise in the mandible and sacrum, but an intraosseous schwannoma involving the ulna is described in the present case report. Radiologically, the current case presented as a well-defined lytic lesion, with a pathological fracture and no intralesional calcification, in the proximal metaphysis of the left ulna. Using magnetic resonance imaging, an intraosseous mass spreading out from the cortical defect was observed. The lesion appeared isointense to skeletal muscle on T1-weighted images, and hyperintense or heterogeneous on T2-weighted images. The differential diagnosis comprised benign bone tumors, including bone cyst, aneurysmal bone cyst, giant cell tumor and fibrous dysplasia. Based on the results of a needle biopsy, a schwannoma involving the ulnar bone was diagnosed, and tumor marginal resection followed by artificial bone grafting and fixation was performed. A total of one year subsequent to surgery, the patient exhibits no symptoms, and there is no evidence of disease recurrence.

Properties and Osteogenicity of Two Calcium Sulfate Materials with Micro or Nano Morphology.

Calcium sulfate dihydrate (CaSO4 x 2H2O, CSD) was widely used as the artificial bone graft. In this study, two kinds of CSD materials were characterized with XRD, TG/DTA, FT-IR, and SEM. They were both composed of CSD. Spherical shape particles were observed for nano-CSD with diameters of 52-300 nm. The micro-CSD were thin sheet particles with dimensions of 5-10 μm. At 56 days post-implantation in vivo, nano-CSD had good tissue compatibility. A frequently used bioactive material DBM, which was the combination of nano-CSD (nano-CSD-DBM) and micro-CSD (micro-CSD-DBM) in a 1:1 weight ratio separately. Composite materials were implanted in intramuscular pockets in nude mouse model. New bone mineralization could be both observed in the surgery site. Collagen I was also widely distributed by immunohistochemistry assay. And new bone area of nano-CSD-DBM was 28 ± 4.6% at 4 weeks post-operation. But new bone area of micro-CSD-DBM was 16 ± 3.7% (less than nano-CSD-DBM). Nano-CSD showed increased degradation rate with obvious anginogenicity. And nano-CSD-DBM showed more excellent bone induction property as bone substitute implant.

In vivo evaluation of the role of carbonate ion in hydroxyapatite for bone remodeling

In vivo evaluation of the role of carbonate ion in hydroxyapatite for bone remodeling

2H25 顆粒連結法による連通気孔型骨補填材の創製

Bone graft materials with interconnected porous structure have paid much attention because the porous structure allows cells to penetrate into the bone grafts and may enhance its bone replacement. In this study, interconnected porous artificial bone grafts were fabricated by employing setting mechanism of brushite forming cement. Calcium carbonate or calcium phosphate granules with a few hundred micro meters in size were reacted with acidic calcium phosphate solution to obtain the bridging between the granules due to the precipitation of brushite crystals on the granular surface. In the case of granules containing carbonate ions such as calcium carbonate, external pressure to the piling of the granules in the mold was needed to close the granules each other during the reaction since a generation of CO_2 gas due to the reaction prevented the interlocking of precipitated brushite crystals at the interface between granules. Histological analysis obtained from rabbit's tibia with implanted porous specimens indicated that surrounding tissues can be penetrated into the interconnected porous structure and also new bone can be observed inside of the pores. Therefore, we concluded that the interconnected porous artificial bone grafts fabricated using granular binding method due to the precipitation of brushite is expected to be useful as an artificial bone substitute because of faster bone replacement due to the interconnected porous structure and the chemical composition.

Fabrication, Properties and Applications of Dense Hydroxyapatite: A Review.

