Article Reviews Research Articles

Integrating effective journal club activities into knowledge management processes to enhance evidence-based practice, service quality, research skills, and innovation among nurses: A literature review

In a rapidly emerging world, knowledge management capabilities, including knowledge creation, acquisition, sharing, and utilization, become more critical for organizational change, growth, and competitiveness. Therefore, this article argues that organizations should consider implementing effective journal club meetings as an opportunity to acquire external knowledge, evaluate and integrate new knowledge into previous existing knowledge, and disseminate and utilize new knowledge to enhance product or service quality, innovation, and the performance of an organization. The article reviews relevant literature, proposes a framework for conducting effective journal club meetings, and aligns those activities with the knowledge management processes. The article proposes a framework for conducting effective journal club meetings and a process that integrates both journal club activities and the knowledge management process. By adopting this framework, journal club activities would be more effective in developing new knowledge management capabilities among individual members and enhancing organizational performance, i.e., implementing evidence-based practices (EBP), improving service quality, and producing research.

Review on Paclitaxel Derivatization: Enhanced Anticancer Action

Background: The United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has authorized paclitaxel for the treatment of numerous types of cancer, including breast, lung, ovarian, and Kaposi's sarcoma. It possesses all the characteristics of BCS class IV medications, including low bioavailability, low water solubility, poor permeability, unpredictable and poor absorption, and inter- and intrasubject variability. Objective: The purpose of this research was to evaluate previous efforts done to derivatize paclitaxel for greater effectiveness. Methods: A systematic literature review was conducted from a variety of sources, including published research, review articles, and patents, that mainly focus on the derivatization of paclitaxel that has been done in the last 10 years to enhance its solubility, permeability, and bioavailability. Different forms of derivatization were done in order to improve the drug's ability to be absorbed by the body, as well as its solubility and bioavailability. Results: This article explores the current and future strategies for increasing the anti-cancer efficacy of paclitaxel by enhancing its bioavailability, solubility, and penetration efficacy. Some examples are lipidbased delivery systems, polymer-based nanocarriers, crystal engineering (nanocrystals and co-crystals), liquidsolid technologies, and self-emulsifying solid dispersions. Other strategies are also discussed in this article. Conclusion: It is quite likely that this review article will contain perfect fragments of evidence for building a new model for the application of paclitaxel in the treatment of cancer.

Transition Metal-free α-C-H Functionalization of Tertiary Amines Catalysed/ Promoted by Acids: A Brief Review

Abstract: C-H Functionalization of α-carbon of tertiary amines has been of great importance for the past two decades as N-heterocycles can be synthesized by this approach and these heterocycles are highly useful as drugs or drug precursors in the pharmaceutical industry. In this review article, we have summarized only the α-C-H functionalization reactions of tertiary amines that are catalysed or promoted by acids. These C-H functionalization reactions are usually catalysed by transition metal salts, although metal-free catalysts are also used. However, several such reactions have been reported that are efficiently catalysed by acids. They are cost-effective, have a simple purification process, less sensitive to air/moisture, and are relatively environmentally benign. However, this area has not received enough focus due to the lack of review articles, which encouraged us to write this review.

The Participation of Ca2+ Channels in Epilepsy: A Bibliometric Analysis of the Scientific Literature in Latin America.

Bibliometric analysis allows us to quantify and evaluate scientific activity, and it has become increasingly important in all areas of scientific literature. Thanks to these analyses, we can infer where science should put greater efforts into elucidating the underlying mechanisms of diseases that have yet to be fully described or investigated. This paper delves into published articles related to the involvement of calcium (Ca2+) channels in epilepsy, which is a condition with a high prevalence in Latin America. We followed the scientific publication on SCOPUS and analyzed the impact of publications from Latin America in the field of epilepsy and the study of Ca2+ channels. We identified the countries with the largest number of publications and found that 68% of them were experimental (animal models), while 32% were clinical. We also identified the main journals, growth over time, and citation numbers. We found a total of 226 works produced by Latin American countries from 1976 to 2022. The countries that have contributed the most to the topic are Brazil, Mexico, and Argentina, with occasional collaborations between them to make contributions to the study of epilepsy and Ca2+ channels. Additionally, we found that the journal with the most citations is Nature Genetics. The number of authors per article ranges from 1 to 242, and neuroscience journals are the preferred target for researchers, with a predilection for publishing original articles, although 26% of the publications are review articles.

