Prevalence Of Arthritis Research Articles

Assessment of rheumatoid arthritis and associated risk factors among patients attending Kibungo level two teaching hospital

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease that primarily affects the joints, but can affect other parts of the body causing inflammation, pain, stiffness, and joint damage. It affects approximately 1% of the global population. The objectives of this study were to assess the prevalence of rheumatoid arthritis and risk factors associated with rheumatoid arthritis among patients attending Kibungo level two teaching hospital. The retrospective study extracted data from January, 2018 to January 2023 and the cross-sectional part assessed risk factors associated to rheumatoid arthritis using questionnaire by telephone calls. Data collected were analyzed statistically using SPSS version 25. In this study the prevalence of rheumatoid arthritis was 43.20%. Across sex, females were more affected than males (44.2% and 40.0%, respectively). Binary logistic regression was used to assess the association between RA and risk factors. Age groups, C-Reactive Protein, red meat consumption showed significant association with RA (OR = 1.566, p = 0.008; OR = 1.299, p = 0.013; OR = 2.599, p < 0.001). The study was limited since it only included the participants at Kibungo Level two Teaching hospital, hence not having large population. Carrying out country wide studies regarding to the rheumatoid arthritis and associated risk factors on large population in order to establish epidemiologic data in Rwanda is highly recommended.
 Keywords: Rheumatoid arthritis, risk factors, C-Reactive Protein, Rheumatoid Factor

Epigenetic Aging and Rheumatoid Arthritis.

This is the first known comparative assessment of the associations of epigenetic age estimates with the prevalence of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). We used data available in Gene Expression Omnibus (GSE42861) from the Swedish Epidemiological Investigation of Rheumatoid Arthritis study. Information regarding RA diagnosis and 450K DNA methylation (DNAm) of 18- to 70-year-old participants was available. Utilizing Horvath's online DNAm Age Calculator, we determined the DNAm estimate of Telomere length (DNAmTL), Hannum's epigenetic age, Horvath's 2013 and 2018 epigenetic ages, PhenoAge, GrimAge, and the respective age-acceleration measures. The association of RA prevalence with epigenetic age measures was assessed using linear regression, adjusting for sex and smoking status. The p values were corrected for multiple testing using a false discovery rate. We identified statistically significant associations of RA with Horvath 2013 age acceleration (estimate: -1.34; FDR p value: 1.0 × 10-2), Horvath 2018 age acceleration (estimate: -1.32; FDR p value: 4.0 × 10-5), extrinsic age acceleration (estimate: 1.34; FDR p value: 1.0 × 10-2), PhenoAge acceleration (estimate: 2.31; FDR p value: 1.1 × 10-5), GrimAge (estimate: 2.54; FDR p value: 1.0 × 10-2), and GrimAge acceleration (estimate: 3.15; FDR p-value: 1.7 × 10-17). Of note, the raw and age-adjusted GrimAge surrogate DNAm protein components were significantly higher in RA cases than controls. Interestingly, the first-generation measures were associated only with women. No sex-specific effects were identified for PhenoAge or GrimAge accelerations. In this cross-sectional assessment, the second-generation clocks show promise as markers of biological aging, with higher epigenetic age acceleration observed in RA cases compared with healthy controls.

Exploring the relationship between depression and multimorbidity in Chinese middle-aged and older people based on propensity score matching

