New Areas Of Land Research Articles

Analisis Perubahan Pemanfaatan Ruang di Kota Pekanbaru Studi Kasus :Koridor Ruas Jalan Soekarno Hatta

Pekanbaru City as the capital of Riau Province has a quite rapidly development. One of the areas that is undergoing rapid change is the Soekarno-Hatta road segment. This corridor is located in a commercial and educational area. Strategic location makes this corridor an attraction for the community and investors to invest in the region. The purpose of this study was to analyze changes in spatial use in the corridor of Soekarno Hatta Street in Pekanbaru City in 2008-2018. This researcher used a qualitative descriptive method, with spatial overlay analysis techniques in 2008 and 2018 using GIS. The results of this study are the use of space in 2008-2018 experienced a lot of changes in land use change and increased space use. In 2008 the use of space in the corridor of Soekarno Hatta Street was still largely in the form of vacant land, which has not been utilized. Most of the changes in spatial use are the emergence of new areas of land that have not been utilized. In addition, an increase in the area of ​​spatial use for economic activities amounted to 301,455m2, the area of ​​social activity change increased by 17,014m2, and the area of ​​settlement changes decreased by 10,303m2. A significant change in spatial use is in the form of increasingly widespread commercial activity in the strategic corridor area.

SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF THE CULTIVATION OF JATROPHA USING AGRICULTURAL DRAINAGE WATER IN SIWA OASIS

The term is used to express a natural phenomenon in desert areas. It is a low-lying isolated area surrounded by desert from each side. Siwa Oasis is a natural depression in Western Sahara, which has a low altitude of about 23 meters below sea level. It has an area of ​​about 250,000 feddans, of which about 209,400 feddans are cultivated and irrigated through a number of wells and springs. As a result of continuous and continuous flow of water in excess of 33 million m3 (Fathi Hammad, 2001) , In the absence of an efficient and efficient sewage system, in addition to the low efficiency of the existing drainage system, the water accumulation and accumulation of water in the low areas of the oasis has created a number of lakes, causing the problem of rising water level, Negatively affect their productivity and threaten the entire ecosystem of the oasis. The study aimed to identify the most important returns and costs that affect the cultivation of jatropha and the economic feasibility of planting them. The research relied on both descriptive and quantitative methods. The results proved an IRR of about 27%, which is higher than the opportunity cost available. For the investment in Egyptian banks for 2018, which is an interest rate of about 17%, and the rate of return on costs was estimated at1.6 and the net present value (91025.6), The study recommended the exploitation of agricultural waste water economically as a waste resource causing many economic and environmental problems and encouraging investments in this field. dunes, and the provision of new jobs by increasing the areas of new land, and recommended the research the need to exploit agricultural wastewater economically as a waste resource causing many economic and environmental problems and encourage investments in This area.

GEOCHEMICAL SOIL ANALYSIS AND ENVIRONMENTAL RECONSTRUCTIONS AT THE NEOLITHIC AND CHALCOLITHIC SETTLEMENT KOCHEGAROVO-1 IN THE FOREST-STEPPE ZONE OF WESTERN SIBERIA

The article outlines the results of the analysis of cultural layers and natural soil horizons at the Neolithic and Chalcolithic settlement Kochegarovo-1, and of the modern soil in its vicinities. The distribution of chemical elements and the associated geochemical ratios in the archaeological profile were compared to the background values. Six chemical elements (phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, manganese, and strontium) form distinct concentration zones within the Neolithic and Chalcolithic cultural layers, especially within the latter. The most informative geochemical ratios are CIA, Rb/Sr, Ba/Sr, MnO/Al 2 O 3 , (CaO+MgO)/ Al 2 O 3 , and Zr/TiO 2 . They allow us to reconstruct environmental conditions and subsistence activities at the site, which evidently emerged when the hydrological situation of the region had changed in the Neolithic. After the channel of the Miass River had migrated, new areas of land with semi-hydromorphic landscapes were exposed. The seasonal Neolithic camp was located on the river bank. In the Chalcolithic, the Miass River had continued to recede, and new areas of land appeared near the settlement. The environment remained semi-hydromorphic. The peak of subsistence activities, evidenced by maximal settlement area and largest estimated population size, coincided with the Chalcolithic, when occupation became permanent. Indicators of anthropogenic activity are present at all occupation stages, especially at the Chalcolithic stage. The analysis confirmed that Neolithic and Chalcolithic populations of the region subsisted by hunting, gathering, and fishing.

