Armillaria Mellea Research Articles

Exploration of diverse secondary metabolites from Penicillium brasilianum by co-culturing with Armillaria mellea

Bioinformatic analysis revealed that the genomes of ubiquitous Penicillium spp. might carry dozens of biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs), yet many clusters have remained uncharacterized. In this study, a detailed investigation of co-culture fermentation including the basidiomycete Armillaria mellea CPCC 400891 and the P. brasilianum CGMCC 3.4402 enabled the isolation of five new compounds including two bisabolene-type sesquiterpenes (arpenibisabolanes A and B), two carotane-type sesquiterpenes (arpenicarotanes A and B), and one polyketide (arpenichorismite A) along with seven known compounds. The assignments of their structures were deduced by the extensive analyses of detailed spectroscopic data, electronic circular dichroism spectra, together with delimitation of the biogenesis. Most new compounds were not detected in monocultures under the same fermentation conditions. Arpenibisabolane A represents the first example of a 6/5-fused bicyclic bisabolene. The bioassay of these five new compounds exhibited no cytotoxic activities in vitro against three human cancer cell lines (A549, MCF-7, and HepG2). Moreover, sequence alignments and bioinformatic analysis to other metabolic pathways, two BGCs including Pb-bis and Pb-car, responsible for generating sesquiterpenoids from co-culture were identified, respectively. Furthermore, based on the chemical structures and deduced gene functions of the two clusters, a hypothetic metabolic pathway for biosynthesizing induced sesquiterpenoids was proposed. These results demonstrated that the co-culture approach would facilitate bioprospecting for new metabolites even from the well-studied microbes. Our findings would provide opportunities for further understanding of the biosynthesis of intriguing sesquiterpenoids via metabolic engineering strategies.Key points• Penicillium and Armillaria co-culture facilitates the production of diverse secondary metabolites• Arpenibisabolane A represents the first example of 6/5-fused bicyclic bisabolenes• A hypothetic metabolic pathway for biosynthesizing induced sesquiterpenoids was proposedGraphical

Jenis-Jenis Basidiomycetes di Kawasan Air Terjun Sando Kota Lubuklinggau

The aim of this research is to determine the types of basidiomycetes in the Sando Waterfall Area, Lubuklinggau City. This type of research is qualitative descriptive research. The research was conducted from September to December 2023 at Sando Waterfall, West Lubuklinggau I District, Lubuklinggau City. The method used in this research is a direct survey in the field by exploring the Sando Waterfall area. Data collection have made a brief description of the species and the habitat in which they were found. Species found are photographed to the identification process and data analysis used in this research is descriptive qualitative. The species found were identified using guidebooks about mushrooms, mushroom identification websites, and journals about mushrooms. Based on the research results, 18 species of macroscopic fungi were found, i.e. Tremidis sp., Polyporus squamosus, Ganoderma lucidum, Trametes lactinea, Armillaria mellea, Ganoderma applanatum, Ceriporus squamosus, Oudemansiella mucida, Microporus xanthopus, Galiella rufa, Trametes ochracea, Trametes gibbosa, Lentinus crinitus, Schizophyllum commune, Auricularia auricula, Phycnosporus sanguineus, Coprinus plicatilis, and Hexagonia tenuis. The habitat of these fungi is most often found in plant litter.

Evaluation of Antibiofilm, Antimicrobial, Cytotoxic and Antioxidant Effects of Some Wild Mushroom Species

