Arrival Of Immigrants Research Articles

El aroma del café francés: aportes culturales de la presencia francesa en el partido Ramón de las Yaguas, Santiago de Cuba

Con el desarrollo de la producción cafetalera tras la llega­da de los inmigrantes franceses al oriente cubano, a fines del siglo XVIII y principios del XIX, no solo la economía del país se vio beneficiada, sino que también hubo un impacto en lo social y cultural. A pesar de ser un hecho analizado en importantes investigaciones, el modo de vida de esas familias en las haciendas cafetaleras situadas en las zonas montañosas de Santiago de Cuba, no ha sido lo su­ficientemente estudiado. El presente artículo es el resultado de la investigación Aportes culturales de la presencia francesa en el partido Ramón de las Yaguas y muestra un acercamiento al pa­norama cultural desarrollado en este partido a través del modo de vida de las familias francesas allí establecidas. Se tocan aspectos de los comportamientos y las costumbres de los hacendados franceses, así como el progreso en los negocios del café y su reflejo en el estilo de vida, los es­tablecimientos, la moda, la alimentación y las bebidas. Se desarrolla una lectura histórico-cultural, con especial énfasis en las familias más importantes del partido. Los datos aportados básicamente se reflejan en fuentes prima­rias como testamentos, documentos adscritos y protocolosnotariales del fondo del Archivo Histórico Provincial de Santiago de Cuba, lo que complementado con el trabajo de campo contribuye a un acercamiento al ideal cultural e identitario de la presencia francesa en ese partido.

Do Immigrants Take or Create Residents’ Jobs? Evidence from Free Movement of Workers in Switzerland*

AbstractIn 2002, Switzerland began to adopt free movement of workers with the European Union. We study the effects of the resulting immigration wave on resident workers. We focus on the level of national skill groups and propose an instrumental variable approach to address the endogeneity of immigration in this setting. Mostly relying on administrative data for the 2002–2011 period, we find that the immigration of foreign workers reduced unemployment of residents, and had limited adverse effects on their wages and employment. One reason for this is that younger residents changed to more demanding jobs as a response to the arrival of immigrants.

¿Huelgas antes de los sindicatos? Notas para una historia larga de las luchas de los trabajadores en Argentina y Uruguay

La consolidación de una sociedad capitalista a fines del siglo XIX y la llegada de inmigrantes europeos con militancia de izquierda se presentan habitualmente como los factores clave para comprender el origen del movimiento obrero argentino y uruguayo, en los que las primeras huelgas se habrían iniciado a partir de 1878. Todo esto tiene una importancia indudable, pero encuadra esta historia en el “tiempo corto”. ¿Alcanza con él para explicar las prácticas del movimiento obrero emergente? Este artículo plantea la conveniencia de rastrear las formas de protesta y resistencia de los trabajadores en el largo plazo, considerando la interacción entre coacción, mercado y acciones colectivas, las huelgas anteriores a 1878, las disputas laborales en el ámbito militar, y otras formas de conflicto.

Art History at the Barricades

Art History at the Barricades

Polarization and Optimal Allocation of Migrants

Models of migrants' allocation over districts or regions in the country aiming to decrease or at least not to increase the existing polarization of the population are proposed. Arrival of new immigrants representing different cultures and nationalities increases the diversity in the host society. However, the obtained problems are heterogeneity of the population, demand on the labor market and, most importantly, possible increase in polarization between local population and migrants. High level of polarization may lead to tensions in the society. A polarization may emerge due to different social, cultural, ethnic and other measurable characteristics of the population. The reasons for polarization might be infinite, for example, two groups might be funs of two different football teams. To achieve the optimal allocation of immigrants, which minimizes the level of polarization in the society, several models are proposed taking into account different goals to decrease society polarization. The formal statement of the optimization problem includes the distribution of population, migrants and polarization in settlements. We consider the distribution of polarization among migrants and that of the original population itself. Main assumption here is that after allocation of migrants in the settlements the final polarization can change, thus, this effect should be taken into account.

