Artemia Cyst Research Articles

Capture-based hatchery of black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) in Vietnam: an analysis of resource utilisation and challenges

IntroductionThis study aimed to evaluate the status, resource use, and challenges of the capture-based hatchery of black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) (BTS).MethodsData was obtained through the investigation of 15 broodstock fishing boats and 60 capture-based BTS broodstock hatcheries. Resource use index (RUI) of the capture-based BTS hatchery, calculated from 1,000 female brooders to produce 15-day-old post-larvae (PL15) (production efficiency of PL15, or PE-PL15), was analysed.ResultsThe results indicated that the fishing boats captured an average of 5,900 brooders.boat-1.year-1, 20,856 kg of by catch.boat-1.year-1, and the PE-PL15 production of 937 million for 1,000 female brooders. In the hatchery stage, the use of larger body weight female brooders had benefits in terms of higher survival rate and better efficiency of labour use, Artemia cyst, and probiotic products, but it reduced the efficiency use of chemicals, pellets, and total tank volume of the hatchery.DiscussionThere is increasing use of domesticated brooder sources, but wild-caught brooders still play an important role in producing low-cost PL15 for traditional shrimp farming systems, accounting for most farmed BTS production. Therefore, the certification of good practices should be implemented to capture-based BTS hatcheries for the reasonable use of this brooder resource to sustain BTS farming in Vietnam.

Integrating ATAC-Seq and RNA-Seq Reveals the Signal Regulation Involved in the Artemia Embryonic Reactivation Process.

Embryonic diapause is a common evolutionary adaptation observed across a wide range of organisms. Artemia is one of the classic animal models for diapause research. The current studies of Artemia diapause mainly focus on the induction and maintenance of the embryonic diapause, with little research on the molecular regulatory mechanism of Artemia embryonic reactivation. The first 5 h after embryonic diapause breaking has been proved to be most important for embryonic reactivation in Artemia. In this work, two high-throughput sequencing methods, ATAC-seq and RNA-seq, were integrated to study the signal regulation process in embryonic reactivation of Artemia at 5 h after diapause breaking. Through the GO and KEGG enrichment analysis of the high-throughput datasets, it was showed that after 5 h of diapause breaking, the metabolism and regulation of Artemia cyst were quite active. Several signal transduction pathways were identified in the embryonic reactivation process, such as G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling pathway, cell surface receptor signaling pathway, hormone-mediated signaling pathway, Wnt, Notch, mTOR signaling pathways, etc. It indicates that embryonic reactivation is a complex process regulated by multiple signaling pathways. With the further protein structure analysis and RT-qPCR verification, 11 GPCR genes were identified, in which 5 genes function in the embryonic reactivation stage and the other 6 genes contribute to the diapause stage. The results of this work reveal the signal transduction pathways and GPCRs involved in the embryonic reactivation process of Artemia cysts. These findings offer significant clues for in-depth research on the signal regulatory mechanisms of the embryonic reactivation process and valuable insights into the mechanism of animal embryonic diapause.

Hsp70 Knockdown in the Brine Shrimp Artemia franciscana: Implication on Reproduction, Immune Response and Embryonic Cuticular Structure.

The potential functional role(s) of heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) in the brine shrimp, Artemia franciscana, a crucial crustacean species for aquaculture and stress response studies, was investigated in this study. Though we have previously reported that Hsp70 knockdown may have little or no impact on Artemia development, the gestational survival and number of offspring released by adult females were impaired by obscuring Hsp70 synthesis. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that several cuticle and chitin synthetic genes were downregulated, and carbohydrate metabolic genes were differentially expressed in Hsp70-knockdown individuals. A more comprehensive microscopic examination performed in this study revealed exoskeleton structural destruction and abnormal eye lenses featured in Hsp70-deficient adult females 48h after Hsp70 dsRNA injection. Cysts produced by these Hsp70-deficient broods, instead, had a defective shell and were smaller in size, whereas nauplii had shorter first antennae and a rougher body epicuticle surface. Changes in carbohydrate metabolism caused by Hsp70 knockdown affected glycogen levels in adult Artemia females, as well as trehalose in cysts released from these broods, indicating that Hsp70 may play a role in energy storage preservation. Outcomes from this work provided novel insights into the roles of Hsp70 in Artemia reproduction performance, cyst formation, and exoskeleton structure preservation. The findings also support our previous observation that Hsp70 knockdown reduced Artemia nauplius tolerance to bacterial pathogens, which could be explained by the fact that loss of Hsp70 downregulated several Toll receptor genes (NT1 and Spaetzle) and reduced the integrity of the exoskeleton, allowing pathogens to enter and cause infection, ultimately resulting in mortality.

