Fabrication, Properties and Applications of Dense Hydroxyapatite: A Review.

Dagnija Loca,Kristine Salma-Ancane,Alain Largeteau,Janis Locs,Liga Berzina-Cimdina,Mythili Prakasam

doi:10.3390/jfb6041099

Abstract

In the last five decades, there have been vast advances in the field of biomaterials, including ceramics, glasses, glass-ceramics and metal alloys. Dense and porous ceramics have been widely used for various biomedical applications. Current applications of bioceramics include bone grafts, spinal fusion, bone repairs, bone fillers, maxillofacial reconstruction, etc. Amongst the various calcium phosphate compositions, hydroxyapatite, which has a composition similar to human bone, has attracted wide interest. Much emphasis is given to tissue engineering, both in porous and dense ceramic forms. The current review focusses on the various applications of dense hydroxyapatite and other dense biomaterials on the aspects of transparency and the mechanical and electrical behavior. Prospective future applications, established along the aforesaid applications of hydroxyapatite, appear to be promising regarding bone bonding, advanced medical treatment methods, improvement of the mechanical strength of artificial bone grafts and better in vitro/in vivo methodologies to afford more particular outcomes.

Highlights

Surplus demands and requirements for synthetic bone substitutes have been experienced in the last few decades, owing to the number of accidents/trauma and inherent bone defects by birth/age/diseases.Significant demand from clinics is known in the fields of cranial, dental, maxillofacial, orthopedic and spinal applications
The objective of this paper is to review the dense bioceramics of Hap and their various applications
Hydroxyapatite bioceramics are of growing interest due to their biological activity and their biocompatibility

Summary

Introduction

Surplus demands and requirements for synthetic bone substitutes have been experienced in the last few decades, owing to the number of accidents/trauma and inherent bone defects by birth/age/diseases.Significant demand from clinics is known in the fields of cranial, dental, maxillofacial, orthopedic and spinal applications. Recent improvements in materials and cell engineering and surgical bone grafting techniques have been a boon to cure many patients across the world. Though the current technologies can be considered as mature, many developments and improvements are required to mimic the biological properties of a human closely. When considering a biomaterial to be used in implants or bone grafts, various aspects, such as biocompatibility, osteogenic properties (interaction with osteoblasts/osteoclasts), bioactivity and its mechanical functions, based on its functionalities have to be studied. Bone (Figure 1) in the human body can be defined as a composite of hydroxyapatite [1] (HAp) Ca10(OH)2(PO4), type-I collagen, water, cells and lipids. Bone is comprised of two distinct forms: one is porous (cancellous bone) and the other dense (cortical bone). Cancellous bone has a lower Young’s modulus and is more elastic compared to cortical bone. The porous structure consists of pore sizes in the range of

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Conclusion