Army Men Research Articles

Red army in Iran: Unknown «occupation»

The article is devoted to an actual topic, practically not covered in the historical literature and devoted to the stay of the Red Army in Iran during the Second World War. A legal assessment was given of the events of August 1941 - the entry of Soviet troops into Iran. The author proves that the actions of the government of the USSR from the point of view of international law cannot be characterized as «occupation». The article gives a detailed analysis of the Iranian claims regarding the stay of the Red Army units in Iran. Claims of both a material nature and with respect to the behavior of the Red Army are covered. It was proved that the overwhelming majority of claims were unfounded, and in those rare cases when the complaints of the Iranian side were based, the Soviet military authorities conducted thorough investigations, punishing the perpetrators. The article highlights the activities of the Red Army to ensure security of supplies under lend-lease, to combat banditry and terrorism on the Trans-Iranian railway, which transported military cargo to the USSR. The question of the relationship of soldiers and officers of the Red Army with the allies on the Anti-Hitler Coalition is being raised. The conclusion is drawn that the relations of the Red Army men with the Americans were more or less friendly. Soviet-British relations were tense. Also, the article raises issues related to the daily life of the Red Army in Iran - the problems they encountered in everyday life. The main scientific result obtained by the author is that the article substantiates the need for the Red Army to stay in Iran, stresses the importance of their contribution to the victory over Nazi Germany.

“True” Conservatives in Fifties America: Robert A. Taft and the Politics of a Hoosier Soldier in Korea

“True” Conservatives in Fifties AmericaRobert A. Taft and the Politics of a Hoosier Soldier in Korea Douglas A. Dixon (bio) On November 6, 1952, a Hoosier soldier serving in Korea, Private David Dixon, declared in a letter to his mother that “the biggest news . . . is the election results. . . . We can say we put our man in; now I hope he continues to do what he has said he would in all those campaign speeches.”1 Dwight Eisenhower, the president-elect, had promised to bring the boys home, the most important campaign pledge no doubt for Dixon’s mother and for many soldiers.2 Yet Eisenhower missed the mark in at least one notable comparison to this private’s first choice, Republican presidential candidate Robert A. Taft. Dixon told his mother: “I myself still stick to Taft and his isolationist ideas.”3 These words flowed in the context of the Hoosier soldier’s lamentations about the lack of the war’s progress, US involvement in it, and the Korean people’s bitterness toward the war and perceived corruption of South Korean president Syngman [End Page 58] Rhee. His vote of confidence in Taft, just months after the Republican National Convention had put Ike on top, followed the line of reasoning that Americans had no business fighting in faraway places as a “bunch of suckers.”4 Taft had publicly voiced similar aspersions on intervention abroad while participating in World War I relief and later during the Second World War: “I am an isolationist” if that means “isolation from European wars.”5 A teenager during Hitler’s advances, Dixon very likely would have heard of Taft’s ideas, particularly as they differed from 1940s presidential candidate and Indiana native Wendall Willkie. By 1948, during the young man’s final year of high school, Taft was receiving plenty of coverage as a presidential candidate.6 Dixon’s anti-interventionist foreign policy preference, however, hardly skimmed the surface of this Hoosier private’s political ideology. The totality of his Korean War correspondence very likely put him firmly in the midfifties Republican column, in turn, fitting in neatly with the majority of citizens from Indiana who went to the polls during a time that has been characterized as the “Republican revival.”7 There was, perhaps, little to recommend him to Adlai Stevenson’s candidacy, though this is an area worthy of exploration beyond the focus here. Indianans have had a long tradition of intense somewhat evenly divided partisanship, especially in southwestern Indiana.8 More importantly [End Page 59] for this investigation, Dixon’s preference for Taft over Eisenhower may suggest more nuanced points of comparison, that of institutional self-identity among the most critical. These differences between the two leading Republican presidential candidates and how they may have resonated with the values of Private Dixon and conservatives in Indiana and the nation are the primary focus here. Dixon’s Korean War letters discuss numerous beliefs and values of consequence to Hoosiers and the nation in political contests during the early Cold War period. Moreover, his ideas may reflect specific coalitions within Indiana.9 His firsthand experience with army bureaucracy, the army’s lack of determination to seek victory wholeheartedly, and inefficiency likely colored negatively perceptions he held of government generally. Dixon was no army regular, either, and this, too, may partly explain why he was sensitive to the differences he felt between many of his fellow soldiers and himself in his letter of November 6, 1952: “The [presidential election] news was received with rather shocking results to true army men, for they seem to be against Ike.”10 His correspondence leaves little doubt that he viewed national news surrounding the war with suspicion (while favoring the local perspective), that he believed money should be spent frugally, that hard work toward a useful purpose was central to living right, and that communism was bad—though war worse.11 The Hoosier private’s images of Koreans are mixed, but generally, he emphasized American superiority. A strong attachment to beliefs connected to his Protestant upbringing and commitment to religious duties also defined him, [End Page 60] with important implications for political identity. Family and rural roots no doubt...