Parnassian Cosmopolitanism: Transnationalism and Poetic Form

Parnassian Cosmopolitanism:Transnationalism and Poetic Form Marion Thain (bio) When, in the 1870s and 1880s, the fashion for medieval French verse forms in English poetry resulted in an influx of villanelles, rondeaux, triolets, and other fixed forms, there was often great suspicion among commentators about these immigrant arrivals. Indeed, the lack of attention in more recent years to this prominent moment in Victorian poetic history suggests a continued sense of it as a strange excrescence. There has been some study of the individual writers who contributed (centrally or peripherally) to the vogue,1 but in general those constructing broader narratives of nineteenth-century English poetry dismiss it as a prosodic workshop or ignore it altogether. It would be safe to say it has not generally been considered relevant to the story of the modernization of poetry. Yet, if we are interested in literary history, is it not the numerous embarrassing poems that most require our attention, and are potentially the more revealing of English culture, than the few canonical works that transcend their own time and place? The Parnassian vogue was a larger and more prominent feature within British poetry than is usually acknowledged, and should be visible within our literary histories.2 This essay is particularly interested in the vogue as a case study in cosmopolitan poetics.3 What kind of transnational politics and aesthetics were played out in that fashion for French "Parnassian" poetic forms in English poetry of the 1870s and 1880s? The "big" poems of Europe in Victorian literature have received welcome scholarly attention in recent years,4 but what about the small, minor, and sometimes tiny, poems of Europe? English Parnassianism sits at a juncture between scholarship on Victorian cosmopolitan poetics and the newly burgeoning field of scholarship on fin-de-siècle cosmopolitan poetics.5 Lost to some extent between both fields, it is nonetheless a landmark in the history of Victorian poetry's attempt to reach beyond national boundaries to remake itself. Ultimately, I argue that this cosmopolitan poetics brings a tangible politics into the heart of this "art for art's sake" experiment with form. [End Page 463] The name of the vogue is a reference to the nineteenth-century French journal, Le Parnasse contemporain, issued in the 1860s and 1870s, which inspired the English revival. Indeed, many English Parnassian poems were translations of works by the writers published in the journal, which notably included Charles Leconte de Lisle, Théodore de Banville, Sully Prudhomme, Stéphane Mallarmé, and Paul Verlaine. The profile of the English Parnassian movement has been outlined by others, so I will not repeat that narrative here, although I will introduce something of the poetic context.6 The 1860s and 1870s saw a battle over form between the traditional and tired, but established, forms of English verse and the need for a new formal energy. The new formal energy came in various guises, but it must be recognized that the revival of Parnassian forms was in this sense a modernizing impulse at this time, as much as was Hopkins's sprung rhythm, and Swinburne's return to sapphic meters. It is not uncommon to read poems such as John Payne's "Ballade" (included in William Davenport Adams's 1878 selection of Parnassian verse and also in Gleeson White's 1887 Parnassian anthology), which asks precisely why poets are turning to poetic forms of the past and replies that it is because "our task is yet undone." Some quotation from this poem will serve to give a flavor of poetry characteristic of the vogue. Stanza 1 begins: What do we here who, with reverted eyes, Turn back our longing from the modern airTo the dim gold of long-evanished skies, When other songs in other mouths were fair?7 Stanza 3 elaborates: Songs have we sung, and many melodies Have from our lips had issue rich and rare;But never yet the conquering chant did rise, That should ascend the very heaven's stair, To rescue life from anguish and despair.Often and again, drunk with delight of lays, "Lo!" have we cried, "this is the golden oneThat shall deliver us!"—Alas! Hope's raysDie in...