In this study, ethanol extracts of some wild mushroom species, in the phylum Basidiomycota, [Armillaria mellea (Vahl) P. Kumm., Infundibulicybe geotropa (Bull.) Harmaja, Leucopaxillus gentianeus (Quél.) Kotl. and Trametes versicolor (L.) Lloyd] were tested for their antioxidant, antimicrobial, antibiofilm, and cytotoxic activities. Mushroom samples showed low antimicrobial activity on Enterococcus faecalis and Staphylococcus aureus, while biofilm inhibitory activity on test microorganisms ranging from 24.6% to 80.5%. At the end of the antioxidant activity studies A. mellea was the mushroom sample having the highest DPPH radical scavenging capacity (0.105±0.001 mg/mL) whereas T. versicolor was the one having the highest iron (III) ion reducing power (40.709±0.003 µg TE/100g). The highest polyphenol content was observed in T. versicolor (29.916±0.002 mg GAE/100g) samples, and the lowest in A. mellea (9.5±0.006 mg GAE/100g) samples. The cytotoxic effects of the samples were tested on MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 (breast cancer) and L929 (mouse fibroblast) cell lines using the MTT method. As a result, it was observed that A. mellea and T. versicolor samples were more effective on MCF-7 cell line, A. mellea on MDA-MB-231 cell line.

Mannogalactoglucan from mushrooms protects pancreatic islets via restoring UPR and promotes insulin secretion in T1DM mice

Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) lacks insulin secretion due to autoimmune deficiency of pancreatic β-cells. Protecting pancreatic islets and enhancing insulin secretion has been therapeutic approaches. Mannogalactoglucan is the main type of polysaccharide from natural mushroom, which has potential medicinal prospects. Nevertheless, the antidiabetic property of mannogalactoglucan in T1DM has not been fully elucidated. In this study, we obtained the neutral fraction of alkali-soluble Armillaria mellea polysaccharide (AAMP-N) with the structure of mannogalactoglucan from the fruiting body of A. mellea and investigated the potential therapeutic value of AAMP-N in T1DM. We demonstrated that AAMP-N lowered blood glucose and improved diabetes symptoms in T1DM mice. AAMP-N activated unfolded protein response (UPR) signaling pathway to maintain ER protein folding homeostasis and promote insulin secretion in vivo. Besides that, AAMP-N promoted insulin synthesis via upregulating the expression of transcription factors, increased Ca2+ signals to stimulate intracellular insulin secretory vesicle transport via activating calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinase II (CamkII) and cAMP/PKA signals, and enhanced insulin secretory vesicle fusion with the plasma membrane via vesicle-associated membrane protein 2 (VAMP2). Collectively, these studies demonstrated that the therapeutic potential of AAMP-N on pancreatic islets function, indicating that mannogalactoglucan could be natural nutraceutical used for the treatment of T1DM.

Elemental Composition of A Cultivated Mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) and Some Wild Mushroom Species

In the study, a cultivation mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) and some wild mushroom species (Schizophyllum commune, Pleurotus ostreatus, Lactarius deliciosus, Hebeloma sinapizans, Hygrophorus ligatus, Suillus luteus, Armillaria mellea, Coprinus comatus, Psathyrella candolleana, Russula torulosa, Trametes pubescens) were investigated in terms of elemental compositions. The wild mushroom species were collected from Trabzon province. Mg, Al, Si, P, S, Cl, K, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, I, Hf, Hg, Pb metal concentrations were determined using Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence (ED-XRF) device. The highest aliminium, silicium, vanadium, zirconium, iron and mercury were determined in Lactarius deliciosus. The highest potassium, arsenic, rubidium, iodine contents were determined in Hebeloma sinapizans. The highest manganese, zinc, lead contents were determined in Hygrophorus ligatus. The highest magnesium, chromium, nickel, yttrium contents were determined in Coprinus comatus. The highest titanium and selenium were determined in Psathyrella candolleana. The highest calcium and strontium were determined in Russula torulosa. The highest hafnium was determined in Schizophyllum commune. The highest phosphate was determined in Agaricus bisporus. The highest sulphur was determined in Armilleria mella. The highest copper was determined in Suillus lutesus. It was concluded that elemental composition of mushrooms was affected especially by mushroom specie.