Farmers Attitude towards Organic Farming Techniques in Elzawiah Region in Kafr El-Sheikh Governorate

This research aims to determine the level attitudes of the farmers respondents towards three from the organic farming techniques, and to identify any of these technique ,which have a more positive attitude ,and determine the percentage of contribution of each variable of the independent variables which correlated significantly in explaining variation incident in degree of the attidude of the farmers respondents towards The three studied techniques of organic agriculture, lso to identify the obstacles that limit the use of farmers respondents to organic farming techniques from their point of view. This research was conducted in Elzawiah regionas one of the largest new areas of land in Kafrelshiekh governorate in terms of area cultivated organically, it was followed by selecting three villages with simple random method from that region, the villages were; Umm Al-Qura, Al-Qadisiyah, and Alfyrooz, , from them it wase selected systematic random sample amounted to 176 respondents (65, 58, 53) from these villages, respectively, representing 10% ​​of total farmers population research which amounted to 1760 farmers. Field data has been collected by using a personal interviewing questionnaire from the research sample, during the month of December 2014 ,it wase used both of: Frequiencis, percentages, arithmetic mean, standard deviation, the weighted arithmetic mean, Pearson's simple correlation coefficient, and model analysis of regression, stepwise multiple step-wise upward, in data analysis and presenting search results. The most important research results could be summarized as follows: 1- It was showed that 66 % of the total farmer's respondents were in the categories of neutral and negative attitude towards the three organic farming techniques studied colectively. 2- It was found that the arrangement of three organic farming techniques studied from where the positive attitude of the farmer's respondents towards it according to its values ​​of weighted means as follows: organic fertilizers (1.22), integrated pest management (1.15), and bio-fertilizers (1.0). 3- It was cleared that five independent variables together explain about 60.8 % of the variation in the degree of attitude of the farmers respondents towards the three organic farming techniques studied together, 35.1 % of variance was attributed to the age of the respondent, 16 % due to the degree of education of the respondent, 5.9 % due to the degree of exposure to sources of information on organic farming, 2.5 % to the land farm size, and 1.3 % due to to the animal farm size. 4- Farmers respondents refeers to ten constraints limit their use of the techniques of organic agriculture from their point of view were ranging between 85% and 43% could be arranged from top to down as follows: Rise of prices of vital fertilizer in local markets (85%), lack of availability of organic farming techniques requirements in the agricultural associations (82%), lack of knowledge and information of farmers in how to apply the techniques of organic farming (78%), and lack of the extension pannels and meetings to educate farmers about organic farming techniques to educate farmers (75%), and non persuasion of farmers with feasibility of switching from traditional farming to organic farming (73.3%), high IPM costs (61%), the farmers fear of not to marketing their organic products (53%), no support by the government to the farmers in the field of organic farming (50%), the absence of a government law that control and regulates organic agriculture production and marketed (46%), and fragmentation of agricultural holdings (43%).

The politics of the forest frontier: Negotiating between conservation, development, and indigenous rights in Cross River State, Nigeria

Nigeria's once thriving plantation economy has suffered under decades of state neglect and political and civil turmoil. Since Nigeria's return to civilian rule in 1999, in a bid to modernize its ailing agricultural economy, most of its defunct plantations were privatized and large new areas of land were allocated to ‘high-capacity’ agricultural investors. This paper explores the local tensions associated with this policy shift in Cross River State, which, due to its favorable agro-ecological conditions and investment climate, has become one of Nigeria's premier agricultural investment destinations. It shows how the state's increasing reliance on the private sector as an impetus for rural transformation is, paradoxically, crowding out smallholder production systems and creating new avenues for rent capture by political and customary elites. Moreover, as Nigeria's most biodiverse and forested state, the rapid expansion of the agricultural frontier into forest buffer zones is threatening to undermine many of the state's conservation initiatives and valuable common pool resources. The paper goes on to explain why and how private sector interests in Cross River State are increasingly being prioritized over natural resource protection, indigenous rights over the commons, and smallholder production systems.