Immigration In Spain: Migratory Routes, Cooperation With Third Countries and Human Rights in Return Procedures

Following a brief overview of immigration in Spain, the present paper first analyses the main routes of illegal immigration into Spain, giving recent data on the number of arrivals by sea and land to the Iberian Peninsula, Balearic Islands, Canary Islands and Spanish territories in North Africa. The sea has traditionally been the main route of entry to Spanish territory for immigrants primarily from Sub-Saharan Africa. However, the years 2013 to 2015 proved an exception to this rule, with immigration by land outstripping that by sea due to an increase in the arrival of Syrian immigrants to the cities of Ceuta and above all Melilla. Next, a description is given of the political and operational mechanisms established by the Spanish authorities to control Spain’s maritime borders, especially in the Canary Islands. Such border control is achieved through unilateral surveillance measures (the Integrated External Surveillance System, Spanish initials: SIVE), bilateral cooperation (inter-state agreements with Morocco and other countries in Sub-Saharan Africa) and regional cooperation within the European Union (EU). This is followed by a discussion of how immigration routes have been affected by increased cooperation between Spain and African States to intercept immigrants in their countries of origin or during transit. There is likewise an analysis of Spain’s use of summary returns or pushbacks following assaults or jumps on the border fences surrounding Ceuta and Melilla and attempts of arrival by swimming in Ceuta or by sea to Spanish islands and islets in North Africa, within the framework of the 1992 Spanish-Moroccan agreement on readmission of foreigners who have entered illegally. Lastly, we argue that the reinforcement of border control alone is insufficient to curb migration flows: to be effective, it must be accompanied by common policies in the European countries of destination and increased investment in the countries of origin to provide their citizens with the opportunity to obtain a higher standard of living and overcome the temptation to emigrate as a first option.

Nuevo South: Latinas/os, Asians, and the Remaking of Place by Perla M. Guerrero

Reviewed by: Nuevo South: Latinas/os, Asians, and the Remaking of Place by Perla M. Guerrero Emily Mitchell-Eaton Nuevo South: Latinas/os, Asians, and the Remaking of Place. By Perla M. Guerrero. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2017. ix + 238 pp. Figures, charts, notes, bibliography, index. $29.95 paper. National anxieties around immigration and race appear to be at a fever pitch, generating frequent claims that racism and xenophobia under the Trump administration are uniquely pernicious. In this context, Perla M. Guerrero's Nuevo South: Latinas/os, Asians, and the Remaking of Place offers an essential historical view into the longevity of racialization and antiimmigrant hostility. Bringing together insights from Latina/o/x Studies, Southern Studies, American Studies, Critical Ethnic Studies, and Geography, and blending extensive archival research and policy analysis with in-depth interviews with Arkansans, Guerrero's book serves as a critical guide to the history and geography of racial transformation in Arkansas and beyond. Nuevo South opens with the premise of understanding the demographic shifts that have transformed the American South, as well as the Midwest and Great Plains regions, over the past three decades, a transformation due largely to the arrival of immigrants from Mexico, El Salvador, and Guatemala as well as from farther-flung origins like Somalia (Stefanie Chambers, Somalis in the Twin Cities and Columbus: Immigrant Incorporation in New Destinations, Temple University Press, 2017) and the Marshall Islands (Emily Mitchell-Eaton, "New Destinations of Empire: Imperial Migration from the Marshall Islands to Northwest Arkansas," PhD diss., Syracuse University, 2016). This demographic transformation has been particularly dramatic in Arkansas: in the 1990s, the state saw positive Latinx population growth in every county, even those with net population losses (121), and from 1990 to 2000, Arkansas's immigrant population grew by 196%, the fourth-fastest growth rate of any state in the country (R. Capps et al., "A Profile of Immigrants in Arkansas," Urban Institute, http://www.urban.org, 2007). Nuevo South scholars like Helen Marrow in New Destination Dreaming: Immigration, Race, and Legal Status in the Rural American South (Stanford University Press, 2011), Steve Striffler in Chicken: The Dangerous Transformation of America's Favorite Food (Yale University Press, 2005), Julie Wiese in Corazón de Dixie: Mexicanos in the US South since 1910 (UNC Press Books, 2015), and Jamie Winders in Nashville in the New Millennium: Immigrant Settlement, Urban Transformation, and Social Belonging (Russell Sage Foundation, 2013) have explored how immigration to the South—prompted by the expansion of the poultry industry and playing out against the backdrop of a (presumed) black-white racial binary—has remade the region and altered place-based meanings there. Guerrero's book brings to this field a much-needed focus on Arkansas, a site from which she teases out multiscalar processes of racialization. She asks: "What can the reception of refugees and immigrants in Arkansas tell us about racialization, the process by which institutions and individuals form, invoke, adapt, reformulate, and strengthen racial meanings?" (4). Her answers to this question make up the substance of this book. Chapters 2 and 3 address this question by looking to the arrival and "processing" of different refugee populations at Arkansas's Fort Chaffee after World War II. Looking first to Vietnamese refugee arrivals in the 1970s and then to the detention of Cuban Marielitos and Haitian "entrants" in the 1980s, Guerrero examines local—mainly white and largely hostile—reception of these populations and the racialized tropes that colored their responses. Local reception was shaped not only by national discourses of "yellow peril," criminality, anti-Black racism, and queer-antagonism, but also by regionally specific discourses of Christian hospitality and by state-federal tensions over racial integration, most famously in 1957, when Governor Faubus mobilized the Arkansas National Guard in Little Rock to resist federal orders to desegregate public schools. These histories form an essential precursor to Latinx immigrants' reception in subsequent decades, Guerrero contends (though her argument could be strengthened in places by showing how, or if, Arkansans made explicit connections between refugee arrivals and Latinx immigration to the state). Perhaps the book's strongest contribution to Nuevo South scholarship is its thorough exploration of why Latinxs chose to relocate to...

