Area Of Yugoslavia Research Articles

Between the Real and the Imagined: Variola Vera Epidemic in the Area of Yugoslavia Through Film Narrative

The ideas about the epidemics of infectious diseases, both imagined and those that are known to human societies, are becoming more frequent topic of popular culture, that is the film industry. As one of the ever-present threats during the development of civilization through history, infectious diseases have played a significant role in shaping and changing social communities and, as such, have left a deep historical and cultural trace on social groups and their contemporary mythologies. Variola, that is smallpox, is among the most infectious diseases that human society has encountered in history, and the disease was also present on the territory of the former Yugoslavia during different historical periods. The paper deals with the Variola Vera film analysis, that is with the film ideas of the latest epidemic of the variola that occurred in the former Yugoslavia in 1972, in order to point out the ways in which the infectious diseases are presented on film, as well as the relation between historical data and film adaptation in the case of variola.

BASIC PERFORMANCES OF NEW ELECTRIC MULTIPLE TRAIN FOR URBAN AND SUBURBAN TRAFFIC IN YUGOSLAVIA.

Belgrade Railway Express bought 20 electric multiple trains (EMU), with an option for another 80, for the purpose of improving transportation in urban and suburban areas in Yugoslavia. This paper examines the basic performance of the new EMU for urban and suburban rail traffic. The analysis is based on performance of corresponding traffic studies and comparison of a number of modern electric trains in several European countries. Especially, the performance of acceleration and maximum speed of the new electric trains and their influence upon running times in chosen parts of Yugoslavia. Special attention is paid to the influence of EMUs on surroundings and protection of the environment.

Federal Aid to the Less Developed Areas of Yugoslavia

Federal Aid to the Less Developed Areas of Yugoslavia

Levels of organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in human milk and serum collected from lactating mothers in the northern adriatic area of Yugoslavia

Organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) are persistent contaminants of the environment. Owing to their lipophilic properties they are primarily stored in fat-rich tissues and fluids of humans and animals. The results of a monitoring study on levels of the DDT-complex, HCH-group of isomers, hexachlorobenzene (HCB) and PCB in human milk and serum are presented in this paper. Samples were collected in the northern Adriatic area for which no data have so far been available. Sample donors were chosen from rural and small urban locations where mediterranean eating habits are still maintained. The previous studies were conducted in an industrialized continental town of Croatia.

Ochratoxinogenicity of Aspergillus ochraceus strains from nephropathic and non-nephropathic areas in Yugoslavia

Mycological analyses of 855 samples of stored grains and dried meat collected in period 1980-1987 from individual households in the nephropathic and wider non-nephropathic area in SR Croatia in Yugoslavia showed 10% of samples to be contaminated with Aspergillus ochraceus. Ability to produce ochratoxin A (OA) was tested in 70 samples (27 from nephropathic areas and 43 from non-nephropathic areas). The detection was carried out under UV-light (365 nm) (light blue fluorescence) and 6 OA-producers were found. A biosynthetic procedure on liquid nutritional substrate with saccharose and yeast extract as well as a method using wet crushed wheat revealed that 37% of the samples from a nephropathic area, and 35% of the samples from a non-nephropathic area produce OA. In the nephropathic area 1/10 strains was a strong producer of OA (concentration crushed wheat 135 mg/kg, and 240 mg/l on YES liquid substrate), 1/10 strains was a moderate producer (concentration 16.6 mg/l and 0.07-7.0 mg/l and 0.1-10.4 mg/kg). Among the strains isolated from a wider non-nephropathic area no strong producers of OA were found, but 2/15 strains were moderate producers of OA (concentration of OA 20.4-27.0 mg/l and 15.0-33.7 mg/kg). The other strains, 8/10 on the crushed wheat and 13/15 on the liquid substrate, were weak producers of OA with concentrations of OA between 0.2-9.0 mg/l and 0.2-10.0 mg/kg with the two methods respectively.

