Types Of Arguments Research Articles

Oscillation of half-linear differential equations with mixed type of argument

This paper is devoted to the study of the oscillatory behavior of half-linear functional differential equations with deviating argument of the form ( E ) ( r ( t ) ( y ′ ( t ) ) α ) ′ = p ( t ) y α ( τ ( t ) ) . . We introduce new technique based on monotonic properties of nonoscillatory solutions to offer new oscillatory criteria for ( E ) . We will show that presented results essentially improve existing ones even for linear differential equations.

Rola i siła argumentów z prawa w oświeceniowym dyskursie sejmowym (na podstawie mów Kazimierza Nestora Sapiehy)

The article discusses: the meaning, form, function and the effectiveness of legal argumentation in the Enlightenment parliamentary discourse on the basis of selected speeches by Kazimierz Nestor Sapieha, an experienced MP and Marshal of the Lithuanian Confederation of the Four-Year Sejm. On the basis of the rhetorical analysis of the oration, it was proved that the use of legal argumentation is one of the typical rhetorical strategies, but its effectiveness varied depending on the communicative circumstances, the subject of the session, the speaker’s skills and the expectations of the audience. Partial inefficiency of this type of argumentation is compensated by its elaborate form: subtle but easy to read by the audience allusion, a quotation from the Sejm’s constitutions and their periphrasis, and sententia presenting the essence and meaning of law in social, political and moral life. The study proves that this technique prevails in Sapieha’s advisory speeches, who skill fully combines it with other types of reasoning, for instance: arguments based on parallels, tradition and definition, eristic techniques: from authority, communicatio, subiectio, ad personam, ad populum, thanks to which its persuasive and manipulative strength is increased.

Regularity of almost-minimizers of Hölder-coefficient surface energies

<p style='text-indent:20px;'>We study almost-minimizers of anisotropic surface energies defined by a Hölder continuous matrix of coefficients acting on the unit normal direction to the surface. In this generalization of the Plateau problem, we prove almost-minimizers are locally Hölder continuously differentiable at regular points and give dimension estimates for the size of the singular set. We work in the framework of sets of locally finite perimeter and our proof follows an excess-decay type argument.</p>

Global weak solutions to the stochastic Ericksen–Leslie system in dimension two

<p style='text-indent:20px;'>We establish the global existence of weak martingale solutions to the simplified stochastic Ericksen–Leslie system modeling the nematic liquid crystal flow driven by Wiener-type noises on the two-dimensional bounded domains. The construction of solutions is based on the convergence of Ginzburg–Landau approximations. To achieve such a convergence, we first utilize the concentration-cancellation method for the Ericksen stress tensor fields based on a Pohozaev type argument, and then the Skorokhod compactness theorem, which is built upon uniform energy estimates.</p>

The Function of the Correlate in Peirce's Early Writings

Many scholars believe “On a New List of Categories” is a metaphysical or transcendental deduction. The present essay will argue that Peirce derives the categories by induction and validates their order by prescision. Then the article shall solicit aid from Peirce’s early and later writings to explain how the new way to list the categories can serve as a genealogy of signification: how the different types of term, proposition, and argument emerge in the process of reasoning as the different types of signs. Thus, the genealogy of signification would then qualify as a phenomenology of logic as a science of semiotics. Such a science of semiotics will have three types of comparison corresponding to the sign-relation in illation: namely, uniparance, diaparance, and comparance. Then the three types of comparison will occasion three types of relative in different types of propositions: namely, concurrents, disquiparants, and equiparants. Finally, the three types of relative will occasion the different types of sign corresponding to the different types of term: namely, icons, indices, and symbols. With this classification, there is then an explanation of how the process of reasoning is a semiotic process with three forms of valid argument: namely, hypothesis, induction, and deduction.