Analysis of Lavapiés through its Linguistic Landscape and the Press

Abstract The XXth century gateway cities in Europe, such as Madrid, have followed and in-depth population readjustment, due to the arrival of immigrants from all over the world. This readjustment has left traces in the public spaces of the city; and the media have noted this phenomenon as well. This paper aims at analysing the superdiversity present in Lavapiés, through two different and complementary methodologies: the analyses of the Linguistic Landscape and of press corpora. The analysis of the landscape of the territory will be conducted through a corpus of images or Linguistic Cartography that includes samples of multilingualism present in the area. The press corpora contain news stories, interviews and articles on immigration. These analyses will provide a better picture of the area, in terms of diversity. This paper is part of the Post-conference Special Issue on Language and Migration.

O método da emancipação chega ao novo mundo: o ensino universal de Jacotot no Brasil (1840-1848)

O presente estudo divulga os resultados da dissertação intitulada: “Caridade sem limites. Sciência sem privillegios”: o Ensino Universal de Jacotot por Benoît Mure no Brasil (1840-1848). A ideia de novo mundo para se referir ao recém descoberto continente americano permeou o pensamento de estrangeiros europeus curiosos por conhecer o Brasil no século XIX. Imaginar uma terra onde se podia criar uma sociedade diferente, tendo como base um velho mundo viciado e em que já não era possível acreditar na igualdade entre os homens, de certo, motivou a vinda de muitos imigrantes para esta nova terra, com ideias de criar aqui uma sociedade nova e sem os vícios do antigo continente. Benoît Jules Mure representa bem esse estrangeiro animado pela possibilidade de um novo começo numa nova terra. O nosso objetivo é o de compreender as ações e modos de divulgação empregados por Benoît Jules Mure para promover as ideias do Método do Ensino Universal no Brasil. O estudo se baseia em autores como: Rancière (2013); Sirinelli (2003); Faria Filho (2011), entre outros. Destaca-se que Mure atuou em diversas frentes na divulgação do Método, desde publicações nos periódicos da época, até sua aplicação na escola de Homeopatia.

