Armament Systems Research Articles

Effect of Product Quality and Promotion on Purchasing Decisions

As a nation endowed with a diverse cultural heritage and vast reserves of natural resources, Indonesia requires the acquisition and utilization of state-of-the-art defense equipment and technology. The Panzer Anoa is a military armored vehicle manufactured by a company specializing in the production of armament systems and commercial products. This vehicle serves the purpose of personnel transportation, commonly referred to as armored personnel carriers (APCs). Over the past three years, there has been a noticeable decrease in the sales of the Panzer Anoa, a product manufactured by a company producing Main Equipment Armament Systems and commercial goods. According to the data provided by the company operating in the Main Armament System Equipment industry and commercial products, 25 units were sold within three years. This figure falls significantly short of the predetermined target of 72 units, resulting in a sales percentage of merely 34.72%. The study employed a quantitative research methodology characterized by a descriptive and verification approach. The sample consisted of 54 respondents selected using a stratified random sampling technique. In gathering supporting data and information, primary data is utilized, specifically in the form of questionnaire data directly obtained from a company operating in Armament Systems Primary Equipment and commercial products. The study's findings demonstrated that each statement item exhibited validity, as indicated by values exceeding 0.30 and reliability, with results surpassing 0.60. The study findings indicate that the product quality factor exhibited a high significance level, with a coefficient of 0.981. Similarly, the promotion factor strongly influenced the purchase decision, as evidenced by its coefficient of 0.977. Furthermore, the purchase decision itself was found to be significantly influenced by various factors, with a coefficient of the t-test yielded T count values of 3.981 (p < 0.001) and 2.826 (p < 0.001), both of which exceed the critical T table value of 2.007. attributable to other factors. Another factor that has yet to be examined is the value of 0.263, or 26.3%. Furthermore, it is noteworthy that the influence of product quality is more pronounced, with a total effect of 0.4361 or 43.61%, compared to the total effect of promotion, which stands at 0.3002 or 30.02%. It is advisable for companies operating in the Armament System Primary Equipment and commercial products sector to place a high emphasis on product quality. These results can be achieved by consistently enhancing the features of the Anoa Panzer and streamlining its operational processes.

SUBSTANTIATION OF A GENERALIZED MODEL OF THE FUNCTIONING OF A PROMISING INFORMATION AND MEASUREMENT SYSTEM FOR COLLECTING AND PROCESSING INFORMATION

The level of development of the defense sector directly depends on the degree of accumulation of knowledge in the latest technologies and the efficiency of this process, since the accumulation of the results of yesterday's scientific achievements cannot bring the state to new high technologies today or in the future.
 With the ever-increasing amount of information to be processed to make effective decisions, as well as the shrinking time to make a decision (this is especially true for systems operating in real time), the use of automation tools in the era of armament systems development is a necessity.
 The use of the mathematical theory of research planning allows us to develop a coherent logical scheme and develop optimal conditions for solving all stages of determining the movement of an air object.
 Based on the results of measurement processing and analysis, the correctness of the object's functioning is assessed. These operations are interdependent. If the experiment reveals a malfunction, an additional analysis is performed to localize the defects and determine their causes, after which appropriate modifications are made to the facility and, if necessary, changes are made to the test program and methodology.
 The concept of a mathematical model is now widely used to describe the processes occurring in complex technical systems. A mathematical model is built on the basis of a comprehensive analysis of the system's behavior and extensive use of statistical research results. It must be complete enough to adequately describe the system, but also simple enough to allow the resulting algorithms to be implemented on electronic computers.
 In addition, in order to perform measurement processing, i.e. to obtain estimates of measured values, and the experiment as a whole, to determine the estimation of characteristics describing the object, it is necessary to know the structure and statistical characteristics of the signal that is being processed. Measurement information can be a continuous random process, a discrete random process, a continuous or discrete random sequence. The measurement information of a multidimensional information and measurement system is described in the form of discrete random sequences.

Preface

The 2022 International Symposium on Advanced Launch Technologies took place in a hybrid format (virtually and physically) during 4-6 July 2022 at the Shaanxi Hotel, Xi’an, in the People’s Republic of China. It was organised as a hybrid conference due to the pandemic and travel restrictions. By holding part of it in virtual format, a greater number of scientists and engineers worldwide could participate. The objectives of the conference were to disseminate details on the latest developments in launch technologies. The scope of the conference included fire control technologies, unmanned launch and anti-aircraft technologies, new materials, command and communications technologies, and applications of artificial intelligence.The two Chairs of the conference were the following:Professor Kuiwu Li, Northwest Institute of Mechanical & Electrical Engineering, China;Clive Woodley, Principal Scientist, UK.The conference comprised an Opening Ceremony followed by plenary lectures. A Closing Ceremony was conducted at the end of the conference. In addition, papers were submitted and reviewed for publication in the conference proceedings. Each plenary lecture was 30 minutes long including questions. Details of the opening ceremony and plenary lectures are provided below: Opening Ceremony (5 minutes each): Chunjian Li, China;Clive Woodley, UK. Plenary lectures: 1. Ying Tan, Peking University, China. Title: “Advances in Swarm Intelligence for Optimization and Cooperation of Swarm-Robotics”2. Vladimír Čech, University of Defence, Brno, Czech Republic. Title: “Improved Artillery Fire Coorections for Deviations of Meterorological Parameters”.3. Juan Antonio Álvarez García, University of Seville, Spain. Title: “AI Application in Armament Systems”.4. Qiang Li, North University of China, China. Title: “Analysis of Shock Characteristics of Supercritical CO2”. Closing Ceremony (5 minutes): Clive Woodley The participants were located in Asia and Europe and the overall attendance number was about 200. The number of papers accepted was 176.List of Organizing Committee is available in this Pdf.

Troop camouflage detection based on deep action learning

<p><span lang="EN-US">Detecting troop camouflage on the battlefield is crucial to beat or decide in critical situations to survive. This paper proposed a hybrid model based on deep action learning for camouflage recognition and detection. To involve deep action learning in this proposed system, deep learning based on you only look once (YOLOv3) with SquezeeNet and the fourth steps on action learning were engaged. Following the successful formulation of the learning cycle, an instrument examines the environment and performance in action learning with qualitative weightings; specific target detection experiments with view angle, target localization, and the firing point procedure were performed. For each deep action learning cycle, the complete process is divided into planning, acting, observing, and reflecting. If the results do not meet the minimal passing grade after the first cycle, the cycle will be repeated until the system succeeds in the firing point. Furthermore, this study found that deep action learning could enhance intelligence over earlier camouflage detection methods, while maintaining acceptable error rates. As a result, deep action learning could be used in armament systems if the environment is properly identified.</span></p>

Investigations of Middle-Caliber Anti-Aircraft Cannon Interior Ballistics including Heat Transfer Problem in Estimation of Critical Burst Length

Numerical and experimental investigations of armament systems are an important part of modern design processes. The presented paper reports problems that were encountered on the theoretical analysis of the performance of 35 mm anti-aircraft cannon and the way in which they were solved. The first problem concerns the application of results of closed vessel tests of used propellant in interior ballistics simulations. The use of a nonstandard form of the gas generation rate equation solved this problem. The second problem concerned the assessment of projectile–barrel interaction. The barrel resistance was estimated making use of finite element analysis. The third problem arose from the need to determine the heat transfer from propellant gases to the barrel. The employed formula for the heat exchange coefficient and 2D modelling of the heat conduction in the barrel provided the solution. Selected elements of the theoretical model were validated by shooting range experiments and data provided by the ammunition producer. Using the considered approach, crucial ballistic parameters (maximum propellant gas pressure and muzzle velocity) were estimated with an error of less than 6.0%, without application of additional fitting coefficients. The numerical estimation of the barrel external surface temperature provided a relative discrepancy with the experimental data lower than 6% and enabled the estimation of the critical burst length, equal to 14 shots.

Modeling of the Missile Launch Dynamic Processes in Short-Range Air Defense System

Armament systems such as guns, launchers simulators are effective tools for training armed forces personnel. A firearm is a complex biomechanical system, so the best quality of training is achieved when training in a simulator, repeating the dynamic processes of the weapon by simulating the perception of real weapon use (feeling). The paper investigates the dynamic and stability properties of the short-range air defense system RBS-70. The RBS-70 short-range air defense system is designed to combat low-flying air targets. The purpose of this paper is to present the physical and mathematical models with com numerical dynamic simulation of the launcher in the first phase of missile flight. The theoretical model was formulated in the vertical plane and verified by the numerical modeling simulation.

Aircraft armament – Polish traditions and achievements

Military aviation does not serve solely for defending our own country's airspace; it is also use to ensure transport, evacuation, and rescue, also to perform protective tasks to the military as well as public and communications infrastructure of the country. The paper presents history of polish aircraft armament development. It consists the beginning of aviation in Poland and then development of polish military aviation armament during interwar and postwar period. Special attention is paid to recent developments of the polish technological know-how in this area. Authors emphasize contribution polish research and industrial centers in aircraft armament new design development, existing armament modernization as well as maintenance efficiency improvement of armament systems. Future of aircraft armament in Polish Armed Forces imply necessity of replacement of post Russian equipment by procurement of modern aircraft armament systems and development -implementation projects in order to achieve advance in polish aircraft weaponry.

Instrument militarny polityki zagranicznej państwa

<p>Znaczenie siły militarnej po zakończeniu zimnej wojny zostało ograniczone. Jednocześnie zakres instrumentów militarnych ulegał stopniowemu rozszerzeniu. Znaczący wpływ na zaistniałą sytuację wywarł rozwój technologiczny i wprowadzanie nowych systemów uzbrojenia oraz wzrost znaczenia podmiotów niepaństwowych, które stanowią zagrożenie, w większym stopniu dla społeczeństw, niż samych państw. Kwestia ta przełożyła się na formę wykorzystania instrumentu militarnego w polityce zagranicznej państw.</p><p>Niniejszy artykuł zawiera analizę pojęcia „instrument militarny”. Scharakteryzowane zostaną także formy wykorzystania instrumentu militarnego w polityce zagranicznej państwa. W niniejszym artykule poddano weryfikacji dwie hipotezy. Po pierwsze, formy wykorzystania instrumentu militarnego polityki zagranicznej państwa są dynamicznym procesem i ulegają stopniowemu poszerzeniu. Po drugie, mimo iż dominują pośrednie formy wykorzystania instrumentu militarnego, to jednak pojawiają się nowe możliwości, w tym związane z bezpośrednim użyciem sił zbrojnych o niskiej intensywności, tj. poniżej progu wojny.</p>

Experimental and Theoretical Aspects Regarding Design and Testing of Thermobaric Munitions for Recoilless Armament Systems

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to present theoretical and experimental aspects regarding the design and testing of a thermobaric unguided fin-stabilized reactive projectile destined to be fired from a recoilless smoothbore gun, namely the anti-tank grenade launcher SPG-9 (AG-9). Some theoretical aspects regarding thermobaric explosive mechanism are presented and experimental determinations are made considering the relation between the explosive core and the overall calibre of the munition. The interior and exterior ballistics of the munitions are estimated by mathematical models and the results are validated through experimental firings with the prototype munition. The destructive effect of the munition is estimated by real firings against buildings and structures

Adaptive Testing of DoD Systems with Binary Response

The U.S. Army Armament Research, Development, and Engineering Center (ARDEC) is the Army's center for lethality, supporting the majority of armament systems for the U.S. military. ARDEC's professio...

A two-degree-of-freedom of motion mechanical oscillatory system with excitation and limit cycle oscillation: Automatic armament case

This paper presents a numerical analysis of motion dynamics of a two-degree-of-freedom of motion rectilinear oscillatory system with the motion limitations and forced excitation. The analysis of a mechanical-mathematical model with discontinued parameters is based on the numerical integration of differential equations. The forced oscillatory system has been implemented in two automatic armament systems of 12.7mm and 20mm calibers, which have been installed in the light propeller aircraft and transport-combat helicopter. The motion parameters - movement and velocity and forces have been measured on the stand. Motion parameters and force computations were compliant with the analogous values measured on the designed systems. The mechanical-mathematical model of system dynamics can be used for a prediction of the behaviour of a two-degree-of-freedom of the motion system in the stage of parameters adjustment, prior to the design of system elements. The description of the measurement and used equipment is presented as well as a possible way of further work.

F-16 Virtual Cockpit: A Project on Computer-Aided Learning and the Application of Integrated Diagnostics: Part II

Part II of the publication concerns the next module of the project on the virtual cockpit. It is a very useful and handy educational tool for young flying adepts and ground personnel who can improve their knowledge about F-16 on-board operations on avionics and armament systems. The students (pilots and technicians) can also get familiar with integrated on-board diagnostics subsystems. Moreover, the paper examines a possibility of analysing malfunctions and faults faced during flight and within the process of maintenance.

Where's the beer? a paradigm shift in flight-line armament testing

Air Force armament maintainers like their beer and they definitely love their beercans. Prior to loading live weapons on an aircraft, maintainers are required to verify that no stray voltages are present on the armament systems and that firing signals are functioning properly. In the Air Force world, this is done with a small, battery- operated tester called an Armament Circuits Pre-Load Test Set, commonly referred to as a beercan due to its shape and size. The typical beercan is a rudimentary test set with few capabilities and limited performance. The beercan's function verifies that firing signals including magnitude and timing are valid for a launch procedure. The typical beercan only has one or two measurement channels, necessitating the manual switching of various adapters to enable testing of multiple signals. Typical beercans also lack the ability to emulate weapon signals, precluding any effective smart weapons testing by beercans.

Managing Strategic Changes Through DEEP Reforms: A View from the Perspective of U.S.–Armenia “Smart Power” Cooperation

Education is a systematic process of forming the fundamental ability to think analytically, incorporating both basic and specialized knowledge. Therefore, in the armed forces of leading countries of the world, the field of military education and personnel management is regarded as a primary factor for ensuring the efficiency of the defense security system and the combat capability of the military.Defense education reforms are a significant part of the overall reforms being implemented in the defense security sector in Armenia that are helping bring both more credibility and accountability into the Armenian Armed Forces and the National Security System on the whole. The importance of defense education has grown significantly within recent years due to the introduction of sophisticated new armament systems. Current military standards demand a new level of requirements for both soldiers and officers, and military professional education is one of the most important tools to help prepare highly qualified personnel who will be capable of implementing different tasks in the rapidly changing atmosphere of the modern battlefield.The cause and the essence of these innovations are not only due to hard power subsystem dynamics, but also require accepting the fundamentally new orientation in thinking about security that is not exclusively based on threat assessments and a presumed hard power response, as was the case in the past. Over the past decade, after the Prague NATO Summit, Armenia has employed comparative analysis and innovative decision making to smoothly turn its defense security thinking toward a goal-oriented approach that synthesizes both soft and hard security dimensions within one holistic smart power-oriented defense security policymaking system. The other important dimension of these improvements is a gradual transition from an obsolete apparatchik mode of Stalinist-style military governance of the Ministry of Defense to a modern leadership and management culture characterized by the redistribution of powers between defensepolicy institutions and military bodies and the delegation of power and duties to lower tiers in the hierarchy.In the United States, the system of professional military education (PME) must meet certain basic requirements, namely that it should be comprehensive, systemic, consistent, realistic, effective, and unanimous in concept, terms, goals, challenges, and opportunities. The U.S. system is familiar to me, due to my five and a half years of Defense, Army, Air Force, and Navy Attache service as well as having held academic fellowships at the Defense Language Institute in San Antonio, Harvard University's National Security Program, the National Defense University, RAND, and the Marshall Center for Security Studies. PME training places constant tension on the mind, will, and body, giving great attention to physical fitness and its major role in service activity of all categories of personnel.The Early Stages of Armenia's Defense Education Sector DevelopmentThe formation of Armenia's armed forces coincided with what was probably the most difficult and stressful period of modern Armenian history: the transition from a Sovietstyle totalitarian regime to independent national statehood oriented around the values of liberal democracy. Drafting the main design of the Armenian Army simultaneously with the establishment of Armenian independent statehood became a challenge that needed to be addressed precisely, given the conditions of extreme uncertainty that characterized the dynamics of the post-Soviet system of global, regional, and national security. It was a matter of great responsibility and commitment for me to be ordered by the leadership of the newly born Ministry of Defense to develop the Basics of Military Policy of the Republic of Armenia, published in 1992 as the first military-political national document outlining the doctrinal content and strategic caliber of an independent Armenia. …

Bayesian Reliability—Growth Analysis for Statistical of Diverse Population Based on Non-homogeneous Poisson Process

New armament systems are subjected to the method for dealing with multi-stage system reliability-growth statistical problems of diverse population in order to improve reliability before starting mass production. Aiming at the test process which is high expense and small sample-size in the development of complex system,the specific methods are studied on how to process the statistical information of Bayesian reliability growth regarding diverse populations. Firstly,according to the characteristics of reliability growth during product development,the Bayesian method is used to integrate the testing information of multi-stage and the order relations of distribution parameters. And then a Gamma-Beta prior distribution is proposed based on non-homogeneous Poisson process(NHPP) corresponding to the reliability growth process. The posterior distribution of reliability parameters is obtained regarding different stages of product,and the reliability parameters are evaluated based on the posterior distribution. Finally,Bayesian approach proposed in this paper for multi-stage reliability growth test is applied to the test process which is small sample-size in the astronautics filed. The results of a numerical example show that the presented model can make use of the diverse information synthetically,and pave the way for the application of the Bayesian model for multi-stage reliability growth test evaluation with small sample-size. The method is useful for evaluating multi-stage system reliability and making reliability growth plan rationally.

1.6.4 Synthesizing the Organizational System

AbstractAll Change is inevitable. The pace at which change transpires and the complexity of that change is dependent upon the: Number of concurrent change drivers Degree to which the drivers are instituted Cultural acceptance of the drivers Capacity (Resources) to implement the change, and Application of system synthesisAt BAE Systems Land & Armaments, Armament Systems, the realization that the numerous initiatives and business drivers required for our business unit to become world class, required the combining of separate elements to form a coherent whole; system synthesis. Synthesizing the organization is a key to intelligent enterprise, since it is lean, adaptive, and agile.The major initiatives and business drivers used for illustration of our organizational system in this presentation include: Armament System's Business Process Model International Standards Organization (ISO) Standards BAE Systems corporate flow down of their Life Cycle Management processes, and Capability Maturity Model Integrated (CMMI®)This presentation addresses how CMMI® acted as an enabler, to help drive the synthesis of our business initiatives in pursuit of an integrated organizational system. The interaction of these multiple forces results in a combined effect that is greater than the sum of their individual effects. CMMI® has acted as the change agent to drive cooperative interaction among our internal groups and is aiding in our business units' transition as a recently acquired BAE Systems unit. CMMI® provides a common language of communication and lays the foundation for the interconnected links among the elements.

Electrothermal Chemical (ETC) Armament System Integration Into a Combat Vehicle

On August 18, 2004, BAE Systems achieved an industry first when we successfully fired a 120-mm electrothermal chemical (ETC) gun from a hybrid electric drive combat vehicle. This achievement, using a fully integrated 100-kJ pulsed power supply, was accomplished through a Cooperative Research and Development Agreement with the U.S. Army's Armament Research, Development and Engineering Center (ARDEC). ARDEC is the U.S. Army's center of excellence for armament systems development. The comprehensive series of tests demonstrated that pulsed power can be safely integrated into a combat vehicle. Both ETC and conventional rounds were fired in the same salvo via a round selection command issued through the vehicle's fire control system. An autoloader was employed to load the rounds and to eject the stub cases from the vehicle. The fully automatic breech power connection was designed so the electrical energy delivered from the pulsed power system reached only the propellant and no part of the cannon or vehicle

8.4.1 Supportability Analysis Process Flow

AbstractUnited Defense, L.P., Armament Systems Division has developed a process that improves the accuracy of reliability, maintainability, and supportability analyses during the design cycle. These analyses rely heavily on initial assumptions in calculating key parameters and serve as the basis for determining spares, manpower, maintenance policy, etc and ultimately the estimate for system Total Life Cycle Cost (TLCC). Because of this, it is imperative that the initial assumptions be realistic and credible. We found that by modeling and simulating the design against the customer's specific mission profile, we can obtain realistic credible results, permitting the program to make cost effective supportability decisions early in the system design cycle.This paper presents the process and related tasks used in developing the supportability analysis in order to obtain realistic supportability results. Also, this paper discusses the benefits of the approach and draws a comparison between the traditional methodology and this new process.

COATINGS EVALUATION USING A VENTED COMBUSTOR

Characterization of protective coatings in their development stages is a costly process. This paper will focus on an experimental, economic, sub-scale method used to compare the suitability of several candidate gun tube bore coatings. The paper addresses a methodology to effectively evaluate coatings in the environment of a vented combustor. Although the discussion is specific to damage caused by propellant combustion, the test procedure can be used to discern the integrity of protective coatings used in applications other than armament systems.

Measurements of Gun Tube Motion and Muzzle Pointing Error of Main Battle Tanks

Beginning in 1990, the US Army Aberdeen Test Center (ATC) began testing a prototype cannon mounted in a non-armored turret fitted to an M1A1 Abrams tank chassis. The cannon design incorporated a longer gun tube as a means to increase projectile velocity. A significant increase in projectile impact dispersion was measured early in the test program. Through investigative efforts, the cause of the error was linked to the increased dynamic bending or flexure of the longer tube observed while the vehicle was moving. Research and investigative work was conducted through a collaborative effort with the US Army Research Laboratory, Benet Laboratory, Project Manager – Tank Main Armament Systems, US Army Research and Engineering Center, and Cadillac Gage Textron Inc. New test methods, instrumentation, data analysis procedures, and stabilization control design resulted through this series of investigations into the dynamic tube flexure error source. Through this joint research, improvements in tank fire control design have been developed to improve delivery accuracy. This paper discusses the instrumentation implemented, methods applied, and analysis procedures used to characterize the tube flexure during dynamic tests of a main battle tank and the relationship between gun pointing error and muzzle pointing error.