In the last five decades, there have been vast advances in the field of biomaterials, including ceramics, glasses, glass-ceramics and metal alloys. Dense and porous ceramics have been widely used for various biomedical applications. Current applications of bioceramics include bone grafts, spinal fusion, bone repairs, bone fillers, maxillofacial reconstruction, etc. Amongst the various calcium phosphate compositions, hydroxyapatite, which has a composition similar to human bone, has attracted wide interest. Much emphasis is given to tissue engineering, both in porous and dense ceramic forms. The current review focusses on the various applications of dense hydroxyapatite and other dense biomaterials on the aspects of transparency and the mechanical and electrical behavior. Prospective future applications, established along the aforesaid applications of hydroxyapatite, appear to be promising regarding bone bonding, advanced medical treatment methods, improvement of the mechanical strength of artificial bone grafts and better in vitro/in vivo methodologies to afford more particular outcomes.

Novel In Vivo Model of Multiple Myeloma Bone Disease Using ß-Tricalcium Phosphate Artificial Bone Grafts

Abstract Model systems to study Multiple Myeloma (MM) related bone disease exist but have a number of limitations. Disseminated MM models have variable cell homing and do not precisely recapitulate the human microenvironment interactions with myeloma cells. Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) mice engrafted with human fetal bone (SCID-hu) have been used by us, and are able to recapitulate the human bone marrow microenvironment. The fetal bone chips are however difficult to obtain, and vary in size and shape, complicating inter-sample comparison. Similarly, the poly-ε-caprolactone polymeric scaffold, previously used to seed murine or human stromal compartment, may not correctly reproduce bone destruction and inhibition of osteogenesis by MM as seen in patients, making this model difficult to test therapies targeting the MM niche. β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) is a biocompatible and biodegradable bone graft substitute that is uniform in structure and easily available, and may be a viable alternative to overcome SCID-hu difficulties in modeling MM bone disease. Here, we utilized β-TCP bone graft substitute to develop a novel in vivo MM model where β-TCP permits the development of the bone microenvironment, supports MM development, and is technically feasible and highly reproducible. Using this model, we aim to better understand the biology of the niche in MM by genetically modifying its components and by testing new niche-targeting therapies. Our initial results show that osteogenesis takes place in the β-TCP bone graft, and the implant is supportive of MM tumor growth. Inter-scapular subcutaneous implantation of β-TCP alone, or co-implantation with human-derived stromal cell line HS27A in immunocompromised recipients resulted in the expression of osteogenic markers Runx2, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), Col1A1, and Osteocalcin (OCN), as well as a marker of bone resorption. Further, implants supported the growth of human-derived MM1.S and murine 5TGM1 cells, as visualized directly in vivo by serial luciferase bioluminescence imaging (BLI) and by immunohistochemistry. Modifying the niche compartment in Cre/iDTR animals with MM disease is an exciting novel strategy to understand which niche component in vivo may be targeted to suppress MM development. Mouse strains with promoter-specific Cre recombinase that induces the expression of the diphtheria toxin (DT) receptor (iDTR) can be utilized to selectively ablate a cell population of interest in vivo, via intraperitoneal DT injection. Here, we first utilized OCN-Cre/iDTR mice to test the deletion of mature osteoblasts in β-TCP artificial bone graft post-implantation. Our data show a dose-dependent reduction in osteoblastic markers OCN, ALP, Runx2, Sclerostin, Osteoprotegerin and RANKL. Importantly, DT ablation of osteoblasts in the β-TCP implant resulted in a significantly increased 5TGM1 tumor growth, as judged by BLI and tumor weight. Our data show that the mature osteocalcin-positive niche population is protective against MM disease. Ongoing studies of the β-TCP mouse model will address the relative contribution of various osteogenic populations to the course of MM development in vivo, and test the efficacy of novel MM drugs. Disclosures Raje: BMS: Consultancy; Amgen: Consultancy; Celgene Corporation: Consultancy; Takeda: Consultancy; Onyx: Consultancy; Takeda: Consultancy; Amgen: Consultancy; Onyx: Consultancy; BMS: Consultancy; AstraZeneca: Research Funding; Eli Lilly: Research Funding; AstraZeneca: Research Funding; Millenium: Consultancy; Eli Lilly: Research Funding; Novartis: Consultancy; Acetylon: Research Funding; Millenium: Consultancy; Novartis: Consultancy; Acetylon: Research Funding.