Archaeomylodon sampedrinensis, gen. et sp. nov., a new mylodontine from the middle Pleistocene of Pampean Region, Argentina

ABSTRACTThe Mylodontinae from the late Pleistocene (Lujanian Stage/Age) of Argentina, represented by Lestodon armatus, Mylodon darwinii, and Glossotherium robustum, are known from numerous remains, whereas early and middle Pleistocene Mylodontinae are less well characterized owing to insufficient material. In this work, we describe a new genus and species of Mylodontinae from the Ensenadan Stage/Age based on a cranium and comparisons with South and North American Mylodontinae. The new genus is similar to the taxon Mylodon darwinii, but the presence of plesiomorphic characteristics support a more primitive status for this novel sloth. The addition of this new taxon, Archaeomylodon sampedrinensis, gen. et sp. nov., increases the diversity of Mylodontinae during the middle Pleistocene. This new mylodontine in the middle Pleistocene is an important reference point for interpretations of increasing body size in South American Mylodontinae during the Pliocene–Pleistocene. These changes in body size may have been influenced by the arrival of Holarctic immigrants to South America.

Below the standard market: A study of dispersed rural settlement patterns on the Chengdu Plain and Skinner’s theory on marketing hierarchy

Under G. William Skinner’s theory on marketing hierarchy, “minor markets” (小市 xiaoshi) (or 么店 yao dian, “general store”), ranking below a “standard market,” were closely tied to rural settlement patterns. Natural conditions on the Chengdu Plain, farmers’ pursuit of convenience in farm work, and the history of the arrival and settling of immigrants to Sichuan in the early Qing dynasty combined to shape the foundation for the landscape of dispersed settlement observed by Skinner during his field study. These settlement patterns reflected not only a state of spatial dispersal, but also a relatively isolated social structure. On both a spatial and societal level, “marketing” therefore had an important integrating significance for society and the economy on the Chengdu Plain, and Skinner’s theory on marketing hierarchy is furthermore in accord with the reality of the Chengdu Plain.

The oil discovery in Uganda’s Albertine region: Local expectations, involvement, and impacts

This paper examines the opportunities created by the recent oil discovery in Uganda's Albertine region for local economic development. This is achieved through an assessment of local expectations, involvement, and impacts of on-going activities following the discovery of oil. The local communities have formed strong positive expectations including improved access to healthcare, education, electricity, safe drinking water, transport infrastructure, cleaner and less costly energy, and employment prospects. Moreover, communities expect to benefit from auxiliary business opportunities. The negative expectations include concerns about the arrival of immigrants, contestations over land, inequality, environmental pollution, interference with livestock grazing areas, and loss of livelihoods. Despite the negative expectations expressed, the local communities within the Albertine region approve of the ongoing activities with regard to the development of the oil sector. We argue that greater stakeholder involvement will help to alleviate the fears shaping the negative expectations and create conditions necessary to avoid the resource curse.

White Integration or Segregation? The Racial and Ethnic Transformation of Rural and Small Town America

Rural America has seemingly been “left behind” in an era of massive immigration and growing diversity. The arrival of new immigrants has exposed many rural whites, perhaps for the first time, to racial and ethnic minority populations. Do rural whites increasingly live in racially diverse nonmetropolitan places? Or is white exposure to racially diverse populations expressed in uneven patterns of residential integration from place to place? We link microdata from the Panel Survey of Income Dynamics (1989–to–2009 waves) to place data identified in the 1990–2010 decennial censuses. We estimate multilevel, fixed–effects models of rural white exposure to minority populations that involve linking individual predictors to changing demographic and economic local environments. Using entropy scores, our analyses highlight the extraordinary rise since 1990 in exposure of all rural populations, including whites, to racially diverse communities. Variation in white exposure to rural minorities is driven primarily by changing local demographic and economic conditions. Net of individual background characteristics, whites are significantly less likely to live in racially diverse places than other ethnoracial groups. White population growth is occurring disproportionately in the least racially diverse rural communities. For blacks and other minorities, growth is taking place disproportionately in the most racially diverse places.

