Arrangement Of Connections Research Articles

Shear Lag Effect in Welded Single Angle Tension Member

The typical failure of a welded single angle tension member is a gross section failure. The rupture strength of the single angle tension member is affected by the effect of shear lag. Full-scale tests on twenty-seven single angle specimens reported in this paper. Four different angle sections with four different section types were used in the test. The test parameter includes the steel's grade, length of the connection, the eccentricity of the connection, and balanced and unbalanced weld arrangement. Twenty-three specimens failed by fracture of the gross section area, one failed in mixed mode (angle tear and the weld failure), and the remaining three failed in the weld. To interpret the experimental results, finite element analysis was performed on the specimen’s model. The finite element model well represents the welded single-angle tension member's behaviour, and finite element results show exemplary test results. The ultimate strengths of the test specimens were also evaluated by using the current design standards (IS 800, AISC, CSA, AS 4100, and EC-3), the (1− x/L) rule, and Kulak and Wu’s equation. In general, IS 800 provides a good prediction of test results, AISC and AS 4100 provide a slightly conservative forecast; however, CSA and EC-3 provide a slightly un-conservative prediction. For a balanced weld arrangement, the specimen's ultimate strength increased with an increase in connection length; however, an increase in connection length does not increase the specimen's ultimate strength for an unbalanced weld arrangement. The angle specimen's efficiency decreased significantly with an increase in eccentricity. The rupture strength predicted by assuming the ultimate strength of the connected leg and the strength contributed by the outstanding leg at the critical section shows a good prediction of the strength over the (1− x/L) rule.

Effect of reinforcement arrangement on dynamic behaviour of back-to-back mechanically stabilised earth walls

Reduced-scale shaking table tests were performed on steel-strip back-to-back mechanically stabilised earth (MSE) wall models to evaluate the effect of the overlap length of the reinforcements (LR) and the connection arrangement of the opposing walls on the distribution of tensile force along the reinforcements and the propagation mechanism of the shear bands. The reinforcement elements were fully instrumented and particle image velocimetry (PIV) was utilised to identify the shear zones in the body of the models. On the basis of the PIV results, the combination of a concave surface and an inclined plane was determined to be the failure surface in the models. It was concluded that connecting two opposing walls can prevent the formation of a failure wedge in a back-to-back MSE wall (BBMSEW). It was observed that the geometry of the failure surface in the BBMSEWs was not affected by a change in LR, but depended on the connection arrangement of the walls. It was found that, although the use of overlapping reinforcement instead of the direct connection of two walls caused further development of shear bands, it could be a good solution in reducing the mobilised reinforcement forces in BBMSEWs.

The Role of Prophetic Medicines in the Treatment of COVID-19

Health safety is now a global concern. With the continuous growth of global pandemic in recent times caused by COVID-19 infectious disease, numerous remedies developed which were mostly supportive rather than curative. The objective of this study was to scrutinize reported literature on the inspiration of medical treatment based on Prophetic medicines in the fight against COVID-19. The inception of treatment guidelines using Prophetic medicines is the ideal combination of a specific arrangement of connections between science and Islam. A review of the literature has been conducted across online databases available by Medline, PubMed, Google Scholar, Science Direct, Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ) and Cross Reference, while searched to recognize articles associated with Prophetic medicines related to the treatment of COVID-19. Qualified studies addressed the treatment guidelines using Nigella Sativa, Anthemis Hyalina and Natural Honey were accounted. The findings revealed useful information that can be valuable to researchers working on the treatment of corona virus. Alternatively, this paper is one of the few systematic reviews on the treatment guidelines based on prophetic medicines in the fight against COVID-19.