Structure Elucidation and Immunoactivity Study of Armillaria mellea Fruiting Body Polysaccharides

Polysaccharides are the main nutritional constituents in the Armillaria mellea fruiting bodies. The structure and immunoactivity of Armillaria mellea polysaccharide are valuable to be determined for development. In the present study, two polysaccharides, including Armillaria mellea neutral polysaccharide (AMPN) and Armillaria mellea acidic polysaccharide (AMPA), were prepared and determined. AMPN and AMPA were separated and refined by the ion exchange column and gel chromatographycolumn. Analysis of AMPN and AMPA revealed molecular weights of 4.432 × 103 Da and 7.323 × 103 Da. The monosaccharide composition analysis revealed that AMPN was mainly composed of 68.3%glucose, while AMPA consisted primarily of glucose, mannose, and galactose, accompanied by 8.9% galacturonic acid and 3% fucose. Then, infrared spectra analysis, Congo red staining, methylation, and NMR spectroscopy analysis were conducted as a means to clarify the structure of AMPN and AMPA. The NMR spectra demonstrated that the two polysaccharides included both α and β-configuration glycosidic bonds. The Congo red experiment suggests that AMPN and AMPA all had obvious triple helix structures.The effects of AMPN and AMPA on immune repair ability were compared by immune deficiency mice. The activity experiment showed that AMPN and acidic polysaccharides extracted from the Armillaria fruiting body have biological immune activity. Among them, AMPA showed higher immune activity. These findings suggest that Armillaria mellea fruiting bodies may be used as a source of dietary supplements and functional products.

Full-length genome characterization of a novel mitovirus isolated from the root rot fungus Armillaria mellea.

Members of the genus Armillaria belong to the group of pathogenic and facultative saprotrophic fungi that are generally known as one of the causative agents of white root rot in infected plants including deciduous and evergreen trees and shrubs. Although several single-stranded RNA mycoviruses were previously described in different Armillaria species, there is no report on mitoviruses (one of the simplest RNA viruses of fungal hosts) known to infect Armillaria taxa. In this study, a new mitovirus denominated "Armillaria mellea mitovirus 1" (AmMV1) was identified in the sporophore samples of Armillaria mellea, commonly known as honey mushroom. AmMV1 has a genome length of 4440 nucleotides and a G + C content of 48%. It encompasses a single open reading frame (ORF) that encodes an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp). Comparison through BLASTp analysis revealed that the RdRp domain of AmMV1 shares a sequence identity ranging from 33.43% to 43.27% with RdRp domains of Duamitovirus genus members, having the highest similarity (43.27%) to Rhizoctonia solani mitovirus 94. According to phylogenetic analysis, AmMV1 is classified as a member of the genus Duamitovirus belonging to the Mitoviridae family. This marks the initial instance of a mitovirus identified in Armillaria spp..

UHPLC-MS-Based Metabolomics Reveal the Potential Mechanism of Armillaria mellea Acid Polysaccharide in and Its Effects on Cyclophosphamide-Induced Immunosuppressed Mice.

Armillaria mellea (Vahl) P. Kumm is commonly used for food and pharmaceutical supplements due to its immune regulatory function, and polysaccharides are one of its main components. The aim of this research is to study the immunological activity of the purified acidic polysaccharide fraction, namely, AMPA, isolated from Armillaria mellea crude polysaccharide (AMP). In this study, a combination of the immune activity of mouse macrophages in vitro and serum metabonomics in vivo was used to comprehensively explore the cell viability and metabolic changes in immune-deficient mice in the AMPA intervention, with the aim of elucidating the potential mechanisms of AMPA in the treatment of immunodeficiency. The in vitro experiments revealed that, compared with LPS-induced RAW264.7, the AMPA treatment elevated the levels of the cellular immune factors IL-2, IL-6, IgM, IgA, TNF-α, and IFN-γ; promoted the expression of immune proteins; and activated the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway to produce immunological responses. The protein expression was also demonstrated in the spleen of the cyclophosphamide immunosuppressive model in vivo. The UHPLC-MS-based metabolomic analysis revealed that AMPA significantly modulated six endogenous metabolites in mice, with the associated metabolic pathways of AMPA for treating immunodeficiency selected as potential therapeutic biomarkers. The results demonstrate that phosphorylated acetyl CoA, glycolysis, and the TCA cycle were mainly activated to enhance immune factor expression and provide immune protection to the body. These experimental results are important for the development and application of AMPA as a valuable health food or drug that enhances immunity.

COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE RHEOLOGICAL BEHAVIOR OF SOLUTIONS OF THE CHITIN-GLUCAN COM-PLEX FROM THE FRUIT BODIES OF ARMILLARIA MELLEA IN ACETIC AND HYDROGENIC ACID

The article is devoted to the study of the rheological properties of the chitin-glucan complex (CGC) in aqueous solutions of hydrochloric and acetic acids. The CGC sample was isolated from the fruiting bodies of the Armillaria mellea, biotechnologically obtained from an easily renewable plant material. The flow of solutions of chitin-glucan complex with a concentration of 1, 5, 10% (wt.) in hydrochloric acid and 1, 3, 5% (wt.) in acetic acid was studied by the method of rotational viscometry in the range from 10 s-1 to 1000 s-1 at temperatures from 20°C to 50°C. The values of the rheological coefficients of the Ostwald equation are determined. The phenomena of non-Newtonian viscosity anomalies are established. The high viscosity of solutions may be due to the presence of an internal supramolecular structure in solutions of the chitin-glucan complex. The predominantly pseudoplastic nature of the rheological behavior of the studied solutions is shown. The flow index in this case varies from 0,18 to 0,79 for solutions of the chitin-glucan complex in hydrochloric acid and from 0,01 to 0,47 in solutions of acetic acid with a concentration of 3 to 5% (wt.). The pseudoplastic flow mechanism of such solutions can be explained by the destruction of the internal structure of the solution with an increase in shear loads. The dilatant nature of the flow of CGC solutions in acetic acid at a concentration of 1% (wt.) at a shear rate of 10 to 100 s-1 was also revealed. The flow index in this case ranges from 1,28 to 1,57. The dilatant nature of the flow may be due to the predominance of the processes of formation of a new internal structure in solution over the destruction of the existing structure in solution at a low concentration of the chitin-glucan complex. The influence of temperature on the rheological behavior of solutions is strongly distorted by the influence of other factors.

Rapid In Vitro Screening of Prunus Genotypes for Resistance to Armillaria Root Rot Using Roots of Young Rootstocks

Armillaria root rot (ARR), caused by Armillaria species and Desarmillaria tabescens, is a severe disease that affects stone fruit trees in the United States. One strategy to mitigate the impact of this disease is to develop ARR-resistant rootstocks. However, current techniques to screen Prunus species for resistance to ARR are time-consuming, labor-intensive, and may not fully replicate field conditions. To address these limitations, we developed a new rapid in vitro screening assay, which uses roots of 2-year-old Prunus rootstock genotypes. We screened 12 Prunus genotypes against Armillaria mellea, Armillaria solidipes, and Desarmillaria tabescens in vitro. Freshly excavated root segments were placed next to or on top of fungal cultures. After 21 days, the circumferential percentage and horizontal length of the fungal colonization and the ability of the fungus to enter through root periderm were evaluated. The root tissue surrounding the infection was also evaluated to assess any response reactions against the ARR pathogens. Our results showed that inoculated root tissues displayed signs of fungal infection, and infection and host responses varied among the Prunus genotypes. Host responses similar to those observed in the field, such as compartmentalization of infected tissue with barrier zones, necrophylactic periderm formation, and callus formation on root surfaces, were observed and were more evident in less susceptible genotypes. In conclusion, our newly developed assay, which uses freshly excavated roots from 2-year-old rootstocks, can rapidly screen Prunus genotypes for resistance to ARR.

Honey Mushroom, Armillaria mellea (Agaricomycetes) and Its Fermentation Products Target Regulation of OAT1/OAT3 Proteins to Reduce Hyperuricemia in Mice.

Disorders of purine metabolism are the main cause of hyperuricemia. Current drugs for the treatment of hyperuricemia usually cause a degree of cardiovascular damage. This study aimed to investigate the therapeutic effects of Armillaria mellea fruiting body (AFB), Armillaria rhizomorph (AR) and Armillaria mellea fermentation product (after rhizomorphs removal) (AFP) on hyperuricemic mice. The hyperuricemia mouse model was established by oral administration of potassium oxonate 0.9 g⋅kg-1 and hypoxanthine 0.5 g⋅kg-1 for two weeks. Starting from the third week, the intragastric administration of the intervention drug group was as follows: Allopurinol 0.013 g⋅kg-1, AFB (3.9 and 7.8 g⋅kg-1), AR (3.9 and 7.8 g⋅kg-1), AFP (1.95 and 3.9 g⋅kg-1) once daily for 14 days. Results showed that AFB, AR, and AFP reduced the contents of serum uric acid, serum creatinine, and blood urea nitrogen in hyperuricemic mice and the mechanism of action might be through up-regulation of the expression levels of organic anion transporter 1/organic anion transporter 3 proteins in kidney tissue. AR and AFP both exhibited better uric acid-lowering effects than AFB, which may be due to the higher purine content of AFB. Armillaria mellea and its fermentation products can treat hyperuricemia by up-regulating OAT1 protein and OAT3 protein, reducing uric acid content in mice.

Current 137Cs accumulation by mushrooms in different site types of scots pine forests of Ukrainian Polissia

The study of 137Cs radioactive contamination of fruiting bodies of mushrooms was carried out in September - October 2022 in 18 sampling sites laid out in the Korosten district of Zhytomyr region in 3 of the most widespread forest site types (FST): fresh infertile pine site type (А2), fresh fairly infertile pine site type (В2) and moist fairly infertile pine site type (В3). It was found that the highest levels of 137Cs content in investigated FST were characteristic of symbiotrophic mushroom species - Сortinarius mucosus, Сortinarius caperatus, Sarcodon imbricatus, Imleria badia, Tricholoma equestre, Paxillus involutus, Hygrophorus hypothejus, and the lowest - for xylotrophes-saprotrophes such as Armillaria mellea and Tapinella atrotomentosa. When analyzed, it was shown that interspecific differences of average values of 137Cs aggregated transfer coefficient (Tag) among mushrooms in each FST varied in a wide range: they reached 1.1⋅103 times in FST-A2 - from 435 in Cortinarius mucosus to 0.4 m2⋅kg-1⋅10-3 in Armillaria mellea; 71.4 times - in FST-B2 - from 162 in Sarcodon imbricatus to 2.3 m2⋅kg-1⋅10-3 in Armillaria mellea; and 12 times - in FST-B3 - from 111 in Imleria badia to 9.2 m2⋅kg-1⋅10-3 in Leccinum scabrum. Also, it was shown that in genus Russula even in the same FST-B2 among five studied species a 24-fold change in average values of 137Cs Tag are observed - from 67 in Russula vinosa to 2.8 m2⋅kg-1⋅10-3 in Russula aeruginea. The results of ANOVA were discussed as well as the essentiality of the difference of the average values of Tag in mushroom species in different FST.

Various species of Basidiomycota fungi reveal different abilities to degrade pharmaceuticals and also different pathways of degradation

The presence of pharmaceuticals (PhACs) in the aquatic environment is an emerging problem worldwide. PhACs reach surface water via the effluents of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). WWTPs, although able to remove organic pollutants, do not always remove PhACs. Currently, in the treatment of sewage with the activated sludge method, numerous microorganisms are used, mostly bacteria. Nevertheless, these microorganisms are not resistant to many drug contaminants, and some may also pose a risk to human health. White-rot fungi (WRF), which degrade a wide spectrum of environmental pollutants, may be used as an alternative to microorganisms. However, little data exists comparing the removal of various PhACs by different WRF. In this study, we aimed to determine the ability of three WRF Basidiomycota species, Armillaria mellea, Phanerochaete chrysosporium, and Pleurotus ostreatus, to remove PhACs from various therapeutic groups over the course of 1 h–4 days. Additionally, we identified the fungal metabolites of PhACs, proposed the degradation pathways, and assessed the toxicity of the post-culture media.All selected WRF removed PhACs, but the degree of removal depended on WRF species and PhACs type. Antidepressants and immunosuppressants were removed most efficiently by P. ostreatus, cardiovascular drugs and sulfamethoxazole by A. mellea, and erythromycin by P. chrysosporium. The vast differences observed highlight the need for more intensive testing of different WRF species to select the best species for removing pharmaceuticals of interest. The structure of metabolites generated during degradation strongly depended on WRF species, but the most frequent xenobiotic transformations were oxidation and dealkylation. The obtained results gave insight into the substrate specificity of selected WRF while also providing a broad extension of the knowledge of pharmaceutical degradation by A. mellea.

Transcriptomics reveal the genetic coordination of early defense to Armillaria root rot (ARR) in Prunus spp.

Armillaria root rot (ARR) poses a significant threat to the long-term productivity of stone-fruit and nut crops in the predominant production area of the United States. To mitigate this issue, the development of ARR-resistant and horticulturally-acceptable rootstocks is a crucial step towards the maintenance of production sustainability. To date, genetic resistance to ARR has been found in exotic plum germplasm and a peach/plum hybrid rootstock, 'MP-29'. However, the widely-used peach rootstock Guardian® is susceptible to the pathogen. To understand the molecular defense mechanisms involved in ARR resistance in Prunus rootstocks, transcriptomic analyses of one susceptible and two resistant Prunus spp. were performed using two causal agents of ARR, including Armillaria mellea and Desarmillaria tabescens. The results of in vitro co-culture experiments revealed that the two resistant genotypes showed different temporal response dynamics and fungus-specific responses, as seen in the genetic response. Gene expression analysis over time indicated an enrichment of defense-related ontologies, including glucosyltransferase activity, monooxygenase activity, glutathione transferase activity, and peroxidase activity. Differential gene expression and co-expression network analysis highlighted key hub genes involved in the sensing and enzymatic degradation of chitin, GSTs, oxidoreductases, transcription factors, and biochemical pathways likely involved in Armillaria resistance. These data provide valuable resources for the improvement of ARR resistance in Prunus rootstocks through breeding.

Bioaccumulation and Health Risk Assessment of Nickel Uptake by Five Wild Edible Saprotrophic Mushroom Species Collected from Croatia

The current study investigates the bioaccumulation potential of the heavy metal nickel (Ni) in five edible saprotrophic mushroom species (Agaricus campestris L., Armillaria mellea (Vahl) P.Kumm., Clitocybe inversa (Sowerby) Vizzini, Clitocybe nebularis (Batsch), P.Kumm., and Macrolepiota procera (Scop.) Singer) collected from seven forest locations (Trakoscan, Medvednica, Petrova gora, Skrad, Krk, Labinstina, and Motovun) of Croatia. For this purpose, forest soil and mushroom samples (cap and stipe) were collected from January to December 2021 and analyzed using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES). The results showed that all soil samples showed an occurrence of Ni, ranging from 1.62 to 3.55 mg/Kg. On the other hand, the cap parts of all five mushroom species showed a higher Ni content as compared to those in the stipe parts. Overall, there is a substantial positive association between soil Ni availability and the mean Ni concentration (mg/Kg) in the cap and stipe parts of A. campestris (3.08 and 2.22), A. mellea (2.59 and 1.55), C. inversa (2.38 and 1.75), C. nebularis (2.56 and 1.91), and M. procera (2.94 and 1.94). Multivariate analyses using principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) showed that the Skrad and Petrova gora locations had the highest Ni contents in the selected mushroom species. Moreover, the estimated daily intake of Ni from consuming these mushrooms was below the threshold limits as suggested by dietary intake modeling (DIM) and health risk index (HRI) values. Therefore, this study emphasizes the importance of examining the Ni bioaccumulation potential of wild edible mushrooms, as well as the health hazards associated with their consumption, which are useful for food safety rules and recommendations.

Crude Polysaccharides from Wild-Growing Armillaria mellea—Chemical Composition and Antidiabetic, Anti-Inflammatory, Antioxidant, and Antiproliferative Potential

Armillaria mellea is a commonly harvested and consumed mushroom in Poland. Several activities of polysaccharides from this species have already been reported. However, polysaccharides from A. mellea growing in the wild in Poland have not yet been investigated. This study was conducted to obtain a crude polysaccharide fraction (AmPS) and investigate its chemical composition and biological properties. Our research suggests that A. mellea is a valuable source of polysaccharides, including β-glucans. 1H NMR and high-performance capillary electrophoresis analysis of AmPS revealed the occurrence of polysaccharides consisted of myo-inositol, mannitol, fucose, galactose, glucose, and mannose. Proteins, uronic acids, and phenolics were present only in trace amounts in the AmPS. The AmPS fraction was found to exhibit strong α-glucosidase inhibitory activity; however, no activity in relation to α-amylase was detected. The fraction was also able to inhibit pro-inflammatory enzymes, i.e., lipoxygenase, cyclooxygenase, and hyaluronidase. Moderate antioxidant and antiradical activity of AmPS was revealed by the ORAC and ABTS assay, respectively. The AmPS fraction was found to have antiproliferative potential against gastric and colorectal cancer cell lines (AGS, HT-29). These findings suggest that AmPS may be considered a health-beneficial food ingredient. Since A. mellea is a commonly known edible mushroom with a long tradition of use, its polysaccharides may be considered safe components for direct consumption or production of nutraceuticals.

Chemical sensitivity phenome of an Armillaria mellea isolate determined using phenotype microarrays and potential use of caffeine-rich wastes for disease control

Armillaria fungi are frequently documented as economically and ecologically significant plant pathogens, recognised as the causal agents of Armillaria root rot disease. Armillaria mellea is one of the most aggressive pathogens in the Armillaria genus. None of the chemicals tested against Armillaria have been effective in fully eradicating an established A. mellea mycelium from an infection site and/or preventing plant mortality, which makes studies about the chemical sensitivity of A. mellea essential. In this work, the inhibitory effects of 120 different chemical agents on the growth rate of A. mellea were examined using the Biolog Phenotype MicroArray system of chemical sensitivity panels. Among the tested substances, aromatic and membrane function compounds showed the highest inhibitory activity against A. mellea. Interestingly, our results demonstrated promising potential for application of caffeine as an A. mellea-oriented fungicide. Further studies were conducted to explore the antifungal activity of a low-cost and locally available caffeine-rich waste, i.e. spent coffee grounds (SCG) against A. mellea. It is noteworthy that the hyphal growth of A. mellea was significantly inhibited when cultivated on malt extract agar supplemented with SCG. Current findings uncovered, for the first time, the potential use of caffeine-rich wastes for designing management strategies to practically control the spread of A. mellea.

Critical review of the phytochemical profiles and health-promoting effects of the edible mushroom Armillaria mellea.

Research on the nutritional and medicinal properties of wild edible mushrooms has witnessed a significant surge in recent years. Among these mushrooms, Armillaria mellea (AM) stands out due to its abundant biologically active components. The presence of biological compounds in AM, including carbohydrates, sterols, fatty acids, sesquiterpenes, non-hallucinogenic indole compounds and adenosine derivatives, has been demonstrated in previous studies. Notably, specific bioactive substances isolated from AM, such as armillarikin, have exhibited promising anticancer effects. In vitro studies have elucidated the mechanisms behind these effects, further emphasizing the potential of AM in cancer treatment. Consequently, the objective of this study is to provide a comprehensive overview of the phytochemical profiles of AM while thoroughly investigating its therapeutic benefits. Moreover, this research has uncovered novel and effective treatments, including the utilization of ultrasonic disruption extraction in food processing. These findings highlight the potential of AM as a functional food with possible medical applications. By exploring AM's phytochemical composition and therapeutic effects, this study aims to contribute to a deeper understanding of its potential as a valuable natural resource.

Chemical Characterization and Bioactive Properties of the Edible and Medicinal Honey Mushroom Armillaria mellea (Agaricomycetes) from Serbia

Honey mushroom, Armillaria mellea, is an edible and medicinal lignicolous basidiomycete. In this study, we investigated the chemical composition and bioactive properties of its methanolic and acetonic extracts. The chemical characterization of extracts was done with the HPLC-DAD-MS/MS method. The results showed that potassium was the most abundant mineral; chlorogenic acid was the most abundant polyphenol; malic acid was the most abundant organic acid; and among carbohydrates, the most abundant were sorbitol, glucose, fructose, and saccharose. Antioxidative activity was assessed by DPPH (IC50 of the methanolic extract was 608.32 μg/mL and of the acetonic extract 595.71 μg/mL) and reducing power assays (the results ranged between 0.034 and 0.102 μg/mL). Total phenolic content was determined as gallic acid equivalent (methanolic extract: 4.74 mg GAE/g; acetonic extract: 5.68 mg GAE/g). The microdilution assay was used to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of the extracts, and the results ranged from 1.25 to 20 mg/mL. The antidiabetic effect of the extracts was tested by the α-amylase (the results ranged from 34.90% to 41.98%) and α-glucosidase assays (the results were in the range of 0.55-2.79%). The neuroprotective activity was explored by the acetylcholinesterase inhibition assay (the results were in the range of 1.94-7.76%). The microtetrazolium assay was used to investigate the cytotoxic activity of the extracts (the IC50 values ranged from 212.06 to > 400 μg/mL). Although some results suggest that some activities of the extracts are relatively moderate, the honey mushroom can still be considered an excellent source of food and bioactive compounds with medicinal value.

CHANGE IN THE CONCENTRATION OF HEAVY METALS IN MUSHROOMS FOR THEIR PRESERVATION

The article presents the results of studies on the concentration of heavy metals in edible mushrooms (Suillus luteus (Lat.), Lactarius deliciosus (Lat.), Armillaria mellea (Lat.), harvested in the conditions of the SE "Vinnytsia Forestry", and the hazard ratio of these toxicants for the human body is determined. The purpose of the research was to study changes in the concentration of heavy metals (lead, cadmium, zinc, copper) in mushrooms during their preservation in marinade. A comparative assessment of the concentration of lead, cadmium, zinc, and copper in fresh and preserved in marinade was carried out. Changes in the concentration of lead, cadmium, zinc, and copper in mushrooms and their hazard ratio during their preservation in marinade are shown. A different intensity of accumulation of heavy metals was revealed by the mushrooms Suillus luteus (Lat.), Lactarius deliciosus (Lat.) and Armillaria mellea (Lat.), collected in the conditions of the studied forest area. It was established that the highest content of lead and cadmium was found in Suillus luteus (Lat.), and zinc and copper in Lactarius deliciosus (Lat.). A lower concentration of lead by 1.14 times, 1.29 and 1.08 times, cadmium – by 1.62 times, 1.68 and 1.4 times, zinc was found in Suillus luteus (Lat.) - 1.2 times, 1.4 and 1.1 times, copper - 1.3 times, 2.2 and 1.8 times, compared to mushrooms before their processing and canning. Similar changes were found in the hazard ratio of lead, cadmium, zinc and copper in mushrooms preserved in marinade. In particular, the hazard ratio of lead, cadmium, zinc, and copper was lower in Suillus luteus (Lat.) by 1.55 times, 1.62, 1.25, and 2.1 times; Lactarius deliciosus (Lat.) - 1.29 times, 1.68, 1.43 and 2.9 times; Armillaria mellea (Lat.) - 1.08 times, 1.4, 1.17 and 1.88 times, respectively, compared to fresh mushrooms.