IMPLEMENTASI PERATURAN DIREKTUR JENDERAL IMIGRASI NOMOR IMI-1489.UM.08.05 TAHUN 2010 TENTANG PENANGANAN IMIGRAN ILEGAL (Studi di Kantor Imigrasi Kelas 1 Pekanbaru)

Since the last few years, the city of Pekanbaru be used as a storage area that is visited by many illegal immigrants who mostly come from the countries of the Middle East that is in conflict such as Iraq, Syria, Afghanistan, Iran and other countries. In its development, the increasing arrival and presence of illegal immigrants in the city of Pekanbaru has presented its own problems that feared will have an impact in the sector of ideology, political, economic, social, cultural, national security, immigration insecurity. While Immigration Office Class 1 Pekanbaru city itself is an institution that is given tasks and responsibilities within the Director General of Immigration regulation Number IMI-1489.UM.08.05 in 2010 on the handling illegal immigrants through its Head of Immigration Office to keeping an eye the illegal immigrants who were in the city of Pekanbaru and also for registration and periodic reporting of data for each month both qualitative and quantitative data are reported to the Director General of Immigration. Results from this study is the Director General of Immigration Regulation Number IMI-1489.UM.08.05 in 2010 on the Handling Illegal Immigrants can be categorized enough implemented. This can be seen from almost all sub-indicators such as communication, resources, dispotition and bureaucratic structure can be found in the implementation of the Director General of Immigration Regulation Number IMI-1489.UM.08.05 in 2010 on the handling Illegal Immigrants, although there are still some shortcomings and weaknesses in the implementation of these regulations.

The South American Mission of the Shinshu Otani-ha and Its Contribution to Buddhism in Brazil

This article summarizes 130 years of Brazilian history since 1888, when slavery was abolished, to set the socioeconomic and cultural grounds which made possible the arrival of the first immigrants, particularly the Japanese, in 1908, who brought Buddhism as their religion. After the war, the Japanese colony in Brazil split up with violence and that opened up the door for the arrival of the first Buddhist missions. In 1952, the Shinshu Otani-ha Order, founded in 1321 in Japan, begins to build up its 64-year history in Brazil, with the construction of the first temples, up to the foundation of the Institute of Missionary Studies, which now makes public translations of sacred texts and other literature in Portuguese.

“Eskimo” Immigrants and Colonial Soldiers: Icelandic Immigrants and the North-West Resistance, 1885

How did marginalized and racialized ethnic immigrants transform themselves into active, armed colonial agents in nineteenth-century Western Canada? Approximately twenty Icelanders enlisted to fight Louis Riel's forces during the North-West Resistance in 1885, just ten years following the arrival of Icelandic immigrants in present-day Manitoba. Forty more reportedly enlisted in an Icelandic-Canadian battalion to enforce the government's victory in the fall. This public, armed stance of a group of Icelanders against Indigenous forces in 1885 is somewhat unexpected, since most Icelanders were relatively recent arrivals in the West and, in Winnipeg, members of the largely unskilled urban working class. Moreover, they were widely rumoured among Winnipeggers to be from a “blubber-eating race” and of “Eskimo” extraction; community accounts testify to the discrimination numerous early Icelanders faced in the city. These factors initially make Icelanders unexpected colonialists, particularly since nineteenth-century ethnic immigration and colonial suppression so often appear as separate processes in Canadian historiography. Indeed, this scholarship is characterized by an enduring belief that Western Canadian colonialism was a distinctly Anglo sin. Ethnic immigrants often appear in scholarly and popular histories as sharing a history of marginalization with Indigenous people that prevented migrants from taking part in colonial displacement. Proceeding from the neglected history of Icelandic enlistment in 1885 and new developments in Icelandic historiography, this article argues that rather than negating ethnic participation in Indigenous suppression, ethnic marginality and the class tensions it created could actually fuel participation in colonial campaigns, which promised immigrants upward mobility, access to state support, and land.