BackgroundThis study aimed to explore the relationship between depression and multimorbidity among middle-aged and older people in China. MethodsThe cross-sectional study used the 2018 China Longitudinal Study of Health and Retirement and included a sample of 19,761 middle-aged and older adults aged 45 years and above. Propensity score matching was used to match samples of individuals with and without depression symptoms. The association between depression symptoms and multimorbidity and dose-response relationships were analyzed using logistic regression and restricted cubic spline (RCS) models for matched samples. ResultsLogistic regression analysis showed that the prevalence of multimorbidity was 1.49 times higher among middle-aged and older adults in the depression symptom group compared to the non-depression group (95% CI:1.24, 1.80). The RCS curves for the relationship between depression and multimorbidity showed an overall increasing trend (P = 0.028). And prevalence of arthritis and digestive disease in the depressed and non-depressed groups is 3.6% and 3.9%, respectively. LimitationsIt was difficult to draw conclusions about causation since the study was cross-sectional, and CESD-10 scores do not represent the population study finally diagnosed with depression, the conclusions should be promoted with caution. ConclusionsMiddle-aged and older people with depressive symptoms are more likely to have multimorbidity than non-depressed individuals. Furthermore, the likelihood of multimorbidity increases with higher depression scores, and the binary combinations were similarly distributed. Therefore, attention should be paid to the management of mental health in the middle-aged and older adult population to alleviate and prevent any mental health issues they might face.

Prevalence Estimates of Arthritis and Activity-Limiting Pain Among Family Caregivers to Older Adults.

Little is known about the prevalence of physical pain among family caregivers to older adults. We used national survey data to assess the relative prevalence of caregivers' arthritis and activity-limiting bothersome pain by caregiver and care-recipient characteristics to identify which caregivers may be at a higher risk for physical pain. We analyzed data collected from 1,930 caregivers who participated in the National Study on Caregiving (2017). We utilized modified Poisson models to estimate adjusted associations of caregiver and care-recipient characteristics with the relative prevalence of arthritis and bothersome pain. Forty percent of caregivers had a lifetime diagnosis of arthritis. Seventy-five percent of caregivers with arthritis reported bothersome pain, nearly 30% of whom endorsed bothersome pain that limited their activities on most or every day of the previous month (i.e., activity-limiting bothersome pain). Regardless of whether they had arthritis, 51% of the sample reported bothersome pain in the previous month, 24% of whom indicated activity-limiting bothersome pain. Caregivers who were older or more highly educated had a higher prevalence of arthritis. Black caregivers had a lower prevalence of arthritis and activity-limiting bothersome pain compared to White caregivers. Caregivers with physical difficulty providing care had a higher prevalence of arthritis and activity-limiting bothersome pain than caregivers without physical difficulty providing care. Arthritis and activity-limiting bothersome pain are highly prevalent among caregivers. Given increased prevalence of pain among certain caregivers, it may be efficient to target these groups for pain management interventions.

JAAD Game Changer: “Prevalence of rheumatologist-diagnosed psoriatic arthritis in patients with psoriasis in European/North American dermatology clinics”

JAAD Game Changer: “Prevalence of rheumatologist-diagnosed psoriatic arthritis in patients with psoriasis in European/North American dermatology clinics”

Increased risk of osteomyelitis and septic arthritis in osteogenesis imperfecta.

We investigated the prevalence of osteomyelitis and septic arthritis in individuals with osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) as compared to the general population. We performed a retrospective cohort study utilizing the TriNetX Analytics platform, a federated, aggregated electronic health record (EHR) research network containing national, deidentified EHR data. We queried patients with OI, based on encounter diagnoses. Patients in this group with any occurrence of osteomyelitis or septic arthritis were recorded. A control cohort was established to compare the prevalence in patients without OI. Of 8444 individuals with OI, 433 (5.13%) had encounter diagnoses for osteomyelitis and 61 (0.72%) had encounter diagnoses for septic arthritis. In comparison, of 79 176 436 patients without OI, 352 009 (0.44%) had encounter diagnoses for osteomyelitis, while 106 647 (0.13%) had encounter diagnoses for septic arthritis. The relative risk for osteomyelitis in OI patients was 11.53 (95% CI: 10.52-12.64), while the relative risk for septic arthritis was 5.36 (95% CI: 4.18-6.89). The relative risk for osteomyelitis in pediatric OI patients was 30.55 (95% CI: 24.35-38.28). To our knowledge, this is the first study investigating musculoskeletal infections in patients with OI, as well as the first to report the overall prevalence in the general population. Clinicians may benefit from a high index of suspicion for musculoskeletal infections in OI patients with corresponding symptoms. Further study is warranted to investigate if modifications to conventional diagnostic pathways and criteria are valuable in this population. Level of evidence: Retrospective Cohort Study - Level II.