3D Printing Bioceramic Porous Scaffolds with Good Mechanical Property and Cell Affinity.

Artificial bone grafting is widely used in current orthopedic surgery for bone defect problems. Unfortunately, surgeons remain unsatisfied with the current commercially available products. One of the major complaints is that these products cannot provide sufficient mechanical strength to support the human skeletal structure. In this study, we aimed to develop a bone scaffold with better mechanical property and good cell affinity by 3D printing (3DP) techniques. A self-developed 3D printer with laser-aided gelling (LAG) process was used to fabricate bioceramic scaffolds with inter-porous structures. To improve the mechanical property of the bioceramic parts after heating, CaCO3 was added to the silica ceramic slurry. CaCO3 was blended into a homogenous SiO2-sol dispersion at weight ratios varying from 0/100 to 5/95 to 9/91 (w/w). Bi-component CaCO3/SiO2-sol was prepared as a biocomposite for the 3DP scaffold. The well-mixed biocomposite was used to fabricate the bioceramic green part using the LAG method. The varied scaffolds were sintered at different temperatures ranging from 900 to 1500°C, and the mechanical property was subsequently analyzed. The scaffolds showed good property with the composite ratio of 5:95 CaCO3:SiO2 at a sintering temperature of 1300°C. The compressive strength was 47 MPa, and the porosity was 34%. The topography of the sintered 3DP bioceramic scaffold was examined by SEM, EDS and XRD. The silica bioceramic presented no cytotoxicity and good MG-63 osteoblast-like cell affinity, demonstrating good biocompatibility. Therefore, the new silica biocomposite is viable for fabricating 3DP bone bioceramics with improved mechanical property and good cell affinity.

Generation of a bioengineered autologous bone substitute for palate repair: an in vivo study in laboratory animals.

We carried out an in vivo study to evaluate the potential usefulness of a novel bioengineered bone substitute for the repair of palate defects in laboratory rabbits, using tissue-engineering methods. Our results showed that the use of a bioengineered bone substitute was associated with more symmetrical palate growth as compared to the controls, and the length and height of the palate were very similar on both sides of the palate, with differences from negative controls 4 months after artificial bone grafting for bone length. The histological analysis revealed that the regenerated bone was well organized and expressed osteocalcin. In contrast, bone corresponding to control animals without tissue grafting was immature, with areas of osteoid tissue and remodelling, as determined by MMP-14 expression. These results suggest that bone substitutes may be a useful strategy to induce the formation of a well-structured palate bone, which could prevent the growth alterations found in cleft palate patients. This opens a door to a future clinical application of these bone substitutes. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Treatment of a Simple Bone Cyst Using a Cannulated Hydroxyapatite Pin

Simple bone cysts (SBCs) are benign bone tumors. However, the treatment of SBCs remains controversial because of their healing rate and the invasiveness of surgery. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the treatment of SBCs using a cannulated hydroxyapatite (HA) pin.A total of 43 patients (35 males, 8 females; mean age 12.1 years; age range, 5–22 years) with SBCs were treated with continuous decompression by inserting ceramic HA pins between 1989 and 2014. The SBCs were located in the calcaneus in 23, the humerus in 15, the femur in 3, and the pelvis in 2 cases. In all patients, minimal fenestration of the cyst wall and curettage and multiple drilling in the cyst wall were performed, followed by insertion of the HA pin. The mean follow-up period was 26.6 months. Operating time, healing period, risk factors for recurrence, and the cure rate were evaluated.Healing was achieved without intervention in 38 patients after a mean of 6.4 months. Two patients had persistent small residual cysts, which had no changes after 1 year at the latest follow-up. There were 5 patients with recurrences (humerus 4, femur 1), who were cured by curettage and artificial bone grafting. The final healing rate by cannulation only using an HA pin was 88.2%. On Fisher exact test, age, site of SBCs, and distance from the physis were found to be significantly associated with SBC recurrence (P < 0.05).In the present study, cannulation using an HA pin for SBCs was found to be a useful technique, particularly for calcaneal cysts, because it is a minimally invasive procedure with a high cure rate. In patients <10 years, involvement of the humerus and contact with the growth plate were significant risk factors for SBC recurrence.