Tumor attention networks: Better feature selection, better tumor segmentation

Compared with the traditional analysis of computed tomography scans, automatic liver tumor segmentation can supply precise tumor volumes and reduce the inter-observer variability in estimating the tumor size and the tumor burden, which could further assist physicians to make better therapeutic choices for hepatic diseases and monitoring treatment. Among current mainstream segmentation approaches, multi-layer and multi-kernel convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have attracted much attention in diverse biomedical/medical image segmentation tasks with remarkable performance. However, an arbitrary stacking of feature maps makes CNNs quite inconsistent in imitating the cognition and the visual attention of human beings for a specific visual task. To mitigate the lack of a reasonable feature selection mechanism in CNNs, we exploit a novel and effective network architecture, called Tumor Attention Networks (TA-Net), for mining adaptive features by embedding Tumor Attention layers with multi-functional modules to assist the liver tumor segmentation task. In particular, each tumor attention layer can adaptively highlight valuable tumor features and suppress unrelated ones among feature maps from 3D and 2D perspectives. Moreover, an analysis of visualization results illustrates the effectiveness of our tumor attention modules and the interpretability of CNNs for liver tumor segmentation. Furthermore, we explore different arrangements of skip connections in information fusion. A deep ablation study is also conducted to illustrate the effects of different attention strategies for hepatic tumors. The results of extensive experiments demonstrate that the proposed TA-Net increases the liver tumor segmentation performance with a lower computation cost and a small parameter overhead over the state-of-the-art methods, under various evaluation metrics on clinical benchmark data. In addition, two additional medical image datasets are used to evaluate generalization capability of TA-Net, including the comparison with general semantic segmentation methods and a non-tumor segmentation task. All the program codes have been released at https://github.com/shuchao1212/TA-Net.

Performance of back-to-back MSE walls reinforced with steel strips under seismic conditions

One common type of reinforced wall is the back-to-back mechanically stabilized earth wall. These are used extensively for narrow road embankments, pedestrian ramps, bridge abutments and railway systems. In the current study, a series of 1 g shaking table tests were conducted to determine the dynamic performance of back-to-back strip-reinforced walls (BBSRWs). The models were constructed with different reinforcement overlap lengths (Lov) and connection arrangements for two connected opposing walls. They then were subjected to base harmonic accelerations at different peak acceleration intensities. The seismic responses of the models demonstrated that the reinforcement arrangement plays a dominant role in the failure pattern, lateral deformation and mobilized tensile forces of the BBSRWs. The findings showed that separating the opposing walls and reducing the length of the reinforcement overlap increased lateral deformation and reduced the wall stability, while these are effective solutions for reducing the dynamic reinforcement load in a BBSRW. A combined slip surface is proposed for BBSRWs with a geometry that is not affected by changes in Lov, but depends on the arrangement of the connected opposing walls.

Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of Chemically and Biologically Diverse Pyrroquinoline Pseudo Natural Products

AbstractNatural product (NP) structures are a rich source of inspiration for the discovery of new biologically relevant chemical matter. In natural product inspired pseudo‐NPs, NP‐derived fragments are combined de novo in unprecedented arrangements. Described here is the design and synthesis of a 155‐member pyrroquinoline pseudo‐NP collection in which fragments characteristic of the tetrahydroquinoline and pyrrolidine NP classes are combined with eight different connectivities and regioisomeric arrangements. Cheminformatic analysis and biological evaluation of the compound collection by means of phenotyping in the morphological “cell painting” assay followed by principal component analysis revealed that the pseudo‐NP classes are chemically diverse and that bioactivity patterns differ markedly, and are dependent on connectivity and regioisomeric arrangement of the fragments.

Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of Chemically and Biologically Diverse Pyrroquinoline Pseudo Natural Products.

Natural product (NP) structures are a rich source of inspiration for the discovery of new biologically relevant chemical matter. In natural product inspired pseudo‐NPs, NP‐derived fragments are combined de novo in unprecedented arrangements. Described here is the design and synthesis of a 155‐member pyrroquinoline pseudo‐NP collection in which fragments characteristic of the tetrahydroquinoline and pyrrolidine NP classes are combined with eight different connectivities and regioisomeric arrangements. Cheminformatic analysis and biological evaluation of the compound collection by means of phenotyping in the morphological “cell painting” assay followed by principal component analysis revealed that the pseudo‐NP classes are chemically diverse and that bioactivity patterns differ markedly, and are dependent on connectivity and regioisomeric arrangement of the fragments.