The relation of complex problem solving with reflective abstraction: a systematic literature review

<span lang="EN-US">Complex problem solving (CPS) is a new paradigm in solving problems and is one of the soft skills needed to face the industrial revolution 4.0. Reflective abstraction is associating and modifying pre-existing conceptions into new situations. This article reviews research on CPS and reflective abstraction. This research is needed to know the relationship between reflective abstraction and CPS. The systematic writing of this review was assisted by the Publish or Perish 7 application, Mendeley, and VOSviewer. A literature search was performed through the ScienceDirect and ERIC databases. Based on the search results with the term “complex problem solving” and several exclusion criteria, 58 articles were found, whereas with the word “reflective abstraction” there were 23 articles, totaling 81 papers. Based on the literature review, it was found that there is a relationship between CPS and reflective abstraction by obtaining common ground in the form of prior knowledge. CPS requires prior knowledge from reflective abstraction to integrate the most relevant information. To improve CPS, efforts and special attention can be made to build initial knowledge through reflective abstraction. This article contributes to further research and becomes a study for the themes of CPS and reflective abstraction in learning and education.</span>

State of the Art in Low-Grade Glioma Management: Insights From Isocitrate Dehydrogenase and Beyond.

Low-grade gliomas present a formidable challenge in neuro-oncology because of the challenges imposed by the blood-brain barrier, predilection for the young adult population, and propensity for recurrence. In the past two decades, the systematic examination of genomic alterations in adults and children with primary brain tumors has uncovered profound new insights into the pathogenesis of these tumors, resulting in more accurate tumor classification and prognostication. It also identified several common recurrent genomic alterations that now define specific brain tumor subtypes and have provided a new opportunity for molecularly targeted therapeutic intervention. Adult-type diffuse low-grade gliomas are frequently associated with mutations in isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 and 2 (IDH1/2), resulting in production of 2-hydroxyglutarate, an oncometabolite important for tumorigenesis. Recent studies of IDH inhibitors have yielded promising results in patients at early stages of disease with prolonged progression-free survival (PFS) and delayed time to radiation and chemotherapy. Pediatric-type gliomas have high rates of alterations in BRAF, including BRAF V600E point mutations or BRAF-KIAA1549 rearrangements. BRAF inhibitors, often combined with MEK inhibitors, have resulted in radiographic response and improved PFS in these patients. This article reviews emerging approaches to the treatment of low-grade gliomas, including a discussion of targeted therapies and how they integrate with the current treatment modalities of surgical resection, chemotherapy, and radiation.

Trends of Physics Critical Thinking Skill Research in Indonesia: A Systematic Literature Review

Critical thinking skills are fundamental in 21st-century teaching. This study aims to identify trends in research on critical thinking skills in physics in Indonesia, as reported in journal articles published between 2016 and 2022. This is meta-analysis research using the Prisma model. There were 36 articles that met the selection criteria. We performed the data analysis manually and used VOSviewer software. The indicators used for data analysis include the year, type of research, research subject, topic, treatment, data collection instrument, and the application of data analysis in each article. The analysis of article reviews reveals that the research trend for critical thinking skills in physics in Indonesia has increased, with more publications expected in 2020. Temperature and heat are the physics topics that have become the focus of research. High school students in grade X are the most frequently selected research subjects. Research on physics education typically employs quantitative methods, employs a quasi-experimental design, and utilizes a test as a data collection instrument. The most common method of data analysis in research is the t-test.

Content analysis of press releases from the Norwegian serious fraud office: what do the messages say about focal concerns?

PurposeThis article reviews 69 press releases published by the Norwegian Økokrim from June 2022 to November 2023. The presented research applies the theory of focal concerns to identify the main themes in the press releases.Design/methodology/approachSerious fraud offices such as the Norwegian national authority for investigation and prosecution of economic and environmental crime (Økokrim) are facing many challenges when combating white-collar and corporate crime. Press releases represent an element of facing such challenges, as the messages are an important vehicle for the organization to disclose organizational activities to the public.FindingsThree themes emerged: offender conviction, impression management and crime deterrence. Offender prosecution followed by offender conviction is at the core of Økokrim's business. Impression management serves the purpose of emphasizing the important role of the national authority in society. The subjective perception of detection and prosecution by potential offenders can be influenced by crime deterrence messages.Research limitations/implicationsPress releases are signals that may be interpreted in other ways.Practical implicationsWhen politicians are to review national authorities, they may want a slightly different serious fraud office.Social implicationsThe deterrence effect is often not real for alleged white-collar crime.Originality/valueUnderstanding a national authority in terms of its focal concerns based on press releases from the authority.