Аргументация папы Григория Великого против титула «вселенский» константинопольских патриархов: анализ писем 595 года

Introduction. At the end of the sixth century a dispute broke out between the popes and the patriarchs of Constantinople – first of all, between pope Gregory I the Great (590–604) and patriarch John IV the Faster (582–595) – over the epithet “Ecumenical”, which appeared in the title of John of Constantinople. This dispute is quite widely represented in the scientific literature, but since researchers almost always pay attention to this topic in general, their papers often miss many nuances contained in the texts of the letters of pope Gregory. Methods. This article attempts a detailed analysis of the first series of letters of pope Gregory dedicated to the dispute and related to 595. These are letters to emperor Maurice (582–602), empress Constantina, the patriarch John IV of Constantinople, and the papal apocrisiary in Constantinople, deacon Sabinianus. The purpose of this study is to reconstruct pope Gregory’s argumentation system against the use of the Ecumenical title. Analysis. The author identifies several types of arguments that pope Gregory puts forward in his polemic against the title: canonical, biblical, dogmatic, ecclesiastical, political, pastoral and ascetic. Results. The article shows, on the one hand, what the letters have in common, and on the other, how the arguments of the pope vary depending on the recipient. Generally, pope Gregory expresses a sharply negative attitude to the title, and many researchers tend to see this fact as a contradiction to the concept of papal primacy, as it developed in a later period. Basing on the significant differences in argumentation between the letters to the emperor, the empress and the patriarch John – with the same purpose of all the messages – the article makes a conclusion about the care with which pope Gregory selects arguments. This can serve as one of the indirect indicators of the high importance of the dispute over the Ecumenical title for him, and also characterizes his perception of the idea of Church power in general.

Weapons, fire and dangerous men: multimodal argumentation of magazine covers featuring president Donald J. Trump

The paper deals with the visual and verbal modes as well as interrelations between them employed in dominant argumentation on the British and German magazine covers devoted to president Donald J. Trump. Following the concept of multimodality and the notion of enthymemes the author discusses analogy and causality as predominant types of argumentation occurring on the covers of THE ECONOMIST and DER SPIEGEL and illustrates the contribution of the visual image to the (re-)construction of the tacit components of the argumentation.

Impact of conspiracist ideation and psychotic-like experiences in patients with schizophrenia during the COVID-19 crisis

Conspiratorial belief is a type of argument that accepts implausible explanations in situations of great uncertainty or mystery. Claiming that the coronavirus is an artificial fabrication of laboratories is an example of conspiracist belief. The aim of this research was to analyze the impact of conspiracist ideation and psychotic-like experiences in patients with schizophrenia, patients with other mental disorders, and participants with no psychiatric history with a 132-day follow-up during the COVID-19 crisis. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was applied and Bayesian inferences were carried out. The results conclude that conspiracist ideation and psychotic-like experiences increased significantly after 132 days of social-health restrictions in the general population. However, psychotic-like experiences did not increase in patients with schizophrenia. Conspiracist ideation has a quantitative degradation similar to the continuum model of psychosis; it is present both in patients with schizophrenia and in those participants with no clinical history. The psychopathological value of conspiracist ideation within the spectrum of psychosis is discussed.