Influence of Hibernation and Dehydration on the Hatching Percentage of Artemia Cyst Collected from Solar Saltpan

The brine shrimp Artemia franciscana is an important live feed for fin and shell fish larval culture. Cysts of Artemia are naturally found in a wide variety of harsh environments where they are exposed to different changing environmental conditions. Artemia cysts are also exposed to different hydration/dehydration (H/D) conditions during the post-harvest processing period in the Artemia processing industry. India has enormous quantity of cyst production every year from solar saltpans. But due to the lack of proper post-harvest processing technology, most of the cyst are sold to very low price to larval rearing industries. The aim of the present study was to find out the effect of different rate of dehydration, and different preservation temperatures for enhancing cyst hatchability. The cysts were collected from Thamarikulam saltpan in Kanyakumari District, Tamilnadu, India. The collected cysts were dehydrated to different percentages and preserved at 0º, -10˚ and -20˚C for different durations. The study disclosed that the cyst required 1.3h for full hydration in 30ppt saline water and reached full dehydration at 16h in saturated saline solution. Among the three preservation conditions, the maximum hatching percentage (77.95%) was observed in the cyst that preserved at -20˚C for 400days.Among the different rate of dehydration and hibernation, the 40% dehydrated cyst allowed to hibernate at -20˚C had the maximum hatching percentage. From this study, it is concluded that the optimum of all dehydration percentage, level of chillness and duration of cold storage had equally influenced in the improvement of cyst quality.

Enhanced sequestration of Pb2+ and Cu2+ by Artemia cyst shell supported nano-Mg composite and the potential photocatalytic performance of carbonized exhausted-adsorbent

This study reported a new strategy for enhanced Pb2+ and Cu2+ sequestration by Artemia cyst shell (shell) supported nano-Mg from aqueous solutions and the carbonated exhausted-adsorbents sequenced potential application in photo-catalyst, which obtained two expected results. One is that the immobilization of nano-Mg onto Artemia cyst shell (shell-Mg) can greatly strengthen the adsorption effect of the neat cyst shell on Pb2+ and Cu2+. The adsorption capacities of shell-Mg for both metal ions reached to 622.01 and 313.91 mg/g, which was 10–15 and 30–50 times that of the neat shell respectively. And shell-Mg has strong selectivity, which was approximately 2–4 times that of shell. The shell-Mg can be used to retrieve Pb2+ and Cu2+ from aqueous solutions efficiently. Another is that the carbonated exhausted-adsorbents (C-shell-Mg-Pb and C-shell-Mg-Cu) showed their potential photocatalytic degradation effects on congo red under pH = 4 condition, the decolorization rate reached to 61.19% and 80.39% respectively. Reuse of exhausted adsorbents can avoid the secondary pollution caused by the regeneration, extend the utilization value of exhausted adsorbents, and provide a new viewpoint for the reuse of spent bio-nanomaterial adsorbents.

Quantity and quality of ephippia from moina (Moina macrocopa) culture with bran suspension feed with Lemuru fish oil

Epipia Moina macrocopa is a product of sexual reproduction in the form of dormant egg cells that can be stored for a long time. The epipia can hatch at any time similar to the Artemia cyst. The quality and quantity of ephippia is influenced by the quality and quantity of the feed. The study used a completely randomized design (CRD) consisting of five treatments and four replications. The treatments consisted of a control without the addition of fish oil (P0). suspension of bran with the addition of 1.5 ml of fish oil (P1). suspension of bran with the addition of 3 ml of fish oil (P2). suspension of bran with the addition of 4.5 ml of fish oil (P3). and suspension of bran with the addition of 6 ml fish oil (P4). The main parameters are the quality and quantity of epihipia. The concentration of lemuru fish oil 6 ml/100 gr of bran can increase the quantity of ephippia as much as 426 ± 60.53 grains/L with the percentage of ephippia containing eggs as much as 98%.3 grains/L with the percentage of ephippia containing eggs as much as 98%.

The Use of Artemia for Aquaculture Industry: An Updated Overview

Abstract The increasing global population tends many sectors to overcome the food security issue; sustainable aquaculture is one of the systems that reveal the food problem in the world. The aquaculture industry is drastically increasing to offer the growing demand for this food type. The high mortalities threaten this sector during the first larval stages because of the low supplies of suitable feed for the fish larva. Artemia is vital for the aquaculture industry as it is the primary feed source for fish larvae; it is distinguished by its small size, food carrier characteristic, and off-the-shelf food feature. However, the principal source of artemia cysts has been affected by climate change, ultimately affecting artemia cyst production. Consequently, many areas worldwide try to produce artemia locally to satisfy the aquaculture rearing requirements. As a feed transmitter, artemia can be enriched with essential elements to feed the fish larvae; this method increases survivability, growth performance, and other growth indicators for many fish species. This review aimed to update the academia and stakeholders involved in artemia production in relation to the aquaculture industry. An updated overview of artemia production is also presented in the current review.