Conceptualising the relationships between food sovereignty, food security, and oral health among global Indigenous Communities: A scoping review.

Invasive colonial influences and continuing neoliberal policies have a detrimental impact on Land, health, food, and culture for Indigenous Communities. Food security and sovereignty have significant impacts on Indigenous wellbeing and specifically, oral health. Aspects relating to food security, such as availability of nutritious foods, are a common risk factor of oral diseases. This scoping review aimed to collate existing evidence regarding the relationship between food sovereignty and/or food security and oral health for Indigenous Communities, globally. Four databases were searched using keywords related to 'Food security' or 'Food sovereignty,' 'Indigenous Peoples,' and 'Oral health.' Duplicates were removed and two independent reviewers screened the titles and abstracts to identify articles for full-text review. Extracted data was summarised narratively, presenting a conceptual model which illustrates the findings and relationships between food security and/or food sovereignty and oral health. The search identified 369 articles, with 41 suitable for full text review and a final nine that met inclusion criteria. The impact of food security and food sovereignty on oral health was discussed across different populations and sample sizes, ranging from 18 Kichwa families in Brazil to 533 First Nations and Metis households in Canada. Pathways of influence between food sovereignty and/or food security is explored clinically, quantitatively, and qualitatively across oral health outcomes, including early childhood caries, dental caries, and oral health related quality of life for Indigenous Communities. Innovative strategies underpinned by concepts of Indigenous food sovereignty are needed to promote oral health equity for Indigenous Communities. The nexus between oral health and Indigenous food sovereignty remains largely unexplored, but has immense potential for empowering Indigenous rights to self-determination of health that honour Indigenous ways of knowing, being, and doing.

FMRI-based spatio-temporal parcellations of the human brain.

Human brain parcellation based on functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) plays an essential role in neuroscience research. By segmenting vast and intricate fMRI data into functionally similar units, researchers can better decipher the brain's structure in both healthy and diseased states. This article reviews current methodologies and ideas in this field, while also outlining the obstacles and directions for future research. Traditional brain parcellation techniques, which often rely on cytoarchitectonic criteria, overlook the functional and temporal information accessible through fMRI. The adoption of machine learning techniques, notably deep learning, offers the potential to harness both spatial and temporal information for more nuanced brain segmentation. However, the search for a one-size-fits-all solution to brain segmentation is impractical, with the choice between group-level or individual-level models and the intended downstream analysis influencing the optimal parcellation strategy. Additionally, evaluating these models is complicated by our incomplete understanding of brain function and the absence of a definitive "ground truth". While recent methodological advancements have significantly enhanced our grasp of the brain's spatial and temporal dynamics, challenges persist in advancing fMRI-based spatio-temporal representations. Future efforts will likely focus on refining model evaluation and selection as well as developing methods that offer clear interpretability for clinical usage, thereby facilitating further breakthroughs in our comprehension of the brain.

MRI-based Deep Learning Models for Preoperative Breast Volume and Density Assessment Assisting Breast Reconstruction.

The volume of the implant is the most critical element of breast reconstruction, so it is necessary to accurately assess the preoperative volume of the healthy and affected breasts and select the appropriate implant for placement. Accurate and automated methods for quantitative assessment of breast volume can optimize breast reconstruction surgery and assist physicians in clinical decision making. The aim of this study was to develop an artificial intelligence model for automated segmentation of the breast and measurement of volume. A total of 249 subjects undergoing breast reconstruction surgery were enrolled in this study. Subjects underwent preoperative breast MRI, and the breast region manually outlined by the imaging physician served as the gold standard for volume measurement by the automated segmentation model. In this study, we developed three automated algorithms for automatic segmentation of breast regions, including a simple alignment model, an alignment dynamic encoding model, and a deep learning model. The volumetric agreement between the three automated segmentation algorithms and the breast regions manually segmented by imaging physicians was evaluated by calculating the mean square error (MSE) and intragroup correlation coefficient (ICC), and the reproducibility of the automated segmentation of the breast regions was assessed by the test-retest step. The three breast automated segmentation models developed in this study (simple registration model, dynamic programming model, and deep learning model) showed strong ICC with manual segmentation of the breast region, with MSEs of 1.124, 0.693, and 0.781, and ICCs of 0.975 (95% CI, 0.869-0.991), 0.986 (95% CI, 0.967-0.996), and 0.983 (95% CI, 0.961-0.992), respectively. Regarding the test-retest results of breast volume, the dynamic programming model performed the best with an MSE of 0.370 and an ICC of 0.993 (95% CI, 0.982-0.997), followed by the deep learning algorithm with an MSE of 0.741 and an ICC of 0.983 (95% CI, 0.956-0.993), and the simple registration algorithm with an MSE of 0.763 and an ICC of 0.982 (95% CI, 0.949-0.993). The reproducibility of the breast region segmented by the three automated algorithms was higher than that of manual segmentation by different radiologists. The three automated breast segmentation algorithms developed in this study generate accurate and reliable breast regions, enable highly reproducible breast region segmentation and automated volume measurements, and provide a valuable tool for surgical selection of appropriate prostheses. This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each submission to which Evidence-Based Medicine rankings are applicable. This excludes Review Articles, Book Reviews, and manuscripts that concern Basic Science, Animal Studies, Cadaver Studies, and Experimental Studies. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .

Microbial dysbiosis in systemic lupus erythematosus: a scientometric study

IntroductionSystemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune disease. Mounting evidence suggests microbiota dysbiosis augment autoimmune response. This study aims to provide a systematic overview of this research field in SLE through a bibliometric analysis.MethodsWe conducted a comprehensive search and retrieval of literature related to microbial researches in SLE from the Web of Science Core Collection (WOSCC) database. The retrieved articles were subjected to bibliometric analysis using VOSviewer and Bibliometricx to explore annual publication output, collaborative patterns, research hotspots, current research status, and emerging trends.ResultsIn this study, we conducted a comprehensive analysis of 218 research articles and 118 review articles. The quantity of publications rises annually, notably surging in 2015 and 2018. The United States and China emerged as the leading contributors in microbial research of SLE. Mashhad University of Medical Sciences had the highest publication outputs among the institutions. Frontiers in Immunology published the most papers. Luo XM and Margolles A were the most prolific and highly cited contributors among individual authors. Microbial research in SLE primarily focused on changes in microbial composition, particularly gut microbiota, as well as the mechanisms and practical applications in SLE. Recent trends emphasize “metabolites,” “metabolomics,” “fatty acids,” “T cells,” “lactobacillus,” and “dietary supplementation,” indicating a growing emphasis on microbial metabolism and interventions in SLE.ConclusionThis study provides a thorough analysis of the research landscape concerning microbiota in SLE. The microbial research in SLE mainly focused on three aspects: microbial dysbiosis, mechanism studies and translational studies (microbiota-based therapeutics). It identifies current research trends and focal points, offering valuable guidance for scholars in the field.

Preparedness of Speech Language Pathologists and Occupational Therapists to Treat Pediatric Feeding Disorder: A Cross-Sectional Survey.

Pediatric feeding disorder (PFD) is increasingly common and is often treated by speech language pathologists (SLPs) and occupational therapists (OTs) in the community setting. However, the preparedness of these disciplines to effectively address PFD is relatively unknown. A national (US), online survey was disseminated to providers who assess and treat PFD. For the present analysis, the responses of SLPs (N = 418) and OTs (N = 195) related to their clinical background, educational background, post-graduate training, and self-rated clinical effectiveness were statistically analyzed and compared across the two disciplines. Both SLPs and OTs report feeling underprepared to work with PFD clients immediately following their academic training, but time spent in post-graduate training and years of clinical practice both significantly (p < 0.0001) increased feelings of effectiveness in assessing and treating PFD. Most SLPs and OTs pursued self-directed learning activities to increase competence, with the most common activities being article review, podcasts, and peer case review, although SLPs were significantly more likely to use podcasts (p < 0.0001) and peer review (p = 0.0004) than OTs. The most common barriers for providers were financial, time, travel, and institutional support barriers. While PFD is a key practice area of both SLPs and OTs, both provider groups feel unprepared and under-supported in providing competent care to these patients upon graduation. Future research and policy should support advancements in training for current SLPs and OTs related to PFD and address current barriers to a specialized educational pathway.

Integrating “old” truths and “new” evidence to address people's evolving career counselling needs

The article reflects on the current relevance and functionality of career counselling in South Africa and elsewhere, examining the link between career counselling waves, helping models, theoretical foundations, and interventions. An adapted qualitative systematic literature review was conducted to facilitate examination of people's evolving career counselling needs during changes in the workplace with a view to recommend strategies to innovate career counselling in the (post-)post-modern era. Articles for review were selected if they dealt with transformative shifts in the occupational world and workers' lifestyles. The articles were then analysed in the context of shifts in career counselling approaches during the past 120 years. Key findings indicate a need for advocating a dynamic blend of tradition and innovation, integrating accepted but outdated practices of career counselling. They also point to recent research outcomes in career counselling highlighting the implementation of career counselling in future workplaces aimed at helping people understand the need for work-life transformation, social justice, and ethical behaviour. Findings call for innovation and renewal in career counselling for bridging the gap between traditional wisdom and contemporary realities and for offering transformational career trajectories to promote success and fulfilment in the ever-evolving world of work.