The Slippery Slope Argument in the Context of Euthanasia and Assisted Suicide

This article analyzes the slippery slope argument and its application to the problem of legalizing euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide. The argument is often referred to in discussions of abortion, in vitro fertilization, etc., but it has been little developed in the Russian-language literature. This explains the relevance and novelty of this article. The focus is on the ways of representation of the argument in research. It distinguishes its main types: logical (disintegrating into no-principle distinction argument and the soritical argument), empirical (or psychological argument), and non-logical (metaphorical). Each of these types of argument is constructed according to a certain principle and has a number of features and critiques. A common place for criticism of an argument is its focus on the future so that it makes reasoning probabilistic. The logical type of argument is centered around denoting the transition between the original event and its adverse consequences and denotes the action of social factors to accelerate the transition. The no-principal distinction argument implies that there is no moral distinction between the events at the beginning and the end of the slope. The soritical argument involves intermediate steps between questionable and unacceptable practices. The conceptual slope is another variant of the logical kind of argument. The empirical argument illustrates a situation of changing societal values which results in an easier acceptance of morally disapproved practices. The metaphorical argument is used to illustrate the metaphor of slope and the situation of the accumulation of small problems that lead to serious undesirable results. The non-logical kind of argument centers around the routinization of practice, desensitization, and exploitation of unprotected groups in society. Exploitation can be called the victims' slope. It grounds its consideration on the abuse of the practice being administered. Application of the ethical methodology (theoretical-logical and empirical-historical) to the types of arguments and ways of their application allows us to highlight the value component of the argument, to determine its dilemma nature and to correlate it with bioethical principles. The application of bioethical principles to suppress the transition to undesirable consequences is critiqued on the basis of particularly difficult cases in which one is unable to articulate one's decision. The criticism of the argument is built on the probabilistic nature of the reasoning, the lack of reflection on the underlying premise and the lack of empirical evidence. It concludes that the slippery slope argument is incapable of being the only valid justification for rejecting the practices of physician-assisted suicide and euthanasia.

LOGIC AND POETRY: THE CONTIGUITY OF THE CREATIVE WORLDS OF N. A. VASILIEV IN THE BACKGROUND OF LIFE CIRCUMSTANCES

The complexity of the structure and the varieties of the shades of the theme of the relationship between scientific and artistic creativity presented by us in the article the amazing “destiny of ideas” within the framework of modern – non-classical (non-aristotelian) logic. Nikolai Alexandrovich Vasiliev (1880-1940) was a versatile personality, but two aspects of his work deserve special attention – the poetry in the style of symbolism, which he was engaged in his youth, and the logical studies that allow him to be considered one of the founders of non-classical logic. Despite the difference in the degree of significance of the N. Vasiliev’s poetic and logical heritage, it is easy to see that it is in the poetry that the future logical ideas are first formed. The otherworld, the imaginary worlds are a characteristic feature of the poetry of symbolism. The creative collision of N. Vasiliev lies in the fact that in his case the poet anticipates logician. In the article “Logic and Metalogic” he declares that the classical (aristotelian) logic is not the only one, that the types of reasoning and argumentation, that is, the logical systems depend on the different preconditions. These preconditions are associated with those diverse worlds, with those different realities on which the reasoning is superimposed. The cognitive construct playing the role of “reality” loses its the status of the invariant for various logics, it can vary, which does not mean the loss of the unity of the foundations of rationality, on the contrary, it is the acquisition of the arsenal of the intellectual tools with rich possibilities for constructing a variety of rational interpretations. The life of N. Vasiliev turned out to be full of the unfinished projects, the troubles, because of its inconsistency, it looks tragic. But it was the logical ideas ahead of their time, among which the idea of the possibility strictly logically, and therefore non-contradictory to think contradictory worlds, gave N. Vasiliev the “registrate in eternity”.

Smooth branch of travelling waves for the Gross-Pitaevskii equation in R2 for small speed

We construct a smooth branch of travelling wave solutions for the 2 dimensional Gross-Pitaevskii equations for small speed. These travelling waves exhibit two vortices far away from each other. We also compute the leading order term of the derivatives with respect to the speed. We construct these solutions by an implicit function type argument.

Speech Acts and Argumentative Resources in the Speeches Given in Front of the European Parliament by King Juan Carlos I and by King Felipe VI