ALCOHOL AND ADAPTATION DISORDERS IN COMBATANTS (RESULTS OF THE PILOT RESEARCH)

As a result of the study, specific mental and behavioral disorders due to alcohol use in ATO participants were determined taking into account the levels and style of alcohol consumption. The relationship between disorders due to alcohol consumption and the consequences of combat psychological trauma is shown. It has been established that, on the whole, the transition from the conditions of a positional war to the conditions of a peaceful life is accompanied by a decrease in alcohol consumption (by individuals independent of it), a decrease in the level of harmful consequences, an improvement in mental status and a slight improvement in the quality of life, however, there are exceptions to this rule, especially with regard to stressful disorders - the level of exposure to a stressful event remains almost unchanged. Neither the army men nor the demobilized military found any adaptive (useful) medium- and long-term effects of alcohol (the transient anxiolytic and hypnotic sedative effects of alcohol have no long-term positive results (as opposed to negative ones). Psychopathological factors that affect disorders due to alcohol consumption remain almost unchanged during the transition from combat conditions to peaceful life, the influence of only certain components changes. Therefore, measures aimed at preventing maladaptation (that is, the formation of new and exacerbation of existing mental and behavioral disorders, including drug addiction) should adhere to the principle of continuity.It is advisable that between specialists and institutions suitable for the hygiene of the military and the demobilized, as high quality communication as possible is maintained along the methodological guidelines for the provision of medical and rehabilitation assistance. A significant level of consumption of psychoactive substances among combatants may indicate an unmet demand for adaptogens (both chemical and non-chemical origin), the use of which would not lead to the negative consequences of alcohol and other surfactants. This is a challenge for modern military psychopharmacology, military psychology and military psychophysiology.

Studying of the Red Army Men Reading Interests

Studying of the Red Army Men Reading Interests

Why did Ukrainian Red Army Men Go Over to the Germans? The Case of Defectors to the Wehrmacht’s 296 Infantry Division, 1942-1943

The purpose of this study is to analyse the reasons for defection among Ukrainian Red Army men during World War II. The research methodology is a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods. We analyse interrogation reports of Red Army defectors created by the counter-intelligence officer of the German 296 ID both for the reasons defectors gave for crossing the frontline and for the frequency their reasons fell into certain categories. We compare these data with the larger group of Soviet defectors, including other Soviet nationalities. The scientific novelty consists in combining cultural history with quantification and extending a methodology developed for Red Army defectors as a whole to the subset of Ukrainians among them. The article's source base is multi-archival, drawing on Ukrainian and Russian archives in addition to the German military archive. Conclusions. In the aggregate Ukrainians were not motivated in significantly different ways from Soviet defectors of other nationalities. Ukrainians were more often politicized than other nationalities, but the broad social and political grievances they expressed were shared by many Soviet citizens. Many of the Ukrainian defectors who were politicized enough to want to fight against the Soviets to liberate their homeland were imagining this home as the multi-national Soviet Union rather than a Ukrainian national territory. The political grievances which motivated these politicized Ukrainians were political (lack of freedom, repression) or social (the collective farms, terrible living conditions) rather than national (freedom for Ukraine). Ukrainian nationalists were in the minority among defectors, and tended to come from the formerly Polish territories annexed after the start of World War II in Europe.

Editor's Note

Editor's Note Judith Giesberg Readers of this issue will find essays that align over questions about border diplomacy and Civil War–era American expansionism, with an opening essay weighing in on when and why the war ended as it did and a review essay that reflects on the future of military history. In between there are spies, rogue diplomats, and double agents. We begin with Andrew F. Lang's Thomas Watson Brown Book Prize talk, "Union Demobilization and the Boundaries of War and Peace," which joins the work of scholars like Gary Gallagher and Mark Wahlgren Summers in arguing that Civil War Americans did not bemoan the war's civil rights shortfalls as much as recent scholars do. In the essay, as in his book In the Wake of War, Lang argues that because regular army men "viewed the momentous collapse of the Confederate state as the signal feat of national purpose," they had little patience or stomach for serving as the agents of federal Reconstruction policy, the boots on the ground charged with administering the postwar era's civil rights legislation and protecting freedmen from white insurgents. Their mission accomplished, these men in blue were concerned that a prolonged occupation would threaten democracy, or worse, destroy it. So, the postwar army quickly shrank, before regular army men's fears for the nation's democratic institutions could be realized and just as the democratic aspirations of black volunteers had been. William S. Kiser's essay, "'We Must Have Chihuahua and Sonora': Civil War Diplomacy in the U.S.–Mexico Borderlands," explores the tangled diplomacy of agents representing the United States; the Confederacy; and two northwestern Mexican states bordering New Mexico, Arizona, and Texas. At issue were Confederate interest in opening up a supply line from Mexico that could sustain their invasion of New Mexico and, later, U.S. aspirations for a naval station in Mexico, but in the background, too, Apaches and an invading French army moving northward toward the border posed continued threats. This is a story of how "powerful nineteenth-century nations attempted to manipulate and reshape tenuous systems of political power in their weaker neighbors." Expecting to easily lure local authorities into deals that violated official Mexican neutrality, Confederate and U.S. military men and self-appointed diplomats discovered, instead, that they came to the diplomatic table from a point of weakness as Mexican authorities played Americans off of each other and remained resolutely out of the war along Mexico's northern border. It was a diplomatic miscalculation [End Page 175] to think that local Mexican officials, facing a threat to their south, would abandon their national loyalties and seek to cut a deal with their neighbors to the North. Patrick Kelly's essay picks up this story where Kiser's leaves off. Whereas U.S. diplomatic efforts in Mexico came to naught early in 1863, by June, French emperor Napoleon III's army was in Mexico City, the Mexican national government was in exile, and the Confederacy anticipated reaping the rewards of a forthcoming alliance with France. The survival of the republics of Mexico and the United States hung in the balance as monarchy seemed posed to make a comeback in the Americas. These concerns weighed heavily on Lincoln as he sent troops to south Texas in October and were evident in the words he chose in the speech he delivered that November at Gettysburg. Lincoln opened that speech with words hearkening back to when the founders "brought forth on this continent, a new nation, conceived in liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal." Kelly reads these words as evidence of Lincoln's continentalism. It was no accident, Kelly says, that "continent" appeared in the first line, for it reflected a "a powerful, if short-lived, moment of solidarity between the United States and the hemisphere's Spanish-speaking republics articulated on both sides of the Rio Grande within the discourse of a politically united American continent." In "The Lost Continent of Abraham Lincoln," Kelly locates the Gettysburg Address in that moment, when liberal nationalists imagined a future in which new world nations stood in solidarity against the old and...

ЗАСОБИ ПСИХОЛОГІЗМУ В ТВОРІ ІНТЕРНОВАНОГО ВОЯКА ГРИЦЯ БОЖКА «УКРАЇНЦІ В ЄГИПТІ»

In the current period of the globalization processes of the XXI century it is important to be aware of the exter- nal orientations and national priorities of Ukraine in the world scene. That presents a significant challenge, which depends on the state’s ability to implement its national, cultural, ethnic interests and needs, which are its motive power, and to pre- serve a set of values, symbols and customs to guarantee peace and safety and contribute to development and improvement as well as to be prepared for holding out against threats of external in internal confrontation, separation, identity crisis, political and religious instability. Therefore it is topical to study the works which help gain an understanding of historical truth and get to know the national ethnogenepool of Ukrainians better, which is the basis of their socio-political experience. Applying that approach to the little-known travelogue “Ukrainians in Egypt” by a Ukrainian political emigrant Hryts Bozhok the author of the article has developed a literary critical, historical and cultural understanding of the work concern- ing travels to the Near Eat which have not been thoroughly studied yet in Ukrainian humanistic sciences. The means of psy- chologism (the author’s characterization, diary notes, self-esteem, duality, portrait, detail, language, memories, scenery) are considered in the article. They show the psychophysiology of the character of a military internee who had to stay in a closed foreign place and who was worried about those times’ issues of a nation creation as well as general spiritual ones. In the essay the controversial topic of a political emigration in the history of Ukrainian society at the beginning of the XX century is raised. The subject of artistic generalization of belles non-fiction is the historical time of that period which was perceived by the character during forced travels when Ukraine was a fighting platform of different political forces: Denikins, Petliuras, Makhnos, Red Army men. Unordinary events were reflected in the character’s existence, in his memory. The mem- ory is a basis of the national identity and national consciousness, therefore such works by emigrants are a part of Ukrainian ethnic literary tradition and help understand its historical course through the prism of modern times. This information also contributes to better understanding of the process of the recent historical experience in Ukrainian state creation.

“Далеке дзеркало”: 1618–2018 – відгомін Тридцятилітньої війни в новітній німецькомовній літературі

The article is dedicated to the historical phenomenon of Thirty Years’ War in its literary interpretation. This historical event remains an important component in the collective cultural memory of Germans. Thirty Years’ War is still considered one of the most brutal wars in German history. In connection with its 400th anniversary, relevance is given to historical researches in which the Thirty Years’ War is presented as a “distant mirror” which enables a better understanding of conflicts and threats to modernity. In this context the proposed study treats literary sources about Thirty Years’ War as an original artistic phenomenon with profound history and specific interpretation of this historical event depending on a certain age. Naturally, the baroque period of this literature stands out – till this day our idea of the catastrophe of Thirty Years’ War is shaped by such works as Simplicius Simplicissimus by H. J. C. von Grimmelshausen or the sonnet ‘Tears of the Fatherland’ by Andreas Gryphius. Baroque literature was exceptionally political, raising the problems of religion, propaganda, refugees, relations between the government and its subjects, between civilians and the army men. It told about the fight for public opinion which was conducted using all possible publicist and literary means, “about the superior right to interpret an event” which confirmed a well-known statement that the first casualty of War is Truth. However different “the individual truths” about the war were of those whose statements were recorded in literature, Grimmelshausen’s statement about the war as “a terrible and merciless beast” remains the most important. All texts about Thirty Years’ War have a different expression of the same characteristics – embodiment of the esthetics of murder and different forms of violence. That is why in the research the Thirty Years’ War is perceived as a significant historical and literary experiential model which enables direct cognitive access to modernity which is proven by such novels as Munin or Chaos in the Head („Munin oder Chaos im Kopf”, 2018) by Monika Maron and Daniel Kehlmann’s Tyll („Tyll”, 2017). Contemporary novels are analyzed through the prism of history textualization theory which erases the borders between historiography and artistic literature. As a result, it is claimed that in these works Thirty Years’ War is presented as a textualized network of connections which enables construction of historical experience. Yet, it is discovered that a person is unable to learn from history. The only ironic lesson is the creative position “chaos in the head” and “fool” as a survival strategy.

RATIONING SYSTEM IN KUBAN DURING THE POSTOCCUPATIONAL PERIOD OF 1943

In article the organization of a rationing system in the territory of Krasnodar Krai during the period after the German occupation since February, 1943 is considered. After liberation of Kuban it was necessary to adjust life and work of the big region and also in the shortest possible time to begin supply of food and industrial goods for soldiers of the Red Army. Deliveries of agricultural production laid down a heavy burden on shoulders of the population of the region. In many areas people was on the verge of hunger: crops grain and potatoes in July, 1942 were destroyed by the receding Red Army, and a new harvest wasn’t grown up even on private farmsteads yet; production of trophy food warehouses was given to Red Army men, in areas there was no draft force. For improvement of a situation, in the territory of the region the rationing system which provided distribution of products and essentials among the population was introduced. The fact of restoration of rated supply played the important stabilizing role. Along with a rationing system the Krasnodar krayispolkom made the decision on distribution of the single help in the size of 300 rub to family and also the person in need and children of the military personnel single coupons on receiving a dry ration. Special attention from the regional authorities was paid to children, expressed in the organization of free food, providing with necessary clothes and footwear. In article the measures for toughening of control from the state connected with functioning of the commercial enterprises of food, revelry of the market relations and also moonshinings are considered. The rationing system introduced in Kuban during the period after occupation allowed to stabilize a situation and supported the population during the difficult period.

Effect of barracks military training and field long march on freshmen' mental health in military university

Objective To study the effect of field long march comprehensive training on freshmen' mental quality and mental health in military university. Methods Mental quality questionnaire for army men(MQQA), symptom checklist 90(SCL-90), self-rating anxiety scale(SAS), self-rating depression scale(SDS)and trait anxiety inventory(TAI)were carried out on 330 freshmen at various stages on their military training. All data were analyzed by paired-sample t test. Results ①As compared with pre-training, all SCL-90 factor scores except depression factor decreased significantly(P 0.05). Conclusion Filed long march effectively improved mental health of military university recruits and relived their anxiety as well as depression. Key words: Field long march; Military university's freshmen; Mental health; Military training; Scale

Decoupling the response of an estuarine shrimp to architectural components of habitat structure.

In order to explore biotic attraction to structure, we examined how the amount and arrangement of artificial biotic stalks affected responses of a shrimp, Palaemon macrodactylus, absent other proximate factors such as predation or interspecific competition. In aquaria, we tested the effect of differing densities of both un-branched and branched stalks, where the amount of material in the branched stalk equaled four-times that of the un-branched. The results clearly showed that it was the amount of material, not how it was arranged, that elicited responses from shrimp. Also, although stalks were not purposefully designed to mimic structural elements found in nature, they did resemble biogenic structure such as hydroids, algae, or plants. In order to test shrimp attraction to a different, perhaps more unfamiliar habitat type, we examined responses to plastic “army men.” These structural elements elicited similar attraction of shrimp, and, in general, shrimp response correlated well with the fractal dimension of both stalks and army men. Overall, these results indicate that attraction to physical structure, regardless of its nature, may be an important driver of high abundances often associated with complex habitats.

Islam and Nazi Germany's War

Islam and Nazi Germany's War

A LUCID PORTRAYAL OF CONSUMMATE LIFE IN ASHALI VARMA’S -THE VICTORIA CROSS

Army is one of the noblest professions. Army men usually strive for the welfare of our nation. They should be adulated for their unique sacrifice. “The Victoria Cross” throws light on the life of a unique army officer. It is a biography penned by Ashali Varma who might have felt completely satisfied with her portrayal of her parent’s glorious virtues. She has depicted PremBhagat and Mohini who could lead a meaningful life by exchanging love perfectly and exhibiting warmth to the people who have sought succour. Prem was able to attract many people with his humanness. So, he exhibited empathy, gregariousness, veracity and tenacity to make his every endeavour successful. He never pussyfooted. He was down-to- earth. He was true to the adages “The rarer action is in virtue than in vengeance” and “To err is human; to forgive divine”
 His wife was Mohini. She was an ideal wife to justify a maxim: “There is a woman behind every successful man”. She could shoulder the domestic burden confidently. Her love to her husband is obvious: “I love you more than anything else in this world” (p.no.39). One can find a lot of instances in which Mohini has involved herself voluntarily to buttress PremBhagat even in official affair. She demonstrated her hospitality impeccably. Hence, the book “The Victoria Cross” has been written in eulogy of PremBhagat and Mohini who have proved to be an epitome of a couple.

Role of forensic odontology in the Indian Armed Forces: An unexplored arena.

Forensic odontology (FO) is a branch of forensic medicine that in the interest of justice deals with proper handling and examination of dental evidence. Teeth can survive in most conditions encountered at death and during decomposition, even when the body is exposed to extreme forces and/or temperatures. FO is being practiced worldwide since 1775, after which it has not only become an integral part of the judicial system of the developed countries but also been adopted by the armed forces and investigative agencies of these countries. In India, the awareness of FO is gaining pace since the last decade after the establishment of various organizations and the Dental Council of India making it a part of the curriculum. However, its identity as an individual endeavour is still to be established. Awareness and applicability of FO in the Indian Defense Forces would be of great help for better and accurate record keeping of the dedicated and vigilant warriors of our army. These records will be of great help for easy recognition of our army men at the time of calamities, wars, and other difficulties. It would also be useful in the identification of terrorists who enter our country and travel easily in disguise.

«На 20 рабочих – 120 попов…»: непролетарские слои населения на выборах в советской России в 1920-е гг.

The author studies the participation of the non-proletarian urban population in elections during the New Economic Policy in Soviet Russia. The analysis of the urban population’s participation in election campaigns is made referring to a wide range of sources, materials of official statistics, Soviet press, unpublished archival documents kept in Russia’s central and regional archives. An analysis of typical documents of the highest and central Soviet and party bodies (order documents, protocols and resolutions, reports, statements and informational documents) retrieved from the funds of the People’s Commissariat of Internal Affairs, All-Russian Central Executive Committee, Central Committee of the Soviet Party as well as sources of personal character (voters’ complaints about election irregularities) enables the author to reconstruct models of electoral behaviour of non-proletarian strata of the population, and the peculiarities of their relations with the authorities during the 1920s. The article introduces previously unstudied materials of the boards of the Politburo and Orgburo of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks presided by V. M. Molotov (March – July, 1926) which help substantiate the process of political decision-making by the highest party organs as to the non-proletarian strata of the Soviet society in the election process. Additionally, referring to the critical analysis of official statistical data of the first half of the 1920s, the author concludes about the low reliability of data on the number and structure of the urban electorate, which considerably impedes the study of unorganized voters in elections and calls for additional research of the issue. The non-proletarian strata of the population were a numerous and diverse group in the urban electorate of the 1920s, outnumbering the other groups in provincial towns. Aiming for loyal City Soviets (City Councils), they used a number of approaches, e. g. excluded non-proletarian groups from the electorate, increased the number of lishentsy (persons stripped of the right of voting), and introduced differentiated representation norms in favour of workers and Red Army men. Reactions of the non-proletarian public to the political changes varied depending on their background from absenteeism to protesting. The most common forms of protest were refusal to vote for the candidates approved by the authorities, claims of various kinds, and nomination of their own deputies for the Soviets. Though not infrequent per se, such forms of protests were considerably overestimated by the local Soviet and Party representatives, who opposed the expansion of the New Economic Policy and exaggerated the threat coming from the socially alien groups of the Soviet public and their potential seizure of power in the Soviets. Part of the representatives of the non-proletarian population were dissatisfied with the authorities, and the electoral system, but this, however, did not reach the scale of oppositional parties or movements. Open protests were uncommon, with modestly-sized groups of entrepreneurs and craftsmen being relatively united but aiming for integration rather than confrontation with the Soviet political system. The lack of loyalty in city-dwellers during elections was used by the Bolshevik authorities as an important leverage in their fight for the toughening of the political course and the cessation of the New Economic Policy.

Beorn, Waitman Wade. Marching into Darkness: The Wehrmacht and the Holocaust in Belarus (review)

SEER, 93, 3, JULY 2015 580 Voionmaa was not quite expecting an exploitation of the full trip, however, in the confusion of the Kalotti and Northern Russia in 1918 he published two tracts advising his fellow-countrymen to look carefully at the Northern shores, its islands and its seas. Most curiously, this stalwart Social Democrat asked Mannerheim in one of the tracts to forget the victory parades of the civil war and to get up North and seize a piece of the Varanger Fjord so as to bolster the position of Finland in these hitherto neglected lands. Was he before his time? University of Turku George Maude Beorn, Waitman Wade. Marching into Darkness: The Wehrmacht and the Holocaust in Belarus. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA and London, 2014. iii + 314 pp. Maps. Illustrations. Graphs. Notes. Index. $39.95: £29.95: €35.95. Eastern Europe was where Nazi Germany went from persecuting Jews to killing them, first by mass shootings, then by industrialized mass murder in gas chambers. While Hitler’s ideological soldiers in the SS were the foremost perpetrators of the mass shootings, many regular army men also became accomplices. Waitman Wade Beorn’s book deepens our knowledge of this phenomenon by studying how German Wehrmacht soldiers became active participants in the mass murder of Jews in occupied Belarus. Wehrmacht collaboration in Nazi crimes has long been documented, but Beorn’s well-written book is among the first to explore its concrete manifestations on the ground. Based on German sources, mostly soldiers’ post-war testimony and wartime military documents, the book takes a micro-historical approach, concentrating on a handful of individual Wehrmacht units and their evolving entanglement with Nazi genocidal policy. Beorn makes three principal arguments. First, unit culture and leadership largely decided who became a perpetrator. Second, the identification of Jews with partisans and Bolsheviks justified Wehrmacht participation in the murder of Jews. Finally, such participation in itself had a radicalizing effect and led to ever deeper complicity in the Holocaust. How do the main contentions in the book hold up? Let us begin with Beorn’s third, chronological argument, which structures the main chapters of the book. In the beginning, Beorn finds, complicity was improvised and mostly limited to guard duties rather than direct participation in the killings. Many men were reluctant and hesitant to participate. Yet most did what was ordered or expected of them when push came to shove. They pulled victims from their homes and stood guard around killing sites. During the next stage, complicity became less complicated: ‘in less than a month, army units in Belarus had gone from somewhat hesitant collaborators to clumsy but brutal killers’ (p. 134). Next, REVIEWS 581 genocide became ‘routine’. Soldiers now participated extensively in large-scale killing operations, including plunder and sexual exploitation, which reflected a deepening and more routinized form of collaboration. Finally, by the end of 1941, ‘most soldiers and units appear to have internalized the necessity of their role in assisting in the murder of Jews’ (p. 183). Beorn refers to a particular Wehrmacht unit which engaged, on its own initiative, in sadistic ‘Jew hunts’ toward the end of 1941 and into 1942. While the detailed narrative is well-crafted and valuable in its own right, the argument that Wehrmacht complicity evolved in stages leaves something to be desired. To prove it, one would have to demonstrate that most Wehrmacht units involved in the Holocaust followed this same path over time. Beorn, however, looks at different units at different points in time. Since we do not get to follow the units from beginning to end (and into the second and third year of the war), we do not know whether they became more or less radical in the longer run. The book’s second main argument — that the conflation of Jews with partisans and Bolsheviks justified Wehrmacht participation in genocide — is well backed up by the evidence. Beorn concentrates in particular on the Mogilev Conference, convened in late September 1941, where Wehrmacht personnel met with chief SS killers, ostensibly to discuss experiences relating to anti-partisan warfare. Beorn convincingly argues that the conference served to ‘more fully incorporate the army in killings of Jews...

Knowledge regarding Cervical Cancer, Human Papillomavirus (HPV) and Intention for Vaccination among the Personnel in Korean Military Service*

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate knowledge of cervical cancer, HPV and intention for vaccination in Korean soldiers on active duty. Methods: Participants were 494 army men aged 18 to 26 serving in D area. Knowledge of cervical cancer was measured using the 8 item scale developed by Han et al. (2007) and knowledge of HPV was measured using the 13 item scale developed by Pitts et al. (2009). Collected data were analyzed with t-test, x2-test, and ANOVA. Results: Mean scores for cervical cancer and HPV knowledge were 6.03±1.52 and 8.15±1.75 respectively and vaccination intention was 75.6%. HPV vaccination intention had significant differences depending on knowledge about cervical cancer (χ2=12.76, p=.001), and HPV (χ2=9.00, p=.003), education (χ2=12.24, p=.002), sexual intercourse after first meeting (χ2=11.79, p=.003), and sexual education in the military service (χ2=12.27, p=.001). Conclusion: When planning education program for men in military service, it is necessary to consider include content to increase knowledge of cervical cancer and HPV. 주요어: 자궁경부암, ì¸ìœ ë‘ì¢ ë°”ì´ëŸ¬ìŠ¤, 지식 Key words: Uterine Cervical Neoplasms, Human Papillomavirus (HPV), Knowledge

Demographic Pattern of Economic Elder Abuse among Retired Army Officers and Men in Bauchi South Senatorial District, Bauchi State - Nigeria

The study investigated the demographic pattern of economic elder abuse - DPEEA amongretired army officers and men (RAOM) in Bauchi South Senatorial District-BSSD, Bauchi State-Nigeria. One research question and a corresponding null hypothesis guided the study. The crosssectionalresearch design was used for the study. The population for the study was 2024 RAOM,while the sample for the study consisted of 204 RAOM. Researchers designed questionnaire validatedby five experts was used for data collection. a reliability index of .85 was obtained through theoutcome of pilot testing using split half method. Percentages was used to answer research questionwhile chi-square statistic was used in testing hypothesis at .05 level of significance (p-value = .05).The results of the study showed that DPEEA of RAOM of Christianity was more with cluster mean of91.9 % as against their Islamic counterpart of 89.9%. Furthermore, that of the two religions of theRAOM, the RAOM of Christian fate were subjected to economic elder abuse - EEA more than theirMuslims counterpart in delayed pension or periodic financial assistance (Christians’ RAOM = 97.7 %> Muslim RAOM = 91.2 %). The study further showed that a significant difference was found in theDPEEA of RAOM according to religion (Cal Χ2 = 68.91 > Χ2 tab = 3.84, df = 1, p < .05). In linewith the findings of the study, recommendations were proffered among which was that the Clergiesand relevant agencies should endeavour to ensure that their congregations and people are encouragedto treat the elderly appropriately especially in the restoration of their dignity by appropriate treatment.This can be done when the elderly are taken care of by their people as they cater for their most fragileneeds and demands; such as the need to be provided appropriate adequate meals, paying the elderlytheir entitlement of pension promptly, not compelling them to do poorly remunerated jobs amongmany others.

A systematic review and meta-analysis on the prevalence of dietary supplement use by military personnel.

BackgroundAlthough a number of studies have been conducted on the prevalence of dietary supplement (DS) use in military personnel, these investigations have not been previously summarized. This article provides a systematic literature review of this topic.MethodsLiterature databases, reference lists, and other sources were searched to find studies that quantitatively examined the prevalence of DS use in uniformed military groups. Prevalence data were summarized by gender and military service. Where there were at least two investigations, meta-analysis was performed using a random model and homogeneity of the prevalence values was assessed.ResultsThe prevalence of any DS use for Army, Navy, Air Force, and Marine Corps men was 55%, 60%, 60%, and 61%, respectively; for women corresponding values were 65%, 71%, 76%, and 71%, respectively. Prevalence of multivitamin and/or multimineral (MVM) use for Army, Navy, Air Force, and Marine Corps men was 32%, 46%, 47%, and 41%, respectively; for women corresponding values were 40%, 55%, 63%, and 53%, respectively. Use prevalence of any individual vitamin or mineral supplement for Army, Navy, Air Force, and Marine Corps men was 18%, 27%, 25%, and 24%, respectively; for women corresponding values were 29%, 36%, 40%, and 33%, respectively. Men in elite military groups (Navy Special Operations, Army Rangers, and Army Special Forces) had a use prevalence of 76% for any DS and 37% for MVM, although individual studies were not homogenous. Among Army men, Army women, and elite military men, use prevalence of Vitamin C was 15% for all three groups; for Vitamin E, use prevalence was 8%, 7%, and 9%, respectively; for sport drinks, use prevalence was 22%, 25% and 39%, respectively. Use prevalence of herbal supplements was generally low compared to vitamins, minerals, and sport drinks, ≤5% in most investigations.ConclusionsCompared to men, military women had a higher use prevalence of any DS and MVM. Army men and women tended to use DSs and MVM less than other service members. Elite military men appeared to use DSs and sport drinks more than other service members.

Effects of yoga training on blood pressure response during surya namaskar following eleven months of yoga practice in army men and yoga-trained individuals

Background and Aim: Surya namaskar (SN), a popular traditional Indian yogic practice, called sun salutations, is a series of 12 physical postures performed with controlled breathing. The present study was carried out to investigate the blood pressure (BP) response i.e., sympathetic reactivity during actual performance of SN at three different phases of yoga training for 11 months. Methods: It was an interventional study design where nine healthy, male, army volunteers were selected and imparted training in various yogic practices for 11 months. Their systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and mean arterial pressure (MAP) during actual performance of SN were measured after 3, 6 and 11 months of training. BP responses of army personnel were compared with those of yoga proficient ( n = 10) and semi-proficient ( n = 9) individuals. Results: Average SBP during SN in trainees (at different phases of the training), proficient and semi-proficient was 158.2, 141.3, 138.7, 152.4 and 155.9 mmHg, respectively. DBP and MAP during SN in trainees, proficient and semi-proficient were 98.9, 92.9, 86.9, 106.7 and 96 mmHg and 117.3, 105.7, 101.8, 122 and 115.9 mmHg, respectively. Conclusion: Training in yogic practices for 11 months brought about a substantial reduction of BP response i.e., sympathetic reactivity during actual performance of SN in a group of army soldiers. The training helped them to achieve the same level of proficiency with those of yoga proficient and semi-proficient individuals.