JAAD Game Changer: “Prevalence of undiagnosed psoriatic arthritis among psoriasis patients: Systematic review and meta-analysis”

JAAD Game Changer: “Prevalence of undiagnosed psoriatic arthritis among psoriasis patients: Systematic review and meta-analysis”

Clinical characterization, physical frailty, and depression in elderly patients with psoriasis from a reference center in Brazil: a cross-sectional study

BackgroundThere are few studies dedicated to the characterization of the geriatric population with psoriasis, which has particularities in terms of clinical manifestations and therapeutic limitations. As psoriasis is a chronic disease, presenting a higher prevalence with age, the increase in life expectancy in Brazil demands knowledge about the behavior of the disease among the elderly. ObjectivesTo characterize elderly people with psoriasis from a tertiary service, from the clinical-epidemiological point of view, presence of comorbidities, physical frailty, and affective impact, and to compare these aspects with adults with psoriasis and elderly people without the disease. MethodsCross-sectional study of 64 elderly patients with psoriasis, 64 adults with psoriasis, and 64 elderly patients without the disease. Clinical-demographic aspects, the Beck depression scale, and Skindex-16 were evaluated. Indicators of physical frailty were evaluated in elderly patients: handgrip, sit-to-stand test, fatigue, and weight loss >5%. ResultsIn the elderly, the mean age (SD) of psoriasis onset was 44 (10) years, men represented 47% of the sample, the prevalence of arthritis was 22%, and ungual involvement occurred in 72%. Topical corticosteroids were used more often among elderly people with psoriasis (100%) than among adults with the disease (86%), with no difference among other systemic treatments. Diabetes mellitus occurred in 30% of the elderly. Hypertension (59%), dyslipidemia (52%), depression (34%), and fatigue (59%) were more prevalent among the elderly with psoriasis than among the healthy controls. Study limitationsThe study was carried out in a public reference service for patients with psoriasis, all of which were undergoing treatment. ConclusionsElderly people with psoriasis from a tertiary service showed greater affective impairment, metabolic comorbidities, and physical frailty than elderly controls.

P100. Prevalence and impact of hip and knee arthritis on adult spinal deformity outcomes

P100. Prevalence and impact of hip and knee arthritis on adult spinal deformity outcomes

A population-based projection of psoriatic arthritis in Germany until 2050: analysis of national statutory health insurance data of 65 million German population

The population-based prevalence of psoriatic arthritis (PsA) is still unclear and not well described globally. The aim of this study was to conduct a population-based prevalence projection and provide long-term future estimations of PsA patients in Germany until 2050, using the illness–death model and based on historical data. We analyzed the national statutory health insurance data of 65 million population in the German Institute for Medical Documentation and Information between January 2009 and December 2012. We constructed an estimation of the PsA burden among the German population using the relevant epidemiological parameters to project the numbers of patients with PsA in Germany until 2050 under five possible scenarios by varying the incidence and mortality. The overall conservatively estimated prevalence of PsA in Germany in 2019 was 0.31% (95% CI 0.28–0.36%). Women contribute a higher prevalence than men in all five scenarios. In the assumed scenarios with increased incidence, the prevalence of PsA at 60 years of age could rise from 1% in 2019 to more than 3% in 2050 for both genders, with the increase particularly pronounced for women, reaching around 3.5%. However, in the assumed scenarios with decreasing incidence, the prevalence curve may flatten and begin a decreasing trend from 2035 to 2050 for both genders, achieving a prevalence of less than 1% in 2050. Our research is to generate assumed population-based data on PsA in Germany that can serve as a reference for public health stakeholders to prepare an optional intervention. We would expect worryingly high numbers in the coming decades if preventive strategies are not implemented. In the long term, it will be necessary to implement preventive strategies to identify predictors and treat psoriasis symptoms early in order to delay or even prevent the transition of psoriasis to PsA.