Influence of maskless electrochemical micromachining process parameters during microtexturing

Abstract Maskless electrochemical micromachining (EMM) is a prospective procedure for elevated precision microtexturing. Particularly the microtexturing of substrates without any mechanical influence or heat affect is a substantial characteristic for this process. Moreover, the anodic dissolution performance of job material is only characterized by its electrochemical features. This creates maskless EMM an alternative procedure for electrochemically hard to machine materials. Maskless EMM method with developed vertical cross flow method has been recommended involving microtexturing with higher symmetrical uniformity that are produced on stainless steel (SS304) surface. In this paper, maskless EMM method is a promising cost-efficient substitute for microtexturing containing rectangular micropatterns. The advanced setup has the developed machining cell, flow system and unique electrical connection unit. The machining unit has fixturing arrangements of electrodes, flow system, and electrical connection arrangement. Within the machining unit, the advanced flow scheme is a vertical cross flow system that aids in the fabrication of high-quality microtextured surface. One coated textured tool can produce many rectangular micropatterns with high quality. The effect of process parameters such as electrolyte concentration, machining time, and inter electrode gap (IEG) is evaluated on surface roughness (Ra), length overcut, machining depth and width overcut when fabricating micropatterns is investigated. The best process variables i.e., 50 μm IEG, 6 s machining time and 15 g/l electrolyte concentration manufacture good quality micropatterns.

Vocational Pre-Teacher Students' Perceptions on Online Learning During Covid-19 Pandemic in Java, Indonesia: Benefits, Challenges, and Suggestions

Online learning has increased rapidly in Indonesia's higher education since the government enforced to combat the spread of COVID-19. However, inequality in implementation has become an issue in several countries. In Indonesia, with archipelagic and mountainous topography has several challenges. Therefore, the present study is aimed to evaluate and analyze the benefits, challenges, and suggestions of online learning in Indonesia for future improvement. A total of 271 students were surveyed and provided complete information regarding the survey. Quantitatively, the instrument of the survey data is analyzed by using SPSS software. Qualitatively, data from open-ended participants' responses were analyzed by qualitative content analysis to explore the findings from the survey. The result showed that online learning was more efficient, provided easy communication, improve students' engagement, and developed their virtual learning skills. However, it was also found that the overall students were still unsatisfied since the uneven infrastructures of internet connectivity and learning arrangements not good enough. In line with this, media, processes, facilitators skills, and assessments needed further improvement. Students’ suggestions for improving online learning quality are discussed as well.

Defining transposition: What have we learnt?

Understanding transposition is important for all who hope to effectively treat patients with the condition. The variants of the condition are frequently debated in the literature. We describe an unusual variant of transposition, in which despite the arterial roots being supported by morphologically inappropriate ventricles, the roots themselves were normally related, with the intrapericardial arterial trunks spiraling as they extended into the mediastinum. The specimen was identified following the re-categorization of our archive, and we subsequently conducted a detailed analysis of the underlying morphology. Using the principles of sequential segmental analysis, we compared the morphology with standard examples previously described. We show how it was the recognition of such hearts that promoted that concept that the combination of connections across the atrioventricular and ventriculo-arterial junctions was the essence of transposition. In the most common variant, the arrangements are concordant at the atrioventricular junctions, but discordant at the ventriculo-arterial junctions. We suggest that the overall arrangement of discordant ventriculo-arterial connections is best described simply as “transposition.” When the discordant ventriculo-arterial connections are combined with similarly discordant connections at the atrioventricular junctions, the transposition is congenitally corrected. We point out that the use of “d” and “l” as prefixes does not distinguish between transposition and its congenitally corrected variant. For those using segmental notations, the correct description for the rare variant found in the setting of a posteriorly located aortic root with the usual atrial arrangement is transposition (S, D, NR).

MCF7 Spheroid Development: New Insight about Spatio/Temporal Arrangements of TNTs, Amyloid Fibrils, Cell Connections, and Cellular Bridges.

Human breast adenocarcinoma cells (MCF7) grow in three-dimensional culture as spheroids that represent the structural complexity of avascular tumors. Therefore, spheroids offer a powerful tool for studying cancer development, aggressiveness, and drug resistance. Notwithstanding the large amount of data regarding the formation of MCF7 spheroids, a detailed description of the morpho-functional changes during their aggregation and maturation is still lacking. In this study, in addition to the already established role of gap junctions, we show evidence of tunneling nanotube (TNT) formation, amyloid fibril production, and opening of large stable cellular bridges, thus reporting the sequential events leading to MCF7 spheroid formation. The variation in cell phenotypes, sustained by dynamic expression of multiple proteins, leads to complex networking among cells similar to the sequence of morphogenetic steps occurring in embryogenesis/organogenesis. On the basis of the observation that early events in spheroid formation are strictly linked to the redox homeostasis, which in turn regulate amyloidogenesis, we show that the administration of N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC), a reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenger that reduces the capability of cells to produce amyloid fibrils, significantly affects their ability to aggregate. Moreover, cells aggregation events, which exploit the intrinsic adhesiveness of amyloid fibrils, significantly decrease following the administration during the early aggregation phase of neutral endopeptidase (NEP), an amyloid degrading enzyme.

Macro-element modelling of a dissipative connection for CLT structures

Dissipative steel connections for cross-laminated timber buildings are often characterized by biaxial tension-shear interaction in strength and displacement capacity. Detailed continuum models with nonlinear finite elements provide faithful results in simulating the hysteretic response of complex structural systems but generally require too much computational effort. The use of nonlinear macro-elements can strongly increase the efficiency of the analysis with limited decrease of accuracy of the results. In this work, the hysteretic response of a dissipative connection for cross-laminated timber structures was simulated in the OpenSees framework with a macro-element model and compared with results from tests and a continuum finite-element model developed in the Ansys® framework. The accuracy of the macro-element in reproducing the tension-shear interaction has been evaluated in terms of displacement and force domains of the connection. A further comparison between the macro-element and the continuum finite-element modelling was provided analysing the seismic response of cross-laminated timber shear walls with different arrangement of the dissipative connections. Results show that the proposed macro-element can simulate the nonlinear biaxial behaviour of the dissipative bracket and predict the force-displacement response of CLT shear walls with slight conservative underestimation of hysteretic energy dissipation. The macro-element could be implemented in models of buildings for prediction of their dynamic response with a limited computational effort.

Vertebrae Cervical of Egret (Egretta garzeta)

Egret is a long-necked bird that is often found in several regions in Indonesia. Egret have different neck bone structure than the other birds. When flying position the neck can be folded to from the letter S and when taking food the neck can bend down unt il it reaches the ground surface. His neck is strong and cannot be broken. Egret’s neck is composed of 13 vertebrae, each of which has a different structure and functions. In sections C5 to C7 have special characteristics. The sixth neck bone lengthens and the arrangement of muscle connections is elastic. To observe the cervical vertebrae in Egret done by cleaning all attached tissue then observed using a binocular stereo microscope wurh a magnification of 0.8x. The observations show that at C5 it has a longer segment than the others and has posterior condyle. Then in C6 there is a pivot point that allows the Egret to pull their necks into an S shape and allows Egret to push the head forward and catch prey at high speed (Wheler, 1929)

Case Report: A Unique Unilateral Variation of a Divided Extensor Digitorum Muscle in a Subject with Bilateral Absence of Extensor Indicis

Reports of variations in the extensor digitorum muscle have been documented since at least 1813. These variations have fallen into 6 groups: (1) deficiencies in tendon number – usually the tendon to the 5thdigit being absent, (2) doubling of tendons to digits, (3) difference in number of muscle bellies, (4) presence of tendinous slips that join other muscles, (5) presence and arrangement of intertendinous connections, (6) presence of separate muscle bellies for each tendon, and (7) accessory muscle bellies.The present case report describes a unilateral variation of the extensor digitorum muscle, observed in a 73 year‐old Caucasian male with bilateral absence of the extensor indicis muscles. During anatomical dissection of this individual, we observed that the extensor digitorum muscle on the subject’s right side appeared to be divided into two distinct muscle masses. The lateral muscle mass (1 cm wide at its thickest point and 11 cm in length) originated from the medial aspect of the extensor carpi radialis brevis and provided a tendon (20 cm in length) to the index finger. The medial muscle mass had the usual origin to the lateral epicondyle via the common extensor tendon and provided tendons to the third and fourth digits. Interestingly, the extensor indicis muscles were also absent bilaterally.While cases of absent extensor indicis muscles have been reported previously, we are not aware of any report in the literature that describes a divided extensor digitorum muscle or such a divided extensor digitorum muscle occurring in the presence of bilaterally missing extensor indicis muscles. Indeed, to our knowledge, this is the first such report of this occurrence. Thus, to the 6 groups of variant types commonly recognized for extensor digitorum as listed above, we now add a 7th new category of “divided muscle mass” (which in our case is “bipartite”, but future studies may discover other arrangements). Developmental and functional considerations of this variation will be further discussed.Support or Funding InformationDepartment of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA

Impact of global structure on diffusive exploration of organelle networks

We investigate diffusive search on planar networks, motivated by tubular organelle networks in cell biology that contain molecules searching for reaction partners and binding sites. Exact calculation of the diffusive mean first-passage time on a spatial network is used to characterize the typical search time as a function of network connectivity. We find that global structural properties — the total edge length and number of loops — are sufficient to largely determine network exploration times for a variety of both synthetic planar networks and organelle morphologies extracted from living cells. For synthetic networks on a lattice, we predict the search time dependence on these global structural parameters by connecting with percolation theory, providing a bridge from irregular real-world networks to a simpler physical model. The dependence of search time on global network structural properties suggests that network architecture can be designed for efficient search without controlling the precise arrangement of connections. Specifically, increasing the number of loops substantially decreases search times, pointing to a potential physical mechanism for regulating reaction rates within organelle network structures.

Transforaminal Endoscopic Lumbar Discectomy and Foraminotomy with Modified Radiofrequency Nerve Stimulator and Continuous Electromyography Under General Anesthesia

Transforaminal endoscopic lumbar approaches involve working in Kambin's triangle. These procedures are performed on awake patients or under general anesthesia with continuous electromyography. Potential morbidity of this approach includes injury to exiting and traversing nerve roots, as substantial dissection or cauterization of overlying tissues is required for visualization. We developed a novel connection system that accepts input from a bipolar radiofrequency probe to allow direct nerve stimulation in conjunction with electromyography. This study included 30 consecutive patients undergoing transforaminal endoscopic lumbar approaches for discectomies (73.3%), foraminal stenosis (23.3%), or lateral recess stenosis (3.3%). Demographic, operative, and outcomes data were collected. Average age of patients was 61.4 years, and the L4-5 segment was most commonly treated (65.6%). Electrophysiologic mapping of the exiting nerve root was attempted in 28 patients with an average stimulation threshold of 8.6 ± 0.9 mA. Mapping of the traversing nerve root was attempted in 12 patients with an average stimulation threshold of 6.0 ± 0.8 mA. There were no instances of new postoperative sensorimotor deficits or dysesthesia. These findings persisted through mean and median follow-up of 294 days and 165 days, respectively. No patient required subsequent lumbar surgery. Our modified instrumentation and technique allow for accurate identification of the exiting and traversing nerve roots with minimal changes to the workflow of transforaminal endoscopic lumbar approaches. Modification of a bipolar radiofrequency device connection arrangement is simple, inexpensive, and reusable. In this study, no patients developed injury or pain related to nerve root dysfunction.

Sewer system optimization in housing and communal services

The purpose of the article is to present the design decisions used in the construction of the extended main trunk sewer of the North in St Petersburg. One of its key elements is the siphon, a unique structure in engineering practice for optimal and safe water disposal system. Its special feature is in the arrangement of connections in the pits of the trunk sewer header portion. For the purpose of investigation it had to describe the general situation relative to sewerage network in the city. Following this, a precondition, which determined the structure design as the optimum for movement of effluent, is presented. Further, author concludes that the new pit structures using composite materials made it possible to complete construction of the trunk sewer on schedule and by means of it to move to purification works practically all of the city’s effluents (98, 4%) and realize the goal of steady economic development. Then author shows that it is necessary source control techniques be designed to counter increased discharge of water. It should to provide in the buildings power saving technologies, the hot water recirculation systems, modernize the existing hot water supply facilities, and to install low-cost highly efficient small heat exchangers instead of obsolete locally based boilers and just only of increasing the norms, coefficients and tariffs. Hence it appears that the multi-objective sewer system optimization provides more rational and practical solutions to avoid sewer overflows, reduce risks to public health and to protect the environment from water pollution.

Spatial Proximity and its Importance for Cooperation in a Tourist Region - Complementary Use of Social Network Analysis and Agglomeration Theory

Purpose. Evaluation of the importance of spatial proximity for undertaking business cooperation in a tourist region. Method. Agglomeration economy analysis was combined with the network approach (i.e. Social Network Analysis). The method of case study was used – cooperation between various entities (actors) in five tourist municipalities united in the “Beskid Five” agreement. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 225 entities selected in purposeful sampling. Additionally, using the appropriate software, based on postal address and data on GPS coordinates of the location of the interviewed entities, were obtained. To analyse the data, some parameters of network analysis were used (i.e. the degree centrality – i.e. in-out and out-degree) and multidimensional data analysis. In particular, the logistic regression method was used, i.e. binary logic regressions were carried out in order to determine the significance of spatial proximity for undertaking cooperation and its intensity in a tourist region. In addition, Moran Ii local statistics were determined in order to measure the occurrence and direction of spatial autocorrelation (spatial correlation coefficient within Local Indicators of Spatial Associations, LISA). Visualisation techniques were also implemented in the work. Findings. In the research, it has been shown that spatial proximity is an important factor affecting cooperation in a tourist region, because it increases the likelihood of cooperation, although this relationship is not linear. Research and conclusion limitations. The study did not cover all entities from the region, but only the so-called key actors in a network. The region selected for research is so specific that the obtained results cannot be considered as representative for other regions in Poland or in the world. In addition, cooperation was analysed without division into various forms, which may also have influence on the obtained results. Practical implications. Entrepreneurs wishing to gain economic benefits regarding cooperation should consider the location and spatial arrangement of connections between potential partners of this cooperation, taking its various forms into account. In addition, by stimulating cooperation between entrepreneurs, local authorities should look at their (municipality office) location in the tourist region and the resulting spatial and functional structure of links between entities, which may determine the scope, intensity and level of effectiveness of the cooperation undertaken. Originality. To show the importance of geographic proximity with reference to intensity of cooperation in a tourist region, analysis of the agglomeration economies and social networks was combined for the first time. Type of paper. An article presenting the results of empirical research.

Vindicating environmental public interests in China: A balanced approach to institutional interaction in public interest litigation system

Along with the adoption of environmental public interest litigation (EPIL) in China, the configuration among civil society, administrative, procuratorial and judicial powers is reshaped and transformed. With various actors brought to the public interest ground, the conventional role of governments as a public interest defender through law enforcement activities is distorted. This, on the one hand, spurs and supplements insufficient government enforcement of environmental law, and on the other hand poses the danger of supplanting government enforcement, crowding out statutory responsibilities for governments and eroding their discretion in selecting regulatory tools and administrative procedures. To reach a balance making no power excessively intruding the other and bring PIL’s potential into full play, realignment of their respective roles and functions in the enforcement system is imperative. Government enforcement should be strengthened and given priority in vindicating environmental public interests. Pre-conditions for filing different types of EPIL claims should be established and specified. To develop an internally coordinated EPIL system, the future reforms should be legally underpinned with the order of standing coordinated, concurrent claims screened, connection arrangements established and the usage of incidental litigation promoted.

Embryonic progenitor pools generate diversity in fine-scale excitatory cortical subnetworks

The mammalian neocortex is characterized by a variety of neuronal cell types and precise arrangements of synaptic connections, but the processes that generate this diversity are poorly understood. Here we examine how a pool of embryonic progenitor cells consisting of apical intermediate progenitors (aIPs) contribute to diversity within the upper layers of mouse cortex. In utero labeling combined with single-cell RNA-sequencing reveals that aIPs can generate transcriptionally defined glutamatergic cell types, when compared to neighboring neurons born from other embryonic progenitor pools. Whilst sharing layer-associated morphological and functional properties, simultaneous patch clamp recordings and optogenetic studies reveal that aIP-derived neurons exhibit systematic biases in both their intralaminar monosynaptic connectivity and the post-synaptic partners that they target within deeper layers of cortex. Multiple cortical progenitor pools therefore represent an important factor in establishing diversity amongst local and long-range fine-scale glutamatergic connectivity, which generates subnetworks for routing excitatory synaptic information.