Article In Spanish Research Articles

La Rana or El Rana : Dual Language Learners' Grammatical Variability in Narrative Retells

Purpose: This longitudinal study investigated the trajectory of Spanish article accuracy in Spanish–English dual language learners (DLLs) from preschool to first grade, addressing the need for longitudinal data on the variability of Spanish grammatical skills in DLLs in English immersion classrooms. Method: Language sample analysis was conducted on 336 Spanish and English narrative retells elicited from 31 Spanish–English DLLs (range: 45–85 months). Growth curve models captured within- and between-individual change in article accuracy from the beginning of preschool to the end of first grade. Results: As a group, DLLs did not exhibit significant positive or negative growth in Spanish article accuracy over time. On average, article accuracy remained stable at 76% from preschool throughout first grade. Participants exhibited significant variability in article accuracy that was partly explained by changes in Spanish proficiency. Spanish article accuracy was lower for DLLs with lower Spanish proficiency indexed by measures from the Spanish language samples, while English proficiency indexed by the English language samples did not affect Spanish article accuracy. Conclusions: These findings suggest that expectations for Spanish grammatical performance in DLLs need to be adjusted to account for the possible impact of not receiving Spanish support in English immersion school settings. DLLs in these instructional programs do not exhibit article accuracy at a level expected for monolingual Spanish speakers. Significant individual differences in both individual status and growth rates of Spanish article accuracy highlight the broad variability in Spanish language skills of DLLs in the United States.

Turkish L1 speakers’ use of the article in Spanish: An error analysis

For Turkish learners of Spanish, the correct use of the article is particularly difficult area of grammar. Regardless of their level, such learners struggle to master this crucial aspect of the language. Accordingly, the present study combines a recent review of literature on article usage to investigate and classify errors in article use produced by Turkish students learning Spanish as a second foreign language (L2). The study was conducted at a private university in Türkiye during the fall term of the 2019–2020 academic year. The undergraduate participants (N=31) were enrolled on a range of degree programs and were taking Spanish as an elective at CEFR level A1. Data for the study came from the review exercises completed by the students in the final week of classes. For the purposes of this study, three activities were analyzed: one open-ended writing task and two controlled exercises. The analysis revealed that the most frequent errors involved gender agreement in noun-article pairs, incorrect article selection, omission, or inappropriate addition of the article. The theoretical and pedagogical implications of these findings for Turkish L1 learners of Spanish as a foreign language are discussed in order to provide a reference for SFL instructors tasked with helping their students overcome the difficulties that typically arise when encountering this element of grammar.

Los nombres comunes de los principios activos llevan artículo en español

Non-proprietary drug names are common nouns. As such, they require the use of a definite article in Spanish. However, there is a trend to omit the article before drug names in scientific texts written in Spanish, as well as in translations, such as the summaries of product characteristics published by EMA (European Medicines Agency). Dropping the article in these cases is against Spanish grammar correctness. The correct usage can be found in the Spanish Ortografía from Real Academia Española and in several style guides. It is also recorded extensively in reference textbooks; thus, it is the usage that should be promoted in the medical and pharmaceutical sector.

Perpectives on Gender: An Investigative Study of Gender Equity in Children [Espejuelos para el género: Apuestas investigativas por la equidad en la infancia

The construction of gender identities begins at a very early age. These identities are consolidated through the influence of various socialization actors, among which the family, the school, and the media stand out. Therefore, addressing gender issues is necessary from childhood to ensure that girls and boys reach adulthood as women and men capable of establishing more equitable, horizontal, collaborative, and healthy gender relations. For this reason, since 2012, Perspectives on Gender [Espejuelos para el Género] has conducted a school research project, focusing on the second cycle of primary education in Cuba. The collective goals of the two phases of the project were to analyze gender constructs in girls and boys as well as those associated with actors involved in the children’s formal and informal education, such as family, teachers and the media. The basic methodological design was conceived from arts-based action research. Up until now, the persistence of sexist gender stereotypes has been identified in the scenarios and subjects under study although, at a discursive level, some gender equity is noticeable. This article describes the main results of the project. Editors' note: The English version of this article is a translation from the original Spanish, and this special feature is a result of a partnership between IJPS and the University of Havana, Cuba. The original Spanish article appears after the English translation.

Contact dermatitis from glucose sensors in Spain: A multicentric approach.

Allergic contact dermatitis from glucose sensors may interfere with their ongoing application. To evaluate a series of Spanish patients with contact dermatitis to glucose sensors regarding former sources of contact allergens, patch test results, and outcomes from the ongoing use of the device. A series of patients with contact dermatitis from glucose sensors was investigated in eight dermatology departments across Spain (epidemiological features, brands, latency time to develop dermatitis, the ability to continue using the devices as well as the patch test results). Thirty patients were evaluated (mean age 20.9 years). A total of 66.7% were children and 66.7% female. Ninety per cent used Freestyle Libre (FSL). Eight of 26 (30.8%) reacted to isobornyl acrylate (IBOA) and two of 20 (10.0%) to N,N dimethylacrylamide (DMAA). The mean latency time to develop dermatitis was 9months. Sixteen of 29 (55.2%) patients continued using the same sensor causing the reaction. Thirteen of 29 (44.8%) patients were unable to continue using the sensor because of severe reactions. Of these, five were positive to IBOA, one to IBOA and DMAA, one to DMAA, one to colophony, and one to isopropyl alcohol wipes. In one patient, the outcome was unknown. The frequency of sensitisation to IBOA and DMAA, was lower than in other European series, but similar to a previously published Spanish article. Legislation requiring manufacturers to provide information regarding the composition of medical devices and cooperate with the investigations into contact dermatitis is urgently needed.

Application of the constitutional principle of generality in Spanish companies’ taxation. A compared study to Portugal

PurposeThis paper aims to analyse how constitutional law and corporate income tax (CIT) law, in the Iberian Peninsula, addresses the tax justice principle of generality. Also, it has as an intention to understand the dimension of tax exemptions predicted in the CIT law of both countries.Design/methodology/approachIt analyses several data sources from Spain and Portugal, between them constitutions laws, CIT laws, general tax laws and some constitutional court cases. Furthermore, it uses the content analysis method to identify the level of exemptions and tax benefits present in the CIT law.FindingsThe results show that constitutional laws reserve a section to regulate tax issues, that it can present major or minor development. The Spanish article 31 explains the tax system and the Portuguese articles of 103 and 104 explain not only the tax system but also gives instructions about how must occur income, property and consumption taxation. Both jurisdictions, do not refer expressly to the generality principle, nevertheless, it has an implicit presence in the Supreme law and the same happen in the CIT law. They predict that all legal entities, public and private ones, have to contribute to financing the public expenditure. Furthermore, the respect to generality principle implies that tax income exemptions have to be justified, otherwise it can configure a break of the researched fundamental. In researched cases, the Spanish CIT have present more tax exemptions than Portugal, which can lead to consider a relation between the level of corporate contribution to income tax revenues collection and the tax exemptions predicted in the CIT law.Originality/valueIt allows understanding the difference between tax jurisdictions in the tax principles domain.

The Processing of Spanish Article-Noun Gender Agreement by Monolingual and Bilingual Toddlers.

We assessed monolingual Spanish and bilingual Spanish-Basque toddlers' sensitivity to gender agreement in correct vs. incorrect Spanish noun phrases (definite article + noun), using a spontaneous preference listening paradigm. Monolingual Spanish-learning toddlers exhibited a tendency to listen longer to the grammatically correct phrases (e.g., la casa; "the house"), as opposed to the incorrect ones (e.g., *el casa). This listening preference toward correct phrases is in line with earlier results obtained from French monolingual 18-month-olds (van Heugten & Christophe, 2015). Bilingual toddlers in the current study, however, tended to listen longer to the incorrect phrases. Basque was not a source of interference in the bilingual toddler's input as Basque does not instantiate grammatical gender agreement. Overall, our results suggest that both monolingual and bilingual toddlers can distinguish between the correct and incorrect phrases by 18 months of age; however, monolinguals and bilinguals allocate their attention differently when processing grammatically incorrect forms.

Clinical presentation of the spectrum of myelin oligodendocryte glycoprotein antibody disease

Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) antibody disease is a rare and practically new entity in medicine. In developing countries, there are still important limitations for the detection of anti-MOG antibodies by cell-based assay, so knowing the clinical characteristics of the different phenotypes and their differences with other demyelinating pathologies of the central nervous system is essential in order to make a proper diagnostic and therapeutic approach of the patients. To present an update regarding the clinical characteristics of the disease spectrum, being the first article in Spanish that gathers the most frequent phenotypes and provides a clear description of what should be considered to identify each of these phenotypes. This disease is characterized by having a monophasic or recurrent course, with optic neuritis being the most frequent presentation phenotype in general population and disseminated acute encephalomyelitis the most frequent in children. Other phenotypes described in this review are transverse myelitis, focal cortical encephalitis and cerebral stem syndromes, as well as the proposed criteria for the diagnosis of the disease associated with MOG antibody disease. Currently there are no studies that seek to characterize the Spanish-speaking population with this disease, or review articles in Spanish, so it is important to disseminate knowledge and develop research in this area.

Collectively biased representations of the past: Ingroup Bias in Wikipedia articles about intergroup conflicts.

Individuals tend to present their own group (the ingroup) in a systematically more favourable way (ingroup bias). By examining socially negotiated and publicly accessible Wikipedia articles about intergroup conflicts, we investigated ingroup bias at a collective level. Specifically, we compared articles about the same intergroup conflicts (e.g., the Falklands War) in the corresponding language versions of Wikipedia (e.g., the Spanish and English Wikipedia articles about the Falklands War). Study 1 featured a content coding of translated Wikipedia articles by trained raters, which showed that articles systematically presented the ingroup in a more favourable way (e.g., Argentina in the Spanish article and the United Kingdom in the English article) and, in reverse, the outgroup as more immoral and more responsible for the conflict. These findings were replicated and extended in Study 2, which was limited to the lead sections of articles but included considerably more conflicts and many participants instead of a few trained coders. This procedure allowed for separate analyses for each conflict, which showed considerable variance in the results pattern with a stronger ingroup bias for (1) more recent conflicts and (2) conflicts in which the proportion of ingroup members among the top editors was larger. Finally, a third study ruled out that these effects were driven by translations or the raters' own nationality. Therefore, this paper is the first to demonstrate ingroup bias in Wikipedia - a finding that is of practical as well as theoretical relevance as we outline in the discussion.

Unsafe Chewing: Choking and Other Risks

Unsafe Chewing: Choking and Other Risks

The acquisition of L3 Spanish articles: What can be learned from a simple linear regression analysis?

Despite being extremely frequent in Spanish, articles pose one of the biggest challenges for Polish L1/English L2 students who learn it as a L3, even among the most advanced learners. However, little attention has been paid to the influence of the task at hand, especially since certain registers and writing styles tend to make use of a higher number of noun phrases, thus increasing both the amount of article syntactical environments and the probability of an error to be made. The main purpose of this article is to investigate whether there is a statistically significant relation between the number or article-related errors and an increasing number of article environments. In order to do this, a simple linear regression analysis was run for both B1 and B2 groups separately, and finally the whole level (n = 72). The results of the t tests suggest a significant linear relationship between the number of article-related errors and article tokens, between article-related errors and noun tokens, and between article and noun tokens. The article provides some considerations on possible actions to be taken both for researching and teaching the Spanish article system to [–ART] L1 learners.

Las instituciones de la Democracia directa: una comparación entre California y España

The article describes the regulation of the three great institutes of direct democracy - referendum, initiative and recall - in California and Spain. It deals with the different constitutional history in both States and compares the current regulation for those devices. This comparison sheds light on the meaning of the term «direct democracy» and suggests reasonable doubts about the meaning of Spanish Constitution article 23.1.

Lingüística de corpus y fraseología contrastiva (alemán-español): Las combinaciones usuales de estructura [PREP + S]. El caso de entre lágrimas y unter Tränen

En el presente artículo analizamos la fijación externa e interna que presenta el binomio [entre + S] con artículo cero en español, y sus equivalentes en alemán en las combinaciones usuales entre lágrimas y unter Tränen. Los datos son extraídos del corpus DeReKo (Das Deutsche Referenzkorpus) y del Sketch Engine, deTenTen 13 y eseuTenTen11. En primer lugar, presentamos los objetivos del proyecto en el que este trabajo está enmarcado. En un segundo punto exponemos las diferentes aplicaciones de la lingüística de corpus en el ámbito de la fraseología. Por último, en base a los corpus consultados comentamos convergencias o divergencias más notables de las combinaciones usuales objeto de estudio.