Optimization of 17α-Methyl Testosterone Dose in Artemia Nauplii and Rotifer using Enrichment Technique

Background: The present study explored the possibility of using live feed, as vector for supplementing the androgenic hormone in aquaculture seed production. Methods: The study consisted of five treatment doses of 17α-methyl testosterone namely; control (without hormone), T1 (20 mg L-1), T2 (40 mg L-1), T3 (60 mg L-1) and T4 (80 mg L-1) and each were triplicated. The doses were tested in the live feed of Artemia nauplii and rotifer by following completely randomized design. The Artemia nauplii (Artemia salina), collected by hatching the Artemia cyst and 5-8 days old rotifers, collected from mass culture unit of rotifer, were released in their respective treatment doses at 100 and 800 individuals/ml, respectively. Result: The study found significant difference in accumulation of hormone in the tissues of live feed at different time intervals. In Artemia, significantly higher amount of 17α-MT (15.33±0.09 mg L-1) was observed in 80 mg L-1 group at 24 h. In rotifer, significantly higher value of 17α-MT (17.42±0.06 mg L-1) was recorded in 60 mg L-1 group at 6 h. The level of 17α-MT in Artemia nauplii and rotifer started showing a decreasing trend in 24 h and 6 h, respectively. Overall the findings of the present study support that supplementation of hormone through live feed is possible as live feed accumulated 17α-MT in its tissue after enrichment which can be further explored for producing all-male population in a more sustainable way.

Efficient fluoride removal from water by amino Acid-enriched Artemia Cyst motivated Sub-10 nm La(OH)3 confined inside superporous skeleton

• Artemia Cyst-shell in-situ growth of La(OH) 3 nanoparticles for fluoride removal. • the sub-10 nm La(OH) 3 provides ultrahigh capacity (124 mg/g) • three-dimensional macropous structure of matrix provides fast kinetics. • yielding a satisfactory capacity of ∼ 6700 L/kg sorbent for application. The fluoride pollution in water has aroused great concern worldwide, and the fluoride removal by adsorbent is effective technique, and challenges by its weak selectivity and low capacity. Herein, we reported a new insight into the small size of La(OH) 3 nanoparticles preparation and efficient fluoride removal from waters. It relies on the charged amino-acids inside discarded Artemia Cyst-shell, motivated sub-10 nm La(OH) 3 formation (< 10 nm) with high activity, its super-porous (several μm) of three-dimensional skeleton further favors for the fluoride diffusion and kinetics. This hybrid nano-adsorbent exhibits outstanding capacity for defluorination (124 mg/g, 6.53 meq/g), the superior selectivity against various foreign ions, endows a distribution coefficient ( K d ) as high as 1000 mL/g. The super-porous skeleton also brings about rapid kinetic diffusion with ∼ 30 min for equilibrium, yielding a satisfactory capacity of ∼ 6700 L/kg sorbent for the application by the drinking water standards in China. The saturated adsorbent can be readily regenerated and reused without decrease in performance, this technology is promising for mitigating the fluoride contamination problem of worldwide.

Evaluation of microalgae‐supplemented diets and enriched decapsulated artemia cyst powder as novel diets for post‐weaned common sole (Solea solea) larvae

Evaluation of microalgae‐supplemented diets and enriched decapsulated artemia cyst powder as novel diets for post‐weaned common sole (<i>Solea solea</i>) larvae

Embryonic cuticle from artemia cyst shell displays amyloid-like characteristics and nontoxicity after oral consumption

Artemia cysts are the essential food product for industrial larviculture of fishes. The cyst shell protects the artemia embryo from mechanical damage, ultraviolet light, excessive water loss, thermal variation and anoxia condition. However, the underlying mechanism of such environmental protection is largely unclear. The embryonic cuticle of cyst shell mainly constitutes chitin and proteins. Absence of cyst shell proteins compromises embryo survival. In literature, there are few examples of functional amyloids where proteins adapt amyloid-like structures and act as protective covering. We hypothesized that the proteins from the embryonic cuticle of artemia cyst shell may have amyloid-like properties. Using FTIR and CD analysis, we found that proteins in embryonic cuticle have high β-sheet secondary structures. Embryonic cuticles displayed high Congo red binding affinity and stained samples showed apple-green birefringence under polarized light, confirming the presence of amyloid-like structures. Amyloid structures have a tendency to propagate and cause amyloidosis. However, feeding of amyloid rich embryonic cuticles to zebrafish did not show any signs of discomfort or morbidity and amyloid deposition. Taken together, the study reveals that amyloid-like structures are present in embryonic cuticle of artemia cyst and their consumption does not induce amyloidosis in zebrafish.