This paper focuses on comparing the speeches given in front of the European Parliament by King Juan Carlos I on the 14th of May 1986 and by King Felipe VI on the 7th of October 2015 from a pragma-rhetoric perspective. It highlights certain speech acts that may constitute the backbone of the two speeches, as they refer to key topics such as terrorism, the preservation of European values, a more integrated Europe, etc. Moreover, it also attempts to identify significant argumentative resources that were used such as rhetorical figures and various types of arguments. Both speeches reflect some of the issues that the European Union had to tackle at the time they were delivered. King Juan Carlos I urges for a more united Europe and he puts emphasis on the technological challenges that lie ahead. He uses anaphors, a paradox and the ad consequentiam argument. King Felipe VI points out the need of the European Union to identify new internal and external objectives in a more globalized world. He also states that, by joining their forces together, the European states can offer help to the thousands of refugees who were migrating back then mostly from Syria, Afghanistan and Iraq so as to escape war. King Felipe VI uses in his argumentation anaphors, the circular reasoning fallacy, the ad consequentiam argument and the appeal to authority. As a discursive strategy, he mentions that the European Union is “our great common project”, making thus reference to the concept of “project of life” as it was defined by the Spanish philosopher José Ortega y Gasset. Both orators employ personifications of Spain. They both throw a strong light on the role of Spain within the European Union. The text analysis application AntConc is used in order to detect the most used words in their speeches.

Requirements decision-making as a process of Argumentation: A Google Maps Case Study with Goal Model

In social media platforms, crowd-users extensively interact and contribute information related to software applications. Usually, crowd-users discuss software features or hot issues and record their opinions about the software applications under discussion either in textual form or via end-user votes. Such requirements-related information is considered a pivotal alternative source for requirements engineers to the already existing in-house stakeholders in order to illustrate decision-making. Also, requirements decision-making for Crowd requirements engineering is a difficult task, as it is always based on incomplete knowledge and requires trade-offs from multi-perspectives. However, existing requirements models and associated tools are still lacking, which enable requirements engineers to make informed decision-making and capture conflicting requirements knowledge. This paper elaborates the interaction among the crowd-users about the Google Map mobile application in the Reddit forum to recover conflicting requirements-related information using the goal modeling approach. For this purpose, we extracted critical arguments from a crowd-users conversation in user forums regarding a given design; built a graphical argumentation model based on the extracted information; aligned types of arguments with goal-oriented modeling constructs in the non-functional requirements framework; conducted exiting goal-model analysis to the requirements model to reach consensus based on argumentation and reasoning, such as supporting, attacking, undefined, and conflicting. The proposal is described with illustrative example models and the associated evaluation processes of design decision-making situation for Google Map interface design.

A multilingual corpus approach to postpredicativity in spoken Turkish, Kurmanji Kurdish and German

This paper investigates phenomena of postpredicativity in a Turkish- Kurmanji Kurdish-German trilingual corpus of spoken language. Starting from the assumption that postpredicativity when viewed in this trilingual perspective is an epiphenomenal effect of argument type in Kurmanji, finite verb movement in German and discourse activation status (next to illocutionarily motivated verb fronting) in Turkish, it sets out to explore overlaps and double motivations. Based on a collection of 1,211 findings, differentiations within the categories as well as overlaps at several levels are identified. Central results are discourse-level motivations in Kurmanji, their dependence on syntactic size, and overlaps between illocutional verb fronting and discourse activation status in Turkish.

A Recursive Inclusion Checker for Recursively Defined Subtypes

We present a tableaux procedure that checks logical relations between recursively defined subtypes of recursively defined types and apply this procedure to the problem of resolving ambiguous names in a programming language. This work is part of a project to design a new programming language suitable for efficient implementation of logic. Logical formulas are tree-like structures with many constructors having different arities and argument types. Algorithms that use these structures must perform case analysis on the constructors, and access subtrees whose type and existence depend on the constructor used. In many programming languages, case analysis is handled by matching, but we want to take a different approach, based on recursively defined subtypes. Instead of matching a tree against different constructors, we will classify it by using a set of disjoint subtypes. Subtypes are more general than structural forms based on constructors, we expect that they can be implemented more efficiently, and in addition can be used in static type checking. This makes it possible to use recursively defined subtypes as preconditions or postconditions of functions. We define the types and the subtypes (which we will call adjectives), define their semantics, and give a tableaux-based inclusion checker for adjectives. We show how to use this inclusion checker for resolving ambiguous field references in declarations of adjectives. The same procedure can be used for resolving ambiguous function calls.