Manifestaciones neurológicas de enfermedades sistémicas: aspectos claves para el clínico

The nervous system interacts with all other systems in the human body on a continuous ba-sis. It’s not uncommon for a disease to exhibit neurological symptoms that are not solely at-tributable to a primary nervous system disorder, but, rather, to the intricate relationships the nervous system has with other organs. This article reviews how diverse gastrointesti-nal, endocrine, rheumatic, kidney, heart, and other affections manifest in the neurological system. Key points, frequent symptoms, and signs are thus summarized to provide a com-prehensive understanding of the relationship between systemic diseases and neurological symptoms. Emphasizing the clinical presentation of a selected group of conditions, it is hoped that clinicians can better recognize the potential for neurological symptoms in pa-tients with systemic diseases, and the potential for systemic diseases in patients exhibiting neurological symptoms, leading to earlier diagnosis and improved outcomes.

Guidelines for the in vitro determination of anti‐inflammatory activity

AbstractChronic inflammation contributes to various chronic diseases in humans. Currently used anti‐inflammatory drugs have several limitations and are not suitable for long‐term use. Anti‐inflammatory foods or extracts can prevent inflammation‐related diseases, offering a promising approach for the management of these pathologies. In vitro anti‐inflammatory experiments have the advantages of short experimental period and low cost for screening anti‐inflammatory foods or drugs. They measure pro‐inflammatory enzyme activity such as lipoxygenase (LOX) and cyclooxygenase (COX), and the production of pro‐inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and interleukins (IL). This article reviews in vitro assays used to evaluate the anti‐inflammatory effect, examining the effects of different inflammatory factors and the employed methods, and analyzing their principles, advantages, and disadvantages. Thus, it aims to provide guidelines for screening natural foods with anti‐inflammatory potential.

Bibliometric Analysis of Islamic Crowdfunding: A Literature Review of Its Journey

Background The potential of Islamic crowdfunding to encourage the development of Islamic fintech globally, even in countries with non-Muslim majority populations, needs to be examined in a literature study on this issue. More extensive research is needed regarding the factors that most reliably predict the success of Islamic crowdfunding, such as compliance with Islamic crowdfunding laws, sustainability, and the potential of Islamic finance. This article describes a comprehensive and systematic Literature Review (SLR) regarding papers published in the field of Islamic crowdfunding. This research aims to contribute to a better understanding of Islamic crowdfunding, provide useful information for practitioners, and stimulate further research in the field to increase the success of Islamic crowdfunding. Methods We conducted a review of selected papers to identify gaps and significant issues in Islamic crowdfunding, providing guidance for future researchers. This article review was based on 704 articles retrieved using the keyword “Islamic crowdfunding” from the Scopus database between 2013 and 2022. To minimize bias, we formulated 5 research questions to guide our analysis: RQ1: How do publication and citation rates vary annually? RQ2: How can we determine the most influential studies based on citation counts for each keyword? RQ3: What are the most common subject areas addressed in Islamic crowdfunding literature from 2013 to 2022? RQ4: What are the most frequently used keywords in Scopus documents? RQ5: How are Islamic values discussed in articles related to Islamic crowdfunding? Results The findings of this research demonstrate that Islamic crowdfunding, characterized by interdisciplinary scholarship, has emerged as an increasingly significant alternative for aiding society and the economy. It contributes to poverty alleviation and the development of specific sectors through channels such as crowdfunding for small and medium enterprises and social projects tailored to meet the diverse needs of Muslims. However, the challenge facing the future development of Sharia crowdfunding is that, despite its benefit of increasing community participation in projects aligned with religious values, it also carries the potential risk of investment losses and non-compliance with Sharia principles. Ways to address the current scarcity of Sharia fintech are also needed, ensuring its broader acceptance across all societal levels, and enhancing Muslims’ understanding of compliance with Islamic religious rules, particularly Fiqh law. Conclusion Urgently needed are specific fiqh regulatory guidelines to ensure that Sharia-compliant crowdfunding adheres to Islamic principles. Government support, particularly through legislation in countries where the majority of the population is Muslim, is crucial to enhance public participation and trust in Sharia crowdfunding.