Instrucción de procesamiento para la adquisición del artículo en español

Numerosos análisis cuantitativos y cualitativos de errores centrados en la adquisición del artículo en aprendientes de diferentes lenguas maternas que carecen de la marca de artículo han confirmado que la adquisición del artículo podría constituir uno de los mayores problemas, entendiendo que la disparidad de formas y contextos en cuanto al uso de la definitud en ambas lenguas pudiera producir en el aprendiente falsas analogías con estructuras de la lengua meta. Por esta razón, se hacen necesarias herramientas que ayuden a la enseñanza/aprendizaje del artículo en español por parte de los aprendientes de una L2.

The definite article in Spanish as a polysemous category

The definite article in Spanish as a polysemous category

Grupos sintácticos comparativos de igualdad introducidos por el artículo determinado en español

En la larga polémica que en la gramática del español han suscitado las denominadas construcciones con artículo determinado enfático o cuantificativo, unos pocos autores han aludido al valor comparativo de determinadas construcciones con artículo cuantificativo o con artículo y un modificador cuantitativo elidido (No es lo inteligente que era su padre). El objetivo de este trabajo es ofrecer un análisis descriptivo que permita deslindar gramaticalmente estas construcciones con artículo determinado y valor comparativo de las estructuras no comparativas con artículo determinado enfático. En las primeras, el artículo no es un cuantificador independiente, sino un constituyente discontinuo de un sintagma que actúa como modificador cuantitativo del núcleo de la comparación.

El artículo en español: problemas de conceptualización y valores esenciales

La motivación y el punto de partida de la presente investigación ha sido dar respuesta a una de las zonas opacas con las que se enfrenta el aprendiente de español como L2: la adquisición del artículo. Para ello, el propósito fundamental ha sido la descripción gramatical de los valores esenciales del artículo para su futura aplicación en el marco de la adquisición de segundas lenguas para una enseñanza significativa del artículo.

Učinki pomenskega poučevanja španskega člena z vidika kognitivne slovnice: izsledki empirične raziskave

Pričujoča raziskava se osredotoča na učinke pomenskega poučevanja španskega člena z vidika kognitivne slovnice z uporabo empirične raziskave. Njen osrednji cilj pa je zagotoviti učečim se operativni model za španski člen in v razumevanje usmerjen model poučevanja. Poleg tega želimo odpreti raziskovalno polje v smeri zagotavljanja spoznavnih orodij, ki bi učečim se v okviru eksplicitnega poučevanja španskega člena pomagala pri tvorjenju pomena v tujem jeziku, za kar se je zdel najprimernejši operativni model za španski člen, vzpostavljen na podlagi teoretskih okvirov kognitivne slovnice (Langacker 2008, Cifuentes Honrubia 1989 in López García 2005). Zato smo naredili operativni model za španski člen, vzpostavljen na podlagi teoretskih okvirov kognitivne slovnice (Ruiz Campillo 1998, Dirven y Radden 2007, Castañeda 2014, Montero 2014b in Santiago 2016) in oblikovali model poučevanja procesiranja, kot ga utemelji Van Patten (1993, 1996, 2002).

영어와 스페인어 정관사 대조 분석과 교육적 제언

영어와 스페인어 정관사 대조 분석과 교육적 제언

Contrastive analysis as a didactic tool: acquisition problems of the Spanish article in Slovene learners

The aim of the paper is to present a semantically based approach to the teaching of the Spanish article usage from the point of view of contrastive analysis, taking into account the role of plurilingualism and the development of the learner’s linguistic awareness, as envisaged by the CEFR. Dealing with the development of the linguistic awareness of the Slovene learners with regard to the acquisition of the Spanish article, we try to explain the uses of the Spanish article and the linguistic (or extralinguistic) mechanisms employed by the Slovene language to express definiteness on the basis of examples from Julio Cortazar's short story Las babas del diablo and its Slovene translation by Vesna Velkovrh Bukilica. Also, the most problematic uses of the article with which Slovene learners may have problems –because of significant differences between Slovene and Spanish in the areas of grammar concerned – have been classified according to the different levels suggested in CEFR and in Plan Curricular of Instituto Cervantes. The final purpose of the study is to show the pedagogic implications of the use of contrastive analysis in language learning, especially in dealing with complex grammatical issues such as the acquisition of the Spanish article by Slovene learners.