Espacio público: indicadores afectados por ventas informales en la ciudad de Cúcuta


 
 
 El deterioro de la estructura física de las áreas centrales en algunas de las ciudades en Colombia, genera la pérdida progresiva de demanda para la implantación de nuevas actividades, en especial las que implican innovación, dado que la demanda se desplaza en busca de mejores oportunidades de localización. El siguiente articulo tiene como objetivo analizar la apropiación del espacio público por las ventas informales en la ciudad de San José de Cúcuta. Parte del problema en esta investigación, radica en la llegada de inmigrantes, altos índices de informalidad y el desempleo, que han avivado la ocupación del espacio público de forma descontrolada. A partir de una metodología cualitativa,diseño etnográfico se caracterizan los usos y los mecanismos, por loscuales las ventas informales se toma el espacio público de la Avenida Sexta, de San José de Cúcuta. se establece que el proceso de apropiación por parte de los vendedores informales de la Avenida Sexta de San José de Cúcuta, han presentado signos reconocibles de arraigo y posesión.
 
 
 

Urban Villages and Local Identities: Germans from Russia, Omaha Indians, and Vietnamese in Lincoln, Nebraska by Kurt E. Kinbacher

Reviewed by: Urban Villages and Local Identities: Germans from Russia, Omaha Indians, and Vietnamese in Lincoln, Nebraska by Kurt E. Kinbacher Kevin Bower Urban Villages and Local Identities: Germans from Russia, Omaha Indians, and Vietnamese in Lincoln, Nebraska. By Kurt E. Kinbacher. Lubbock: Texas Tech University Press, 2016. ix + 256 pp. Illustrations, maps, tables, notes, index. $39.95 paper. Lincoln, Nebraska, contains an ethnic diversity and cosmopolitanism that, as is the case with other small cities in the region, belies popular notions of the Great Plains as ethnically homogenous and, in a word, boring. Successive arrivals of migrants and immigrants give cities like Lincoln a dynamic character that shapes the lives of both members of these ethnic groups and the city's existing "mainstream." Kurt Kinbacher compares the experiences of three groups of "urban villagers" who arrived in Lincoln, established themselves as distinct communities, and self-consciously have maintained their identities over time. Germans from Russia, ethnic Germans welcomed into Russia in the eighteenth century only to suffer famine and other hardships by the late nineteenth century, made up roughly 25 percent of Lincoln's population by 1920. Significant numbers of Omaha Indians, whose territory once included the land where Lincoln now stands, left their northeastern Nebraska reservation in the years during and after World War II, with about one-third of the enrolled members of the Omaha Nation currently residing in Lincoln. Vietnamese immigrants who came to Lincoln did so in several distinct waves following the 1975 conquest of the Republic of Vietnam and the decades of turmoil that followed under communist rule. Today about 5,000 Vietnamese live in Lincoln. Drawing meaningful comparisons between such distinct communities is challenging, but Kinbacher succeeds in balancing the larger historical forces shaping his subjects, concepts like "cosmopolitanism," "transnationalism," and "performed culture" are handled with a sophisticated but accessible touch and provide a compelling framework for comparison, and a deep local knowledge of both his urban villagers and the city they inhabit. Personal stories about individuals inhabiting these communities give the narrative a human face. Telling details, such as references to the politics of popular music in the Vietnamese community, demonstrate a rich engagement with the lived experiences of Lincoln's urban villagers. These aspects ultimately make Urban Villagers and Local Identities a book that should please both "insiders" from the communities in question and "outsiders" in search of a theoretical framework for understanding other immigrant communities in other places. Kinbacher provides a much-needed book that impressively integrates the experience of urban villagers into our understanding of cities on the Great Plains. Kevin Bower History Department Nebraska Wesleyan University Copyright © 2018 Center for Great Plains Studies, University of Nebraska–Lincoln

Scratching Out a Living: Latinos, Race, and Work in the Deep South by Angela Stuesse

Reviewed by: Scratching Out a Living: Latinos, Race, and Work in the Deep South by Angela Stuesse Geraldo L. Cadava Scratching Out a Living: Latinos, Race, and Work in the Deep South. By Angela Stuesse. California Series in Public Anthropology. ( Oakland: University of California Press, 2016. Pp. xiv, 312. Paper, $29.95, ISBN 978-0-520-28721-1; cloth, $85.00, ISBN 978-0-520-28720-4.) Angela Stuesse has written an exceptional book about the poultry industry and its workers in Scott County, Mississippi, during the 1990s and the early twenty-first century. She did not do it alone but had the help of collaborators, including immigrant workers, former industry executives, workers' center colleagues, union representatives, civil rights historians, and many others. This "collaborative writing process" was central to her "activist research approach" (p. 243). Scratching Out a Living: Latinos, Race, and Work in the Deep South reads in part like an exposé akin to what Upton Sinclair's The Jungle (1906) did for Chicago's meatpacking plants or what Edward R. Murrow's Harvest of Shame (1960) did for migrant agricultural labor along the eastern seaboard. Stuesse [End Page 230] makes plain the exploitation and horrors of the poultry industry. I have not eaten chicken since reading the book. But Stuesse focuses even more attention on the social and economic relationships within Mississippi's Latino and African American poultry working communities. Her core concerns include, first, the racial landscape that Latino migrant workers entered when they arrived in Mississippi; second, the enduring divisions between African Americans and Latinos and the solidarities that she herself played a role in forging; and third, how her activism as a scholar both shaped and was shaped by the communities she worked with in Mississippi. For historians of the South, Scratching Out a Living will be of greatest interest because of how Stuesse contextualizes the recent arrival of diverse Latin American immigrants—from Mexico and Central and South America—in a place shaped by segregation, racial hostility toward African Americans, economic despair for many, and riches for a few. As historians have noted, during this era of neoliberal globalization, employers recruited an exploitable migrant workforce that received abominable wages for extremely difficult work. These new immigrants disrupted the black/white binary that had, Stuesse argues, defined southern race relations before their arrival and in many ways embodied the new social and economic realities of the region's shift from agricultural to mechanized factory work. Historians will likewise appreciate the depth of Stuesse's ethnographic analysis, which offers more details about the interiority of Latino immigrant and African American communities than do most historical archives. Historians will be familiar with both groups' mutual recriminations—some Latinos view African Americans as lazy, while some African Americans view Latinos as foreigners—but Stuesse also offers a new look at dynamics inside poultry processing centers and their surrounding communities, including housing markets and the organizing methods that Latinos and African Americans have relied on to combat their exploitation. Inside the factories, African Americans still hold some of the better-paying and more desirable jobs, but Latin Americans often occupy a more privileged position in their communities and Scott County's racial hierarchies. Stuesse firmly believes that the best way to overcome such divisions is through solidarity and collaboration. She even taught a course on these topics during her field work, through which African American and Latino workers came to know one another and to see their own hardships mirrored in others' struggles. This belief informed Stuesse's research and writing. She has various names for her approach, all of which gesture toward collaboration, empathy, and democratic practice and fall under the umbrella of activist research. Historians may find her methods controversial given our pretention of neutrality and objectivity, but Stuesse persuasively argues that her approach can increase "methodological rigor" because her work went through several rounds of critique and revision following her dialogue with interlocutors and stakeholders (p. 243). Historians might consider how our practices can be more collaborative and democratic. Stuesse should have paid more attention to the consumer side of the equation and to how demand shapes industry practices. It struck me that Tyson Foods...