Does Running Increase the Risk of Hip and Knee Arthritis? A Survey of 3804 Marathon Runners.

Long-distance running is a popular form of cardiovascular exercise with many well-described health benefits, from improving heart health to the management of obesity, diabetes, and mental illness. The impact of long-distance running on joint health in recreational runners, however, remains inconclusive. The prevalence of osteoarthritis in runners is not associated with an athlete's running-related history, including the number of marathons completed, cumulative years of running, average weekly mileage, and average running pace. Prospective cohort study. Level 3. A survey was distributed to all participants registered for the 2019 or 2021 Chicago marathon (n = 37,917). Surveys collected runner demographics and assessed for hip/knee pain, osteoarthritis, family history, surgical history, and running-related history. Running history included the number of marathons run, number of years running, average running pace, and average weekly mileage. The overall prevalence of osteoarthritis was identified, and a multivariable logistic regression model was used to identify variables associated with the presence of hip and/or knee osteoarthritis. Surveys were completed by 3804 participants (response rate of 10.0%). The mean age was 43.9 years (range, 18-83 years) and participants had completed on average 9.5 marathons (median, 5 marathons; range, 1-664 marathons). The prevalence of hip and/or knee arthritis was 7.3%. A history of hip/knee injuries or surgery, advancing age, family history, and body mass index (BMI) were risk factors for arthritis. Cumulative number of years running, number of marathons completed, weekly mileage, and mean running pace were not significant predictors for arthritis. The majority (94.2%) of runners planned to run another marathon, despite 24.2% of all participants being told by a physician to do otherwise. From this largest surveyed group of marathon runners, the most significant risk factors for developing hip or knee arthritis were age, BMI, previous injury or surgery, and family history. There was no identified association between cumulative running history and the risk for arthritis.

EFFECT OF AYURVEDIC TREATMENT ON BIO-MARKERS OFRHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS (RA) : A CASE STUDY

Amavata is a disease caused by vitiation of Vata Dosha associated with formation of Ama (bio-toxin). The Ama combines with Vata Dosha and occupies Sleshmasthana (Asthisandhi) which results in Amavata, producing symptoms like stiffness, swelling and pain in the joints. Amavata is compared with Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) based on similarities in sign and symptoms. RA is a chronic progressive disease causing inflammation in the joints and resulting in painful deformity and immobility, especially in the fingers, wrists, feet and ankles. The prevalence of Rheumatoid arthritis is approximately 0.8 % of the population (range 0.3 to 2.1%) women are most commonly affected. CASE PRESENTATION: We report the case of a 20 years old female patient experiencing pain in multiple joints along with swelling and stiffness. Patient was investigated with markedly raised level of bio-markers like R.A. Factor, E.S.R., C-Reactive Protein (CRP) and Anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (anti-CCP) antibody. The patient was administered various Shaman, Deepana and Ama-paachanyogas along with Balukaswedan. The symptoms of Amavata (RA) like Sandhi ruja (joint pain), Sandhishotha (joint swelling) Stabdhata (morning stiffness), and tests like R.A. Factor, ESR, CRP and Anti-CCP were observed over the treatment. Marked improvement were observed in signs and symptoms of Amavata during the course of treatment. Patient was feeling much better than earlier and she felt that about >95% of her symptoms got decreased. No any complication was found during the treatment.

Prevalence and risk factors associated with psoriatic arthritis among patients with psoriasis.