RIJEKA KRIVAJA – POTAMOLOŠKA RAZMATRANJA

The river Krivaja makes a unique water course in Bosnia and Herzegovina, the hydrographic system of which is located in one of the largest ophiolotic areas in Yugoslavia. In this way, a specific hydrological network of short surface water courses has been created, which feed themselves mainly with the suface waters and waters from the shallow groundwater of the ophiolitic layers. During the survey of the water level, water flow and flow off categories, differences between the upper and lower river-basin parts were observed, which showed that the dominant natural-geographic factors affected most directly the regime categories. With regard to the morphological-morpholographical, morphometrical and hydrological conditions in the bakin and valley, specially in its longitudinal profile sectors, particulary from Olovo to Careva Cuprija, the high wave water retardations occur, which cause floods in the river valley bottom. The Krivaja river basin and valley represented until recently an exclusively natural – territorial aqual complex. Excessive exploitation, especially the exploitation of the forest resources, have disturbed the balance of the natural conditions, which has far-reaching consequences on the Krivaja hydrological regime.

Comparison of the 14C activity of groundwater and recent Tufa from Karst areas in Yugoslavia and Czechoslovakia

14C activity of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) in water and in recent tufa samples in several karst areas of Yugoslavia and Czechoslovakia was measured. Groundwater from 11 karst springs were measured for their isotopic content (14C, 3H, 13C), chemical composition (HCO3 −, Ca2+, Mg2+) and physico-chemical properties (temperature, pH). Seasonal variations of the 14C activity of DIC in two karst springs in Plitvice Lakes area, Yugoslavia, were measured systematically from 1979 – 1987.14C activity of recent tufa samples from several locations downstream were also measured. The activity of DIC in karst spring water in both countries ranged from 63–87 pMC, which is attributed to differences in geologic structure of the recharge area, topsoil thickness and composition. Grouping of 14C activities of DIC ca (82±4)% is evident. Tritium activity at all the springs indicated short mean residence time (1–10 yr). Concentration of HCO3 −, Ca2+ and Mg2+ in spring water varied with geomorphology. 14C activity of streamwater and recent tufa increased downstream from karst springs due to the exchange between atmospheric CO2 and DIC.

Principal component analysis of precipitation in the Adriatic‐Pannonian area of Yugoslavia

AbstractUsing the principal component method, some characteristics of the precipitation pattern are established for an area from the Adriatic Sea to the Pannonian lowland (territory of Croatia). The data of monthly precipitation amounts for the 20‐year period (1961–1980) from 108 meteorological stations are used. The first four principal components (PCs), which describe 79‐4 per cent of the total precipitation field variance, are considered. It is shown, graphically and numerically, that the first PC is related to the frequency of cyclones on van Beber's paths IVb, Vb and Vc, the second one is related to their frequency on the paths Vd, Vd1 and Ve, the third to the anticyclonic and non‐gradient weather type and the fourth one is related to the frequency of cold fronts crossing Yugoslavian territory. Using the loadings of the PCs, four homogeneous precipitation sectors are determined and compared to those obtained by Koppen's scheme. Finally, some details of the annual pattern of precipitation for these sectors are discussed.

Minor element distribution between galena and sphalerite as a geothermometer; application to two lead-zinc areas in Yugoslavia

Minor element distribution between galena and sphalerite as a geothermometer; application to two lead-zinc areas in Yugoslavia

Ochratoxin A contamination of foodstuffs in an area with Balkan (endemic) nephropathy.

Ochratoxin A is a nephrotoxic fungal metabolite (mycotoxin) occurring in foodstuffs. The compound is causally associated with mycotoxic porcine nephropathy, a disease comparable with a human kidney disease, Balkan (endemic) nephropathy. A survey of 768 samples of foodstuffs (cereals and bread), locally produced in an area of Yugoslavia where Balkan (endemic) nephropathy is prevalent, has revealed that ochratoxin A is constantly present in parts of foodstuffs. The mean frequency of ochratoxin A contamination of cereals in the study period was 8.7 per cent, but a pronounced annual variation was encountered, with frequencies of contamination up to 43 per cent. These contamination frequencies are higher than those reported elsewhere for foodstuffs for human consumption. Thus further evidence is provided to support the hypothesis that ochratoxin A might by a disease determinant of Balkan (endemic) nephropathy.