Calcium orthophosphate deposits: Preparation, properties and biomedical applications

Since various interactions among cells, surrounding tissues and implanted biomaterials always occur at their interfaces, the surface properties of potential implants appear to be of paramount importance for the clinical success. In view of the fact that a limited amount of materials appear to be tolerated by living organisms, a special discipline called surface engineering was developed to initiate the desirable changes to the exterior properties of various materials but still maintaining their useful bulk performances. In 1975, this approach resulted in the introduction of a special class of artificial bone grafts, composed of various mechanically stable (consequently, suitable for load bearing applications) implantable biomaterials and/or bio-devices covered by calcium orthophosphates (CaPO4) to both improve biocompatibility and provide an adequate bonding to the adjacent bones. Over 5000 publications on this topic were published since then. Therefore, a thorough analysis of the available literature has been performed and about 50 (this number is doubled, if all possible modifications are counted) deposition techniques of CaPO4 have been revealed, systematized and described. These CaPO4 deposits (coatings, films and layers) used to improve the surface properties of various types of artificial implants are the topic of this review.

Precise and feasible measurements of lateral calcaneal lengthening osteotomies by radiostereometric analysis in cadaver feet.

ObjectivesLengthening osteotomies of the calcaneus in children are in general grafted with bone from the iliac crest. Artificial bone grafts have been introduced, however, their structural and clinical durability has not been documented. Radiostereometric analysis (RSA) is a very accurate and precise method for measurements of rigid body movements including the evaluation of joint implant and fracture stability, however, RSA has not previously been used in clinical studies of calcaneal osteotomies. We assessed the precision of RSA as a measurement tool in a lateral calcaneal lengthening osteotomy (LCLO).MethodsLCLO was performed in six fixed adult cadaver feet. Tantalum markers were inserted on each side of the osteotomy and in the cuboideum. Lengthening was done with a plexiglas wedge. A total of 24 radiological double examinations were obtained. Two feet were excluded due to loose and poorly dispersed markers. Precision was assessed as systematic bias and 95% repeatability limits.ResultsSystematic bias was generally below 0.10 mm for translations. Precision of migration measurements was below 0.2 mm for translations in the osteotomy.ConclusionRSA is a precise tool for the evaluation of stability in LCLO.Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2015;4:78–83.

A Novelty of Synthetic Hydroxyapatite from Cockle Shell and Characterization

In Malaysia recently, it was found that cockle shell (Anadara granosa) is a potential source of biomaterial for bone repair. It is the most abundant sea species cultured in Malaysia. A possible advantage of using cockle shell as a biomaterial is that they may act as an antilog of calcium carbonate. Malaysian Nuclear Agency took this challenge to develop synthetic bone graft from natural cockle shell. To date, the artificial bone graft substitutes developed from hydroxyapatite (Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2) a bio ceramic is similar to the mineral constituent of human bone. The structure and the composition of hydroxyapatite (HA) are similar to the mineral phase of bone and, its bioactivity and biocompatibility makes it a preferred bone graft.

Silver nanoparticle based antibacterial methacrylate hydrogels potential for bone graft applications.

Infections are frequent and very undesired occurrences after orthopedic procedures; furthermore, the growing concern caused by the rise in antibiotic resistance is progressively dwindling the efficacy of such drugs. Artificial bone graft materials could solve some of the problems associated with the gold standard use of natural bone graft such as limited bone material, pain at the donor site and rejections if donor tissue is used. We have previously described new acrylate base nanocomposite hydrogels as bone graft materials. In the present paper, we describe the integration of silver nanoparticles in the polymeric mineralized biomaterial to provide non-antibiotic antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus epidermidis and Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Two different crosslinking degrees were tested and the silver nanoparticles were integrated into the composite matrix by means of three different methods: entrapment in the polymeric hydrogel before the mineralization; diffusion during the process of calcium phosphate crystallization and adsorption post-mineralization. The latter being generally the most effective method of encapsulation; however, the adsorption of silver nanoparticles inside the pores of the biomaterial led to a decreasing antibacterial activity for adsorption time longer than 2 days.