Psoriatic arthritis is a chronic, autoimmune inflammatory arthritis that occurs with psoriasis and has profound impact on patients' physical and psychological well-being. This study aims to determine the prevalence and risk factors associated with psoriatic arthritis among patients with psoriasis. A single-center, cross-sectional study was conducted over a 12-month period at the Dermatology Clinic, Hospital Pulau Pinang, Malaysia involving all consecutive psoriasis patients. CASPAR (ClASsification of Psoriatic ARthritis) criteria were used to diagnose psoriatic arthritis. A total of 360 patients with psoriasis were recruited, of whom 107 (29.7%) had psoriatic arthritis. Psoriatic arthritis patients had equal gender distribution and the mean age of arthritis onset was 40.7 ± 12.8 years. Psoriasis preceded arthritis in 81.3% of patients (n = 87) with a mean latency interval of 10.5 years. Polyarthropathy was the predominant subtype affecting 46.8% (n = 50) of patients, followed by oligoarthropathy (22.4%, n = 24), axial joint disease (5.6%, n = 6), predominant distal interphalangeal joint disease (2.8%, n = 3), and mixed subtype (22.4%, n = 24). Enthesitis and dactylitis occurred in 12.1% (n = 13) and 20.6% (n = 22) of arthritis patients, respectively, and deformity was present in 37.4% (n = 40). Psoriatic arthritis was significantly associated with being an ever smoker (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 0.41; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.18-0.91, p = .029), genital psoriasis (aOR 2.25; 95% CI 1.17-4.33, p = .015), and increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) (aOR 1.02; 95% CI 1.01-1.04, p = .005) and C-reactive protein [CRP] (aOR 1.04; 95% CI 1.00-1.08, p = .040). Our study showed a high prevalence of psoriatic arthritis among the psoriasis cohort. Genital involvement, and increased ESR and CRP were associated with psoriatic arthritis among patients with psoriasis.

Arthritis Among Children and Adolescents Aged

Arthritis affects persons of all ages, including younger adults, adolescents, and children; however, recent arthritis prevalence estimates among children and adolescents aged <18 years are not available. Previous prevalence estimates among U.S. children and adolescents aged <18 years ranged from 21 to 403 per 100,000 population depending upon the case definition used. CDC analyzed aggregated 2017-2021 National Survey of Children's Health data to estimate the national prevalence of parent-reported arthritis diagnosed among children and adolescents aged <18 years. An estimated 220,000 (95% CI = 187,000-260,000) U.S. children and adolescents aged <18 years (305 per 100,000) had diagnosed arthritis. Arthritis prevalence among non-Hispanic Black or African American children and adolescents was twice that of non-Hispanic White children and adolescents. Co-occurring conditions, including depression, anxiety, overweight, physical inactivity, and food insecurity were associated with higher prevalences of arthritis. These findings highlight that children and adolescents should be prioritized for arthritis prevention and treatments by identifying risk factors for arthritis, developing self-management interventions to improve arthritis, physical activity or weight control, and screening and linking to mental health services. Health systems and payors can take steps to ensure equitable access to therapies (e.g., physical therapies and medications).

Association between weight-adjusted-waist index and the prevalence of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis: a population-based study

IntroductionThe weight-adjusted-waist Index (WWI), an innovative metric for assessing obesity, exhibits superior efficacy in appraising lean muscle and adipose tissue mass relative to both the Body Mass Index (BMI) and Waist Circumference (WC). The objective of this research paper is to investigate the correlation between WWI and the incidence of Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) and Osteoarthritis (OA).MethodsIn this population-based study, we collected data from adult participants aged 20–80 years using the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) conducted between 2011 and 2020 to analyze the association between WWI and the occurrence of RA and OA. NHANES, a nationally representative cross-sectional survey, is designed to evaluate the health and nutritional status of the U.S. population. The current research incorporates an extensive, nationally representative sample of U.S. adults, utilizing weighted multivariate linear regression and smoothed curve fitting techniques to examine linear and non-linear relationships. Threshold effects were determined through a two-part linear regression model. Additionally, subgroup analyses and interaction tests were conducted to explore the connection between WWI and the incidence of RA and OA.ResultsOur findings reveal a linear positive correlation between WWI and OA prevalence, indicating that an increase in WWI is linked to a heightened risk of OA. Conversely, a non-linear relationship was observed between WWI and RA prevalence, exhibiting a significant threshold effect with a saturation value of 11.21 cm/√kg. A positive association was detected to the left of the saturation point, while no significant association was present between the two variables to the right of the saturation point, suggesting a complex non-linear relationship between RA prevalence and WWI.ConclusionsThis investigation demonstrates a positive linear association between WWI and OA prevalence, as well as a complex non-linear relationship with RA prevalence in U.S. adults aged 20–80 years.