Product Space Singular Integrals with Mild Kernel Regularity

We develop product space theory of singular integrals with mild kernel regularity. We study these kernel regularity questions specifically in situations that are very tied to the T1 type arguments and the corresponding structural theory. In addition, our results are multilinear.

Inappropriate arguments as a communication technology: types, peculiarities, and countering mechanisms

This article is dedicated to such type of communication technology as inappropriate arguments. Special attention is given to clarification of the key concepts of the topic – “argumentation”, “appropriateness”, “inappropriateness”, and “context”. The original classification is provided to the types of inappropriate arguments. The author reveals the contextual peculiarities of using different types of inappropriate arguments; analyzes the specificity of using inappropriate arguments; as well as offers possible countering mechanisms. Particular examples of using incorrect arguments are confirmed by links to recorded live dialogues. The article employs the methods of intent analysis and comparative analysis. The Russian tradition of studying the theory and practice of argumentation features a number of research that touch upon the problem of inappropriate arguments. However, the study of arguments is just a part of the whole variety of communication technologies. The novelty of this work consists in the centralized, systematized presentation of the assemblage of variations of inappropriate arguments. The types of inappropriate arguments are illustrated on the specific examples from literature, cinematography, cultural -historical, social and political spheres of society. The acquired results can be valuable for the development of lecture courses on the theory and practice of argumentation, students majoring in philosophy, and audience interested in modern research dedicated to communication technologies.

SE in Spanish

This article provides an overview of Spanish SE, covering the main empirical facts, analyses and theoretical issues that it raises, and exploring the prospects to unify all uses –which are over a dozen in the literature– under one same object that keeps its surface properties invariable. We will show that it is almost inescapable to propose that SE is associated to two types of objects, defective arguments and defective verbal heads; both objects share the property of not introducing referentially independent DPs, which can be argued to be the result of the grammaticalisation of a reflexive element in contemporary Spanish. The chapter proposes that a treatment of SE as a projection introduced high in the clausal structure and acting as an agreement locus can be a fruitful way to unify all uses of SE.

An inverse problem for Bingham type fluids

In this paper we study a coefficient identification problem described by an elliptic variational-hemivariational inequality with unilateral constraints. The inequality is the weak formulation of the mathematical model of a stationary incompressible flow of Bingham type in a bounded domain. The unknown coefficient is a generalized viscosity function of the fluid. The boundary conditions represent generalizations of the no leak condition and a multivalued and nonmonotone version of a nonlinear Navier–Fujita frictional slip condition. The result on well posedness of the direct problem is established based on the theory of multivalued pseudomonotone operators. The existence to the inverse problem is proved by a Weierstrass type argument.

Evidentiality in Abductive Reasoning: Experimental Support for a Modal Analysis of Evidentials

AbstractThis paper presents results from two experimental studies that address a theoretical debate in semantics about the meaning of evidentiality and its relation to epistemic modality (Faller 2002; 2011; Izvorski 1997; Koev 2017; Lee 2013; Matthewson et al. 2007; McCready & Ogata 2007; Murray 2010; Smirnova 2013). According to modal analyses, evidentiality, in addition to the information source, encodes that the proposition in the scope of the evidential is possibly/necessarily true. Non-modal analyses postulate that evidential sentences entail the proposition in their scope and have the same semantic strength as non-evidential sentences. The predictions of the two approaches are tested for Bulgarian. In Study 1, I hold knowledge source—inference—constant and vary the type of logical argument, deductive versus abductive (cf. Lassiter & Goodman 2015; Douven & Verbrugge 2010). I find that evidential choices are influenced by both the type of the argument and the perceived subjective strength of the argument. In Study 2, I show that evidential and non-evidential sentences are associated with different degrees of certainty, where certainty can be viewed as an operationalization of semantic strength. These results are predicted by modal analyses but not by the non-modal view.