Volar locking compression plate combined with artificial bone grafting for treatment of comminuted distal radial fracture

Objective To investigate the clinical results of the application of volar locking compression plate combined with artificial bone grafting in the treatment of comminuted distal radial fractures.Methods From January 2011 to August 2013,45 cases of type A3,type C2 and type C3 comminuted distal radial fractures were treated with volar locking compression plate combined with artificial bone grafting.All the cases were closed fractures with radial shortening or articular surface collapse.Volar tilt angle,radial inclination angle,axial shortening of the radius and extent of joint surface step deformity were measured both pre and post operatively.Results All the patients were follow-up for 6 to 18 months,with an average of 12 months.Bone union was noted in all the cases.There was no adverse reaction to the artificial bone grafts.Radiographic parameters were significantly improved.The clinical results were evaluated using the Gartland-Werley wrist score and rated as excellent and good in 94.4％ of type A3 fractures,87.5％ of type C2 fractures,and 81.8％ of type C3 fractures.Conclusion Applying volar locking compression plate combined with artificial bone grafting can achieve rigid fixation and restore radial length in treating type A3,C2 and C3 comminuted distal radial fractures. Key words: Radius fractures; Fracture fixation, internal; Artificial bone

Fabrication and perfusion culture of anatomically shaped artificial bone using stereolithography

Because patient bone defects are usually varied and complicated in geometry, it would be preferred to fabricate custom-made artificial bone grafts that are anatomically specific to individual patient defects. Using a rabbit femoral segment as a bone reconstruction model, we successfully produced customized ceramic scaffolds by stereolithography, which not only had an anatomically correct external shape according to computed tomography data but also contained an interconnecting internal network of channels designed for perfusion culture. Rabbit bone marrow stromal cells were isolated and cultured with these scaffolds using a novel oscillatory perfusion system that was stereolithographically fabricated to fit well to the unique scaffold shapes. After five days of three-dimensional culture with oscillatory perfusion, the cells attached and proliferated homogenously in the scaffolds. However, control cells inside the scaffolds cultured under static conditions were dead after prolonged in vitro culture. Cellular DNA content and alkaline phosphatase activities were significantly higher in the perfusion group versus the static group. Therefore, anatomically correct artificial bone can be successfully constructed using stereolithography and oscillatory culture technology, and could be useful for bone engraftment and defect repair.

A comparative study of calcium sulfate artificial bone graft versus allograft in the reconstruction of bone defect after tumor curettage

Background Cavity reconstruction after benign bone tumor removal is varied and controversial. Allograft is widely used but is associated with complications. New bone substitutes, such as calcium sulfate artificial bone, have been introduced for bone tumor operation. However, the bone healing response of artificial bone has not been compared with allograft bone. We therefore compared calcium sulfate grafts (study group) with bone allografts (control group) for the treatment of benign bone tumors. Methods We retrospectively reviewed 50 patients who underwent calcium sulfate reconstruction and 50 patients who underwent allograft cancellous bone reconstruction. The two groups were well matched. The mean follow-up time of the study group was 19.9 (12–55) months. We investigated bone healing response, complications, and factors affecting bone healing. Results At the last follow-up, 84% (42/50) of cases in the study group and 62% (31/50) of cases in the control group had achieved clinical healing (P=0.013). The initial healing rate showed no significant difference between the two groups (100% vs. 96%, P=0.153). The mean healing times for calcium sulfate and allograft bone were 9.6 (3–42) months and 13.8 (3–36) months, respectively (P &lt;0.01). Complications in the study group were minor and resolved. Implant volume was a significant factor affecting bone healing. Conclusion The calcium sulfate bone substitute showed a satisfactory healing outcome and safety profile in reconstruction of bone defects after benign bone tumor curettage, especially in smaller cavities.