Prevalence of types of arthritis and its association with biochemical parameters among pre- and post-menopausal women in different cities of Pakistan.

Introduction: The prevalence of arthritis among both pre and post menopausal is alarmingly high. Old age, gender, obesity, unhealthy life style, poor nutrition, less physical activity, genetics, lack of knowledge about disease, lack if education are the factors which are strongly associated with onset of arthritis.&#x0D; Objective: To document prevalence of different types of arthritis and its association with biochemical parameters among pre- and post-menopausal women in different cities of Pakistan.&#x0D; Methodology: A total of 300 females’ patients who were diagnosed as case of arthritis from different aetiology, during April 2022 to September 2022, aged above 40 years were enrolled for this cross-sectional observational questionnaire and laboratory-based study. Their demographic and disease-related biochemical parameters were recorded and analysed.&#x0D; Results: Over all prevalence of rheumatoid arthritis was high (39%) among both pre- and post-menopausal females. Biochemical laboratory analysis showed mean low (11.90 ± 2.18) level of haemoglobin. 66.6% and 60.6 % of the female patients were seropositive for Rheumatoid factor (RF) and Anti Cyclic Citrullinated Protein (Anti-CCP) which is clinical characteristics of Arthritis patients.&#x0D; Conclusion: Women with different type of arthritis have border line mean levels of biochemical parameters which indicate co-morbidities like diabetes, cardiovascular and renal diseases, hypertension, obesity and osteoporosis.&#x0D; &#x0D; Keywords: Post-menopausal, rheumatoid, psoriatic, osteoarthritis, biochemical parameters.&#x0D;

Prevalence and demographic characteristics of psoriatic arthritis in Colombia: Data from the National Health Registry 2012–2018

IntroductionPsoriatic arthritis is an inflammatory arthritis with a wide range of manifestations. The complexity of the disease is a barrier to understanding it, however knowledge about the disease has increased considerably over time, due to advances in genetics, immunology, imaging, and a better understanding of epidemiology. The exact prevalence is unknown, and its calculation is difficult due to the use of different diagnostic or classificatory criteria throughout the last decades. The present work aims to establish the prevalence of psoriatic arthritis in Colombia and to describe the basic demographic characteristics of patients with this disease from the official administrative clinical records of the Colombian Ministry of Health. ObjectiveTo estimate the prevalence and describe the main demographic characteristics of psoriatic arthritis in Colombia. Methodology and methodsCross-sectional study, based on official Ministry of Health registry data. Results6433 cases of psoriatic arthritis (ICD-10 code: M070, M071, M072, M073, L405) were reported between 2012 and 2018, for a prevalence in people over 18 years of 13.5 per 100,000 inhabitants, with a slight predominance of the female population (53%), with a female: male ratio of 1.12: 1, and a higher prevalence in the 55–59 year age group. Additionally, 149,130 cases of psoriasis were identified (ICD-10 code: L400, L401, L402, L403, L404, L408, L409), for a prevalence of psoriatic arthritis of 5.8% in psoriasis patients. ConclusionsThis is the first study to present demographic information on psoriatic arthritis in Colombia. Data from our study show a lower prevalence compared to other similar studies in the region.

Prevalence and Outcomes of Rheumatoid Arthritis with Pregnancy: A Systematic Review Article

Prevalence and Outcomes of Rheumatoid Arthritis with Pregnancy: A Systematic Review Article

Sex differences in long-term effects of collagen-induced arthritis in middle-aged mice.

Introduction: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory disorder with high prevalence among middle-aged women. Collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) is the most widely used animal model of RA, however, sex differences and long-term effects of CIA in mice are poorly described in the literature. Aim: Therefore, the present study aimed to analyze the long-term effects of CIA on the joints of middle-aged mice of both sexes and to describe potential sex differences. Materials and methods: CIA was induced in middle-aged DBA/1J mice by immunization with bovine type II collagen and complete Freund's adjuvant. Saline was administered to control mice. Arthritis score assessment, plethysmometry, and thermal imaging of the joints were performed weekly for 15weeks. Locomotor activity, micro-computed tomography, joint histology and biochemical analyses were performed at the end of the experiment. Results: Our results indicate a similar prevalence of arthritis in both sexes of mice-67% (8/12) of females and 89% (8/9) males with an earlier onset in males (day 14 vs. day 35). After the arthritis scores peaked on day 56 for males and day 63 for females, they steadily declined until the end of the experiment on day 105. A similar dynamics was observed in paw volume and temperature analyzing different aspects of joint inflammation. Long-term consequences including higher proteinuria (by 116%), loss of bone density (by 33.5%) and joint damage in terms of synovial hyperplasia as well as bone and cartilage erosions were more severe in CIA males compared to CIA females. There were no significant differences in locomotor activity between CIA mice and CTRL mice of any sex. Conclusion: This is the first study to describe the long-term effects of the CIA model in terms of sex differences in DBA/1J mice. Our results indicate sex differences in the dynamics, but not in the extent of arthritis. An earlier onset of arthritis and more severe consequences on joints, bones and kidneys were found in males. The underlying immune pathomechanisms responsible for the limited duration of the arthritis symptoms and the opposite sex difference in comparison to RA patients require further investigation.

The Role of VARVIMAX™ In the Treatment of Chronic Inflammation and Pain in Arthritis and Fibromyalgia

Background: Arthritis and fibromyalgia are chronic inflammatory conditions that cause significant pain and discomfort in affected individuals. Current treatments, such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), are associated with adverse effects and do not always provide adequate relief. Therefore, there is a need for safe and effective treatments for chronic inflammation and pain in arthritis and fibromyalgia.&#x0D; Review of the Literature: This review aims to evaluate the safety and efficacy of VARVIMAX™, a dietary supplement derived from a plant extract, for managing chronic pain in arthritis and fibromyalgia. According to the literature, the prevalence of fibromyalgia and arthritis is still high and even these two conditions occur together. VARVIMAX™ is a dietary supplement derived from a plant extract. VARVIMAX™ contains high levels of anthocyanins, such as Astaxanthins have been shown to possess anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. The formulation includes amino acids and flavonoids such as choline L-bitartrate, GABA, L-arginine, black pepper (piperine), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), trans-resveratrol 98% (polygonum cuspidatum extract), which all have anti-inflammatory effects and play a significant role in pain management. Studies have shown that these ingredients have been effective in reducing pain, and inflammation, and improving joint function in patients with arthritis, fibromyalgia, and other inflammatory conditions. The most common side effects reported were gastrointestinal symptoms, such as nausea and diarrhea. &#x0D; Conclusion: VARVIMAX™, a dietary supplement derived from a plant extract Ephedra, shows promise as a safe and effective treatment for chronic pain in arthritis and fibromyalgia. It is composed of several anthocyanins, amino acids, and flavonoids that impart it its characteristic anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. This results in reducing pain and inflammation, and improving joint function. Further research is needed to establish its long-term safety and efficacy in a wider range of inflammatory conditions.