A Comprehensive Review on Use of Wastewater in the Manufacturing of Concrete: Fostering Sustainability through Recycling

The primary aim of this review article is to find the influence of wastewater and its characteristics on recycling as an alternative to potable water for concrete preparation. On the other hand, scarcity, and the demand for freshwater for drinking are also increasing day by day around the globe. About a billion tons of freshwater is consumed daily for concrete preparation for various operations such as mixing and curing, to name a few. The rapid development of certain industries such as textile, casting, stone cutting, and concrete production has caused the water supply to be severely affected. Recycling wastewater in concrete offers various potential benefits like resource conservation, environmental protection, cost savings, and enhanced sustainability. This article reviews the effect of various types of wastewater on various physical and chemical properties of wastewater, rheological characteristics, strength, durability, and microstructure properties of concrete. It also explores the potential effects of decomposing agents on enhancing concrete properties. Currently, limited research is available on the use of various types of wastewater in concrete. Hence, there is a need to develop various methods and procedures to ensure that the utilization of wastewater and treated wastewater is carried out in the production of concrete in a sustainable manner. Although wastewater can reduce the workability of fresh concrete, it can also increase its strength and long-term performance of concrete. The use of various types of wastewater, such as reclaimed water and tertiary-treated wastewater, was found to be superior compared to those using industrial- or secondary-treated wastewater. Researchers around the globe agree that wastewater can cause various detrimental effects on the mechanical and physical properties of concrete, but the reductions were not significant. To overcome limited scientific contributions, this article reviews all the available methods of using various types of wastewater to make concrete economically and environmentally friendly. This research also addresses possible challenges with respect to the demand for freshwater and the water crisis.

A retrospective view on non-linear methods in chemometrics, and future directions

This perspective article reviews how the chemometrics community approached non-linear methods in the early years. In addition to the basic chemometric methods, some methods that fall under the term “machine learning” are also mentioned. Thereafter, types of non-linearity are briefly presented, followed by discussions on important aspects of modeling related to non-linear data. Lastly, a simulated data set with non-linear properties is analyzed for quantitative prediction and batch monitoring. The conclusion is that the latent variable methods to a large extent handle non-linearities by adding more linear combinations of the original variables. Nevertheless, with strong non-linearities between the X and Y space, non-linear methods such as Support Vector Machines might improve prediction performance at the cost of interpretability into both the sample and variable space. Applying multiple local models can improve performance compared to a single global model, of both linear and non-linear nature. When non-linear methods are applied, the need for conservative model validation is even more important. Another approach is pre-processing of the data which can make the data more linear before the actual modeling and prediction phase.

Blepharoplasty Online: Critical Analysis of Content and Patient Comprehensibility.

Patients frequently turn to online information for decision-making factors about aesthetic procedures. The quality of online medical content is an essential supplement to clinical education. These resources assist patients in understanding the risks, benefits, and appropriateness of their desired procedure. This study examines the breadth and readability of online blepharoplasty information, elucidating its educational utility. A depersonalized Google search was conducted using the Startpage Search Engine, investigating key phrases, "blepharoplasty decision making factors", "eye lift decision making factors", and "eyelid lift decision making factors". The first three pages of results for each search term, totaling 90 links were screened. Data were extracted for various decision-making factors, subspecialty, gender, and readability. Twenty-six websites met inclusion for analysis. Thirteen websites were plastic surgery based, five otolaryngology (ENT), five ophthalmology/oculoplastic, one oral-maxillofacial (OMFS), and two mixed-based practices. Most blepharoplasty webpages identified were that of private practice and male surgeons. Half were subspecialties other than plastic surgery. Thirteen common decision-making factors were identified. The most common factors addressed across all texts were recovery followed by cosmetic and functional goals. The least discussed were genetic factors. Average Readability exceeded the 12th grade. There were no significant differences in readability means among subspecialties. This study examines the online blepharoplasty sphere among US-based practices providing clinical education to patients. No appreciable differences among gender, subspecialty, and readability on decision-making factors were found, highlighting a consistency among surgeons. Most websites fell short of readability standards, however, emphasizing a need for clearer information to patients. This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each submission to which Evidence-Based Medicine rankings are applicable. This excludes Review Articles, Book Reviews, and manuscripts that concern Basic Science, Animal Studies, Cadaver Studies, and Experimental Studies. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .