Types Of Arguments Research Articles

Argumentation through narrative

The paper analyzes the way in which narratives are used in argumentation. The theoretical part is divided into two subsections – argumentation and narrative - both presented in terms of theories and functions. The practical part is based on the transcription of a training course organized by an insurance company. The aim of the analysis is to study the way in which argumentative stories can be used in a formal setting, by identifying the type of argument, the part played in it by the story, and the function the story has in the structure of the argument.

Elements of universal jurisdiction in criminal matters: Rome statute (1998) and domestic law in the Colombian case

The process of defining competences for the repression of serious attacks against human rights and international humanitarian law, has been the product of multiple events. It impacted the decisions of the international community and caused a modification to the legal orientation of the nations. It can be said that this process has been the result of the globalization of world activity, a principle that a few decades ago could not have anticipated the evolution that this concept under study will inevitably have. This article analyzes the elements of universal jurisdiction that are linked to the Rome Statute, which compelled us today to react and change our main notions on international justice. The text has been developed using a qualitative method of a hermeneutic, comparative and teleological nature. It uses methodological instruments of a historical, reflective, descriptive and propositional, argumentative type.

Counting hiddenness: cognitive science and the distribution of belief in God

AbstractEstablishing the distribution of belief in something, especially something that spans cultures and times, requires close attention to empirical evidence and to certain inadequacies in our concept of belief. Arguments from divine hiddenness have quickly become one of the most important argument types in the philosophy of religion. These arguments and responses to them typically rely on robust but relatively undefended empirical commitments as to the distribution of belief in God. This article synthesizes results from psychology, anthropology, and the cognitive science of religion to show that the distribution of belief in God is much more messy and much more philosophically interesting than is currently appreciated. I then derive some implications for how one might reconceive the hiddenness debate in light of these findings.

Well-posedness for an hyperbolic–hyperbolic–elliptic system describing cold plasmas

In this short note, we provide the well-posedness for an hyperbolic–hyperbolic–elliptic system of PDEs describing the motion of collision free-plasma in magnetic fields. The proof combines a pointwise estimate together with a bootstrap type argument for the elliptic part of the system.

ARGUMENTATION IN MASS MEDIA AS A GENRE DEFINING CRITERION

The goal of the article is to study and describe genre defining potency of argumentation. The genres analyzed are analysis, opinion, editorial. As those genres are characterized by different goals, the argumentation used in them must differ. The analysis findings demonstrated that argumentation as a genre defining tool must be analyzed for such parameters as structure, thesis and argument type. It was shown that argumentation is not the ultimate tool of genre defining.

Individual Differences in Argument Strength Discrimination

Being able to discriminate poorly justified from well justified arguments is necessary for informed citizenship. However, it is not known whether the ability to recognize argument strength generalizes across different types of arguments, and what cognitive factors predict this ability or these abilities. Drawing on the theory of argument schemes, we examined arguments from consequence, analogy, symptoms, and authority in order to cover all major types of arguments. A study (N = 278) on the general population in Finland indicated that the ability to discriminate between strong and weak arguments did not differ between these schemes. Argument strength discrimination ability correlated positively with analytic thinking dispositions promoting both quality and quantity of thinking, slightly positively with education, and negatively with overconfidence. It was unrelated to an intuitive thinking style, and to self-rated mental effort.

Secessionism in Nevis: Why Have Tensions Eased?

Existing studies of secessionism focus predominantly on why these movements gain momentum and persist. A subset of work focuses on why secessionist tensions cease. We contribute to these latter studies by adapting the main theories developed to explain why secessionist agitation occurs, to account for abatement. We focus specifically on the island of Nevis in St Kitts and Nevis, a country that should be a “least likely” case for secession, given its small population, territory, and economy, yet has experienced secessionist agitation for much of the second half of the 20th century. Since the late 1990s, momentum for secession has subsided. We explain why by reference to rationalist, culturalist and institutionalist arguments. We use an in-depth case study method, drawing on a range of sources, that foregrounds equifinality and concatenation across more than a century of inter-island politics. The findings suggest that all three types of arguments have some explanatory value but each fall short of fully accounting for the ebb and flow of secessionist dynamics. The findings may be of particular interest to multi-island states and territories in the Caribbean. They also offer practical lessons about the importance of policies that promote sectoral integration, encourage sociological linkages, and provide scope for dynamic political settlements.

CONVERGENCE AND STABILITY OF GALERKIN FINITE ELEMENT METHOD FOR HYPERBOLIC PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION WITH PIECEWISE CONTINUOUS ARGUMENTS OF ADVANCED TYPE

This paper deals with the convergence and stability of Galerkin finite element method for a hyperbolic partial differential equations with piecewise continuous arguments of advanced type. First of all, we obtain the expression of analytic solution by the method of separation variable, then the sufficient conditions for stability are obtained. Semidiscrete and fully discrete schemes are derived by Galerkin finite element method, and their convergence are both analyzed in L2-norm. Moreover, the stability of the two schemes are investigated. The semidiscrete scheme can achieve unconditionally stability. The sufficient conditions of stability for fully discrete scheme are derived under which the analytic solution is asymptotically stable. Finally, some numerical experiments are presented to illustrate the theoretical results.

The Roles of Argumentation Structures for The Conviction of Proof Types

"This phenomenology research aims to examine prospective elementary mathematics teachers’ proving and proof evaluation and their thoughts on convincing according to proof type and argument type. The participants were eight prospective teachers. The data collection tools were semi-structured group interviews, interviews video recordings and the participants' written proof documents. The participants were expected to prove different mathematical statements presented to them with different proof types, to convince each other, and to identify the convincing arguments in the interviews. The results revealed that prospective mathematics teachers had absolute conviction about empirical arguments, while their level of convincing about deductive arguments increased as a result of discussions on convincing regardless of the proof type. In addition, the unconvincing for induction and visual proof types’ arguments have emerged and this category has changed to convincing over time. Accordingly, suggestions about increasing the convincing of deductive and visual arguments have been presented"

Argumentation in the Pandemic Media Discourse: Decoding Rhetoric Practice

Purpose. The paper examines argumentation in the pandemic media discourse. Within the concept of decoding rhetoric, argumentation is considered a procedure for effective text formation acting as an instrument of influence.Method. The research method used is argument reconstruction based on the following parameters: a thesis, types of arguments, and argumentation structures. The material has been selected according to the criterion of an addressee of the media discourse, where the addressee is a politician, a doctor, or a publicist.Results. Media texts about the pandemic demonstrate that politicians propose orthodox theses, whereas doctor (D. Protsenko) proposes prescriptive ones and publicist (D. Bykov) – paradoxical ones.Politicians use the universal system and rational arguments based on statistics. The influencing message of D. Protsenko’s media text is formed due to personal empirical argumentation. D. Bykov relies on collective empirical argumentation.Concerning the argumentation structures, coordinate argumentation dominates in the media texts of politicians, making it possible to defend their opinion in the most revealing way. D. Protsenko combines coordinate argumentation with the subordinate one, creating opportunities for interpretation. The text of D. Bykov does not show any steady tendencies for argumentative structuring, reflecting a creative approach to text formation.Conclusion. The argument reconstruction reveals mechanisms of text formation and decodes the pragmatic motives of the speakers in the pandemic media discourse.

Agency and responsibility: The personal and the political

AbstractIn this paper, I review arguments according to which harsh criminal punishments and poverty areundeservedand thereforeunjust. Such arguments come in different forms. First, one may argue thatno onedeserves to be poor or be punished, because there is no such thing as desert‐entailing moral responsibility. Second, one may argue that poor people in particular do not deserve to remain in poverty or to be punished if they commit crimes, because poor people suffer from psychological problems that undermine their agency and moral responsibility. Third, one may argue that poor and otherwise marginalized people frequently face external obstacles that prevent them from taking alternative courses of action. The first kind of argument has its place in the philosophy seminar. Psychological difficulties may be important to attend to both in personal relationships and when holding ourselves responsible. Nevertheless, I argue that neither type of argument belongs in political contexts. Moral responsibility scepticism ultimately rests on contested intuitions. Labelling certain groups of people particularly irrational, weak‐willed, or similar is belittling and disrespectful; such claims are also hard to prove, and may have the opposite effect to the intended one on people's attitudes. Arguments from external obstacles have none of these problems. Such arguments may not take us all the way to criminal justice reform, but in this context, we can supplement them with epistemic arguments and crime prevention arguments.

The argumentation of Ibn Hazm al-Andalusi

Because of the importance of the theory of modern(Almuhajja) in the extrapolation of our Arab heritage, we decidedto research the mechanisms applied to the poetry of one of the mostprominent flags of Andalusian thought, bin of the Bundesian al-Andalusi in an attempt to monitor how to convince the recipientand research in the sanctuaries of poetry and energies of Almuhajain the purposes of Ibn Hazm's poetryArgument is an artistic method as it is a rhetorical styleemployed by the poet in building his poetic speech and byprovoking the recipient and pushing him to intensify the search forthe hidden meanings that the poet tries to convey, as it is a linguisticpeculiarity that makes it say and makes it stand up to the poeticlevel. The poetic language is primarily metaphorical languageaimed at News as you do and enjoyment by moving to the static andusual of them in a wonderful way we hardly touch the words andcomplexity, , and thus achieve the argument these two goals(persuasion and pleasure) and show the efficiency of poets and thedifference of poetry and the counterpart may be a disgracefulfeature of you Or to turn it into quizzesThus, rhetorical techniques play a very important role insupporting argument which is not used by the poet just for the sakeof the aesthetic beauty only; it is used for affecting and convincingthe reader.Researching in the type of argument used in poetry, wecan distinguish between argumentative and nonargumentativepoetry.

Polycode Representation of Kinesthetic Phrasemes: Metaphorical and Semiotic Perspectives

The study is devoted to the analysis of somatic metaphor in the political communication, considered as a syncteric metaphorical-semiotic structure, which serves as one of the ways to encode ideological, cultural, evaluative, emotional, argumentative and other types of meanings. The necessity for a detailed analysis of the implementation of the actional code in the media political space was dictated by the need to study the mechanisms of interaction between kinesthetic and linguistic signs as powerful means of persuasion and effective impact on the readership. The study is based on an integral semiotic approach which involves the use of semantic-cognitive analysis, discourse analysis, content analysis, methods of contextual interpretation and conceptual metaphorical modeling, as well as the involvement of interdisciplinary information of the fields of cultural studies, sociology, psychology of communication and political science. The material of the study is represented by electronic mass media analytical and news reports on the political subjects with the focus on verbal and non-verbal somatisms. It was found that the system of archaic ideas and ritual actions determines the metaphorization and symbolization of related and free phraseological formations, the origin of which is due to the markedness of the elements of the non-verbal body code. Intercultural analogy and pragmatic parallelism of non-verbal and verbal representations of somatic units along with semiotic interpretation of the original meaning is revealed. Differences in communicative pragmatics and axiology of somatisms identical in structure and content in the intercultural aspect are characterized. Techniques for constructing the external and internal syntax of the actional code are described, models for assembling kinesthetic phrasemes into gestalt are demonstrated, and algorithms for unpacking/decoding of their meaning are demonstrated. The synergy of verbal and actional languages of communication in the construction of a cognitive-linguistic picture of the political world is noted.

Denigrating Taoism in the West: A typology of Late Qing Chinese scholars’ discourse in Western languages

Abstract The purpose of this short article is to offer a typology of the speech acts deployed by Chinese scholars who wrote in Western languages in the late Qing era. By identifying passages dealing with Taoism in their writings, and classifying them into five types of arguments – 1) using the orthodox-heterodox dichotomy; 2) ignoring it; 3) presenting it as an already defeated rival to Confucianism; 4) describing it as a superstition; 5) claiming that it is a form of extremism – the present paper argues that the denigration of Taoism by these Chinese scholars writing in Western languages was profoundly affected by transcultural writing practices, and that in the end Taoism was often but a pawn in the intellectual and political projects of these intellectuals. It served as an awful counterpoint when one tried to project a positive light on Confucianism.

Justification of the right to subsistence in contemporary Western philosophy: challenges and solutions

The article discusses the views of modern Western philosophers on the isuue of socio-economic human rights, including the right to subsistence. The purpose of the work is to answer the question of whether the right to a decent life is morally justified. The work was carried out within the framework of the analytical approach and its inherent methodology. The author identifies several types of arguments expressed in Western literature against the right to a worthy existence. They are 1) actual impossibility of guaranteeing these rights; 2) denial of non-contractual positive obligations that could correspond to this right; 3) problematization of the imperfect nature of positive obligations corresponding to this law. It is shown that these objections in themselves are not sufficient to reject the right to a worthy existence, but they show that at the abstract level this right cannot be justified only in a “negative” sense, that is, as the right to which only the negative duties of others correspond. The author proposes to consider options for solving the problems that gave rise to discussions concerning the right to a dignified existence, outside of human rights discourse. Thus, the moral basis for the fight against poverty and other features of an “unworthy” existence can be formulated by applying to the public sphere (by analogy) the categories of civil law - condiction, tort and contract, as well as taking into account the classical conditions for the onset of legal liability. Moreover, the moral justification for securing some “decent” level of existence is achieved by referring to the general principles of fair distribution of material wealth (regardless of what is considered a “decent existence”). One of these principles is the Rawlsian principle of difference, which does not depend either on the idea of a person as a “moral agent” who requires some kind of minimum (“worthy”) level of well-being, or on understanding of the human rights nature.

Sketching the vision of the Web of Debates.

The exchange of comments, opinions, and arguments in blogs, forums, social media, wikis, and review websites has transformed the Web into a modern agora, a virtual place where all types of debates take place. This wealth of information remains mostly unexploited: due to its textual form, such information is difficult to automatically process and analyse in order to validate, evaluate, compare, combine with other types of information and make it actionable. Recent research in Machine Learning, Natural Language Processing, and Computational Argumentation has provided some solutions, which still cannot fully capture important aspects of online debates, such as various forms of unsound reasoning, arguments that do not follow a standard structure, information that is not explicitly expressed, and non-logical argumentation methods. Tackling these challenges would give immense added-value, as it would allow searching for, navigating through and analyzing online opinions and arguments, obtaining a better picture of the various debates for a well-intentioned user. Ultimately, it may lead to increased participation of Web users in democratic, dialogical interchange of arguments, more informed decisions by professionals and decision-makers, as well as to an easier identification of biased, misleading, or deceptive arguments. This paper presents the vision of the Web of Debates, a more human-centered version of the Web, which aims to unlock the potential of the abundance of argumentative information that currently exists online, offering its users a new generation of argument-based web services and tools that are tailored to their real needs.

Group Identity in Public Deliberation

I argue that different argumentative practices require participants to categorize themselves in different modes. Accordingly, I distinguish four types of argumentation: rational argumentation, intergroup argumentation, intragroup argumentation, and, finally, personal argumentation. An inescapable implication of my approach to deliberation is that deliberation presupposes the self-categorization of participants in the same ingroup. Deliberation does not require, however, the group to antecede the deliberation process, and a distinctive feature of successful public deliberation is its capacity to produce social identification with the deliberative group. Thus, identity negotiation is an important part of deliberative processes.

The Formalization of Islamic Attire for Students: Differentiation of Discrimination and Intolerance Paradigms in the Case of Perkada Sharia in West Sumatra

The law on regional autonomy enacted by the central government is like the horns of a dilemma. The central government considers the formalization of religious aspects as a threat to national and state stability, as demonstrated by regional head regulations (Perkada) requiring students in West Sumatra to wear a veil or hijab. This qualitative research employed interviews, observation, and a study of the Supreme Court decision document No. 17/P/HUM/2021. Data were analyzed using normative juridical approaches and Islamic law through several stages, including data reduction, data display, and verification. This research found that the case arose as a result of an allegation that the school forced non-Muslim students to wear veils, which went viral on social media. In response to this allegation, the central government issued a Joint Decree (SKB) of Three Ministers canceling Perkada Number 451.442/BINSOS-III/2005. LKAAM, the customary holder of the Minangkabau community in West Sumatra, then petitioned the Supreme Court for a judicial review. The Supreme Court granted the LKAAM's request, ruling that the SKB was invalid and ordering the three ministries to revoke it. This case's substance alludes to at least two types of debate. First, the three ministers assumed the petitioner and the Supreme Court had no legal standing, while the Supreme Court's decision stated otherwise. Second, the central government viewed the people of West Sumatra through their local government as discriminatory, intolerant, ignoring children's religious aspirations, and ignoring higher regulations, whereas the Supreme Court decision contradicted the three ministers' arguments and supported the LKAAM argument. As a result, LKAAM won legally but not necessarily politically because the central government had labeled the people of West Sumatra as discriminatory and intolerant.

Rethinking the Description and Typology of Cantonese Causative–Resultative Constructions: A Dynamic Constructionist Lens

This article proposes a new description of Cantonese causative–resultative constructions (CRCs), constructions with two verbal elements relevant to the cause and the effect of an event respectively. We present a constructional schema for the CRC with three argument types and without using traditional categories—such as subject, object and pseudo-passivation, present various syntactic and semantic properties, and subsume constructions such as the comparative construction and numerous particle constructions under this banner. We then argue against traditional approaches to CRCs with two lexical verbs that treat the argument structure of the CRC as composed from argument structures of individual verbs (the decompositional approach); instead, CRC arguments belong to the entire construction and have only semantic orientation-based relationships with individual verbs (the holistic approach). We show how our account can shed light on Sinitic typology and the grammaticalisation mechanism of verbal particles within CRCs, particularly the extension of result verbs into a broader range of contexts to become particles. We also argue that Cantonese CRCs challenge many assumptions of serial verb typology, which typically ignore the existence of multiple layers of constructional abstraction and assume decompositional descriptions, and urge for methodological advancements in this field.

Topological pump of SU(Q) quantum chain and Diophantine equation

A topological pump of the $SU(Q)$ quantum chain is proposed associated with a current due to a local $[U(1)]^{\otimes Q}$ gauge invariance of colored fermions. The $SU(Q)$ invariant dimer phases are characterized by the $Z_Q$ Berry phases as a topological order parameter with a $d$-dimensional twist space ($d=Q-1$) as a synthetic Brillouin zone. By inclusion of the symmetry breaking perturbation specified by a rational parameter $\Phi=P/Q$, the pump, that encloses around the phase boundary, is characterized by the $Q$ Chern numbers associated with the currents due to uniform infinitesimal twists. The analysis of the systems under the open/periodic/twisted boundary conditions clarifies the bulk-edge correspondence of the pump where the large gauge transformation generated by the center of mass (CoM) plays a central role. An explicit formula for the Chern number is given by using the Diophanine equation. Numerical demonstration by the exact diagonalization and the DMRG for finite systems ($Q=3,4$ and $5$) have been presented to confirm the general discussions for low energy spectra, edge states, CoM's, Chern numbers and the bulk-edge correspondence. A modified Lieb-Schultz-Mattis type argument for the general $SU(Q)$ quantum chain is also mentioned.