Synthesis, Characterization, and Biological Studies of In Vitro Antibacterial, and Cytotoxic Activities of Norfloxacin Based Square Pyramidal Copper(II) Complexes

The substantial increase in copper-containing complexes' research to treat bacterial infections encouraged us to synthesize fluoroquinolone drug norfloxacin (NFLH) based copper complexes. In this work, we presented the synthesis of mixed ligand Cu complexes with the basic structural formula [Cu(NFL)(A1)Cl], where An is isatin-based ligands. The characterization of compounds by Mass, FT-IR, UV-Vis spectroscopy, magnetic measurement, and conductivity measurement revealed the neutral nature and square pyramidal geometry of all the copper compounds. The biological screening of compounds displayed the potent bacteriostatic activity of copper compounds compare with the standard drug against four medically significant pathogens. The in vitro cytotoxic activity of copper compounds was checked on artemia cyst. The biological studies data are promising for their application as medicinally important compounds for future perspective.

The Effects of Artemia Cyst Harvesting on the Salt Lake Ecosystem

In Russia, the main stocks of Artemia cysts and cyst harvesting activities are concentrated in Western Siberia. About 1,100 tons of cysts are harvested annually, including 180 tons in the Kurgan Region and 140 tons from Medvezhye Lake (about 2 % of their world harvest). The purpose of this study was to determine the degree of influence of Artemia cyst harvesting on the ecosystem of a salt lake in a case study of Medvezhye Lake. The main trophic components of the ecosystem – phytoplankton, zooplankton, and zoobenthos – were analyzed. The salinity of the brine of Medvezhye Lake varied between 110 and 320 g/dm3 in different years. Phytoplankton in the lake function throughout the year. They are characterized by small cell sizes, low biomass (0.76±0.24 mg/L) and daily production (1.03±0.18 mgO2/L or 0.3±0.05 gC/m2), and high levels of A/B and P/B coefficients. Zooplankton and zoobenthos are represented mainly by Artemia. The biomass of Artemia shrimp reached 21.9±3.2 mg/L (219 kg/ha) on average during 1995-2018. During this period, the stock of cysts formed annually in the lake was 114.5±14.3 kg/ha; the harvest was 23.7±3.0 kg/ha (21 % of the stock). The main components of the ecosystem – phytoplankton – Artemia shrimp – Artemia cysts – were produced annually in the following proportions: 8390:2678:115 kg/ha·year (75:24:1 %). The removal of 23.7 kg/ha of the cysts (0.22 % of the production of all components) from the lake is negligible compared to the other components of the ecosystem. The residual density of cysts after harvesting, which is necessary for the reproduction of the Artemia population for the next season during the 1st generation, is 10 kg/ha. Averaged data indicate that the amount of Artemia cysts left in the ecosystem of Medvezhye Lake after cyst harvesting is 91 kg/ha, i.e. 9 times greater than the minimum required density. The results reported in the present study indicate that the current level of cyst harvesting cannot have any significant impact on the ecosystem of the hypersaline lake

Facile preparation and highly efficient photodegradation performances of self-assembled Artemia eggshell-ZnO nanocomposites for wastewater treatment

Water pollution is an urgent problem in the world today. The discharge of industrial wastewater such as organic dyes will cause serious pollution to water bodies, thereby affecting people's lives. Facing the increasingly severe water pollution problem, the demand for efficient dye degradation materials is also increasing. Artemia cyst shell (ACS), as a natural biological material, has a large number of microporous structures, so it can be used as a carrier for high-efficiency nanoscale catalytic materials. In this work, ACS-ZnO nanocomposites were successfully synthesized by a combination of high-temperature calcination and hydrothermal synthesis, and their properties and photocatalytic degradation properties for dyes were studied. Artemia cyst shells are calcined at high temperature to form an organic porous skeleton after pretreated. The structure is then loaded with ZnO nanoparticles to synthesize the target product through a hydrothermal reaction. Finally, the material is used to degrade methylene blue, Rhodamine B, and neutral red respectively under light irradiation. The results show that the photodegradation effect of ACS-ZnO nanocomposites with a certain ZnO content is significantly stronger than that of pure ZnO nanoparticles. At the same time, cyclic experiments show the high stability and sustainable use of this composite material.

Data envelopment analysis for production efficiency improvement: An empirical application on brine shrimp Artemia franciscana culture in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam

Artemia culture in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam, is becoming more and more important to satisfy the global demands of cyst production. Nevertheless, Artemia cyst productivity in the Mekong Delta has been fluctuating largely due to not only technical inefficiencies and external factors but also farms’ characteristics. This study employed a data envelopment analysis to evaluate the production efficiencies in correlation with biological and cost inputs of Artemia culture in Vinh Chau and Bac Lieu located in the Mekong Delta. The key factors affecting technical efficiency (TE) were determined using ordinary least squares regression model. The empirical results indicated that production efficiencies of farms in Vinh Chau and Bac Lieu were similar with metatechnology ratios of 0.97 and 0.96 respectively. About 62.8% of surveyed farms were operating in technically inefficient circumstances. Farmers’ experience, educational level and culture technique training participation had positive effects on TE, while climate effects and water problems have been proved to have negative effects on TE. To improve production efficiency, inefficient farms are suggested to have moderately increasing combinations of organic fertilizer, chemical and feed. The use of probiotics should be reduced as it increases production cost and affects TE. Notably, a collaboration of scientists and feed processing companies is recommended to produce a specific formulated feed for Artemia in commercial scales. This study also proposes adaptive policies for local governments and cooperatives to assist coastal famers in the Mekong Delta overcome technical inefficiencies, improve cyst productivity and obtain economic sustainability in Artemia culture.

Determination of amino acids buffer of soluble proteins of the Aral sea Artemia cyst

Determination of amino acids buffer of soluble proteins of the Aral sea Artemia cyst

Determination of amino acids buffer of soluble proteins of the Aral sea Artemia cyst

Determination of amino acids buffer of soluble proteins of the Aral sea Artemia cyst

РАЗВИТИЕ ПОПУЛЯЦИИ АРТЕМИИ АРАЛЬСКОГО МОРЯ

Information on the biomass of Artemia in the Aral Sea during 2000-2018 is presented. Biomass peaks were observed in June-July. The data on total mineralization and ionic composition are given. Since the beginning of the Artemia cyst fishery in 2010 (30 tons of cysts were collected), the volume of cysts collection has constantly and many times increased and reached 542 tons in 2018

Facile preparation of a self-assembled Artemia cyst shell–TiO2–MoS2 porous composite structure with highly efficient catalytic reduction of nitro compounds for wastewater treatment

The catalytic reduction of nitro compounds is currently a hot research area, how to efficiently and stably degrade such toxic and harmful substances has become the research goal of many researchers. In this work, an Artemia cyst shell (ACS)–TiO2–MoS2 ternary porous structure was proposed and prepared as a catalyst for the reduction of 2-nitroaniline (2-NA) and 4-nitrophenol (4-NP). The ACS has a large number of porous structures, exhibits a good binding ability with TiO2 and MoS2, and provides a large number of active sites for the catalytic reduction process. The obtained composite material has a good reduction effect on 4-NP and 2-NA, with a good stability and recyclability, which is obviously higher than the reduction effect of ACS–TiO2 and MoS2 under the same conditions. This work provides ideas for the design of porous catalytic materials.

The use of natural hierarchical porous carbon from Artemia cyst shells alleviates power decay in activated carbon air-cathode

Activated carbon (AC) air-cathode is demonstrated to be promising for the energy recovery from wastewaters. However, it suffers from the performance decay after long-term operation in microbial fuel cells (MFCs). Here we add a natural hierarchical porous nitrogen-rich carbon material, carbonized Artemia cyst shells (LC), to alleviate the power decay. When the air-cathode is made of a mixture of AC and LC with a mass ratio of 1:2 (named 1AC2LC), the current densities are 28% (the beginning) and 65% (after 1 year's operation) higher than AC cathodes, and the long-term power densities increase from 0.871 ± 0.002 (AC) to 1.296 ± 0.005 W m−2 (1AC2LC) after one year's operation. The Coulombic efficiency increases by 20% than the control. This can be primarily attributed to these inerratic hierarchical pores enhancing oxygen transfer in the catalyst layer since the oxygen mass transfer coefficient is increased by 3.4 times, where the meso- and macro-pores are enlarged, showing the importance of oxygen transfer on the longevity and energy production. Our results show a novel way, addition of inexpensive carbonized Artemia cyst shells, to optimize cathodic porous structure and enhance the longevity of MFCs.