Generation of an rhBMP-2-loaded beta-tricalcium phosphate/hydrogel composite and evaluation of its efficacy on peri-implant bone formation

Dental implant insertion on a site with low bone quality or bone defect should be preceded by a bone graft or artificial bone graft insertion to heal the defect. We generated a beta-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) and poloxamer 407-based hydrogel composite and penetration of the β-TCP/hydrogel composite into the peri-implant area of bone was evaluated by porous bone block experiments. The maximum penetration depth for porous bone blocks and dense bone blocks were 524 μm and 464 μm, respectively. We report the in-vivo performance of a composite of β-TCP/hydrogel composite as a carrier of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein (rhBMP-2), implanted into a rabbit tibial defect model. Three holes drilled into each tibia of eight male rabbits were (1) grafted with dental implant fixtures; (2) filled with β-TCP/hydrogel composite (containing 5 μg of rhBMP-2), followed by grafting of the dental implant fixtures. Four weeks later, bone-implant contact ratio and peri-implant bone formation were analyzed by radiography, micro-CT and histology of undecalcified specimens. The micro-CT results showed a significantly higher level of trabecular thickness and new bone and peri-implant new bone formation in the experimental treatment compared to the control treatment. Histomorphometry revealed a significantly higher bone-implant contact ratio and peri-implant bone formation with the experimental treatment. The use of β-TCP/poloxamer 407 hydrogel composite as a carrier of rhBMP-2 significantly promoted new bone formation around the dental implant fixture and it also improved the quality of the new bone formed in the tibial marrow space.

Trends in bone graft use in the United States.

Bone graft and bone graft substitutes are used to provide structural support and enhance bone healing. Autogenous, allogeneic, and artificial bone grafts each have advantages and drawbacks. The development of allografts, synthetic bone grafts, and new operative techniques may have influenced the use of bone grafts in recent years. The goal of this study was to analyze the use of bone grafts and bone graft substitutes in the United States during a 16-year period. Using data from the National Hospital Discharge Survey, the authors analyzed the use of autogenous and artificial bone grafts in almost 2 million patients in the United States between 1992 and 2007 using International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM) codes in 4 periods (1992-1995, 1996-1999, 2000-2003, and 2004-2007). Among an estimated almost 2 million bone graft procedures (83% autogenous, 17% artificial), the use of both types of grafts decreased. The main diagnoses for which bone grafts were used did not change; however, cervical spine diseases and lower-limb fractures decreased more remarkably. Although sex (52% male in the early 1990s to 47% in 2000-2003) and discharge status (more discharges to a short-term or long-term-care facility) significantly changed, age increased from 47 to 53 years and inpatient days decreased significantly from 6 to 5 days during the study period. The use of bone grafts and bone graft substitutes is decreasing in the United States, with a slight shift from autogenous to substitute grafts.

Bioactive nanoparticle-gelatin composite scaffold with mechanical performance comparable to cancellous bones.

Mechanical properties are among the most concerned issues for artificial bone grafting materials. The scaffolds used for bone grafts are either too brittle (glass) or too weak (polymer), and therefore composite scaffolds are naturally expected as the solution. However, despite the intensive studies on composite bone grafting materials, there still lacks a material that could be matched to the natural cancellous bones. In this study, nanosized bioactive particles (BP) with controllable size and good colloidal stability were used to composite with gelatin, forming macroporous scaffolds. It was found that the mechanical properties of obtained composite scaffolds, in terms of elastic modulus, compressive strength, and strain at failure, could match to that of natural cancellous bones. This is ascribed to the good distribution of particle in matrix and strong interaction between particle and gelatin. Furthermore, the incorporation of BPs endues the composite scaffolds with bioactivity, forming HA upon reacting with simulated body fluid (SBF) within days, thus stimulating preosteoblasts attachment, growth, and proliferation in these scaffolds. Together with their good mechanical properties, these composite scaffolds are promising artificial bone grating materials.