The vanadium content of human dental enamel and its relationship to caries

A method for the determination of vanadium in dental enamel based on neutron activation analysis is described. After rapid dissolution of the irradiated sample in perchloric acid,52V is quickly separated by solvent extraction from mixed perchloric-hydrochloric medium with N-benzoyl-N-phenyl hydroxylamine (BPHA) reagent in toluene in 95% yield. The technique was applied to samples from a low caries area of Dalmatia, Zemunik (DMFT 5), in the same region. No significant differences in vanadium content were found between the two areas, nor between deciduous and permanent teeth. The levels in other areas of Yugoslavia were found to be similar, with a mean concentration of 3.7±1.5 ng·g−1 for 37 samples, with a nearly normal distribution; a few impacted teeth gave lower values. The method can also be adapted to the analysis of bone and biological materials generally.

Treatment of bilateral renal pelvic and ureteral tumors. A review of 45 cases.

A particular type of kidney disease, the so-called Balkan nephropathy, is to be observed in some areas in Yugoslavia. This type of disease is very often associated with ureteral and pelvic tumors. 495 cases were observed (308 of pelvic and 187 of ureteral origin). Taking into consideration the frequency of bilaterality (9%) as well as of renal insufficiency (50%), we have been forced to preserve the kidney in tumoral cases instead of performing radical nephrectomy. The results on 45 bilateral pelvic and ureteral tumors are presented in this paper.

Lead in new-fallen snow near a lead smelter.

In a mountainous area of Yugoslavia, where a lead mine and smelter have been in operation for some 300 years, samples of new-fallen snow were obtained within three zones situated at increasing distances in different directions from the two centrally located stacks of the smelter, and were analyzed for their lead content. The lead content of new snow would be a factor of the quantities of lead in the air through which precipitation of moisture has occurred. The results confirmed the expectation that, with increasing distance from the source of lead emission, the snow contained consistently decreasing quantities of lead. Moreover, samples of new-fallen snow collected at altitudes that differed from that of the stacks yielded results that deviated from each other to such an extent as to alter significantly the negative correlation of the results with an increasing distance of the sampling sites from the stacks.

English Loanwords in Serbo-Croatian

S ERBO-CROATIAN, the dominant language of Yugoslavia, has been subjected to strong foreign influences for centuries. The Turks occupied large areas of what is now Yugoslavia for approximately five hundred years. Other areas of Yugoslavia were under the rule of the Austro-Hungarian Empire during much of their history. Smaller sections have known Italian domination. Cultural influence from countries such as France and Russia has been strong at times. The linguistic result of this past is a large number of borrowings in Serbo-Croatian. The major contributions are from Turkish and German.1 Other source languages are French, English, Hungarian, and Italian. Before the Second World War, the number of loanwords from English was relatively small. They consisted mainly of words which had entered numerous other languages besides Serbo-Croatian. Examples of such widely diffused Anglicisms in Serbo-Croatian spelling are: bar 'bar,' blef'bluff,' 6ek 'check,' dzentlmen 'gentleman,' farma 'farm,' film 'film,' folklor 'folklore,'fudbal 'soccer,' klaun 'clown,' klub 'club,' kombajn 'combine,' kros 'cross-country race,' miting 'meeting' (political), piknik 'picnic,' sendvi6 'sandwich,' skaut 'boy scout,' snob 'snob,' splin 'spleen' (figurative), start 'start,' stop 'stop,' frapnela 'shrapnel,' tenk 'tank' (military), tenis 'tennis,' traktor 'tractor,' tramvaj 'tramway,' tunel'tunnel,' vagon 'wagon' (railroad), vaterklozet 'water closet,' vikend 'weekend,' and viski 'whiskey.' Such words are international. They are just as much a part of international terminology as many widely used Greco-Latin terms.2 Such Anglicisms, which often filtered into Serbo-Croatian from French or German rather than directly from English, are included in the list below. A note is added when an intermediary language has significantly altered the form of the Anglicism, as in biftek 'beefsteak,' from French bifteck. Since the Second World War, English influence has become more