Salt Tolerance in Selected Vegetable Crops

Ensuring adequate food production is a major issue in the context of an increasing human population, limit to the areas of new land that can be cultivated, and loss of existing cultivated lands to abiotic stresses. Of these stresses, salinity consistently has the greatest impact in reducing the area of cultivated land, often due to inappropriate irrigation techniques. To increase food supply, there is a need to produce salt-tolerant crops, which can grow successfully on salt-affected lands. Among crops, vegetables possess a central position in the human diet because of their nutritional value providing vitamins, carbohydrates, proteins, and mineral nutrients. There are many vegetable crops of local importance around the world but others that are very widely cultivated. All of these vegetable crops are affected by salinity more or less severely. Salinity affects every aspect of vegetable crop development including their morphology, physiological function and yield. Although efforts have been made to understand the mechanisms of salt tolerance in vegetable crops, less attention has been paid to these than to the staple crops. Where attempts have been made to improve salt tolerance of vegetables, the strategies have ranged from exogenous application of fertilizers, compatible solutes or plant growth regulators, to use of advanced molecular techniques for genetic modifications. This review focuses on the responses of pea, okra, tomato, eggplant, pepper, carrot, broccoli, cauliflower, and potato to salt stress and the strategies being used to enhance their salt tolerance.

Soil organic matter formation along a chronosequence in the Morteratsch proglacial area (Upper Engadine, Switzerland)

Abstract Global warming leads to the melting of ice caps and glaciers and, consequently, the exposure of new areas of land to the atmosphere and weathering. These areas usually have a high reactivity to both biotic and abiotic changes. Proglacial areas in the Alps usually have a deglaciation time span of around 150 years (time since the end of the “Little Ice Age” in the 1850's). We investigated a chronosequence of very young soils in the proglacial area Morteratsch (Swiss Alps) to derive time-trends of soil organic matter accumulation and evolution. Total organic C and N contents, C and N contents of the various organic matter (OM) density fractions and of the labile (oxidised by H2O2) and stable (H2O2-resistant) fractions were measured. Further characterisation of OM and the various fractions was performed using Diffuse Reflection Infrared Fourier Transform (DRIFT). Soil organic matter has been accumulated over 150 years at very high rates, values lay between 7 and 36 g C/m2/year. This led to a soil organic matter abundance of about 1–5.5 kg C/m2 after 140 years. Even at the start of soil formation, a very stable fraction of soil organic matter was detectable. Stable organic matter (resistant to the H2O2 treatment) comprised about 6% of the total soil organic carbon and 10% of the total nitrogen. At the start of soil formation, a very high proportion of soil organic matter was present in the density fractions 2 g/cm3). With time, the quality of soil organic matter changed: a decrease of hydrophobicity, an increase in aromatic compounds in the bulk soil and a decrease in phenolic functional groups in the heaviest density fraction were detectable with increasing age. In general, stable organic matter as well as the density fraction > 2 g/cm3 had a low C/N ratio and were enriched in proteinaceous materials. The adsorption of proteinaceous materials points to a strong organo-mineral association. This process has existed since the very beginning of soil formation.

The effects of landforming on soil profile characteristics of an irrigated cotton-producing area of southeastern Australia

Broadacre, irrigated cotton production in Australia is reliant on landforming to optimise water-use efficiency during the growing season. A side-effect of landforming, or “cut” and “fill” operations, is that the suitability of land for crop production may be altered by the removal, addition, exposing or raising of surface or near-surface soil layers. For landowners considering bringing new areas of land into irrigated crop production, knowledge of what these alterations will be is crucial in determining the likely success of such a venture. In this study, the effects of landforming on the profile attributes of three soil types in a relatively new cotton-growing area of southeastern Australia are examined. For each soil type, profiles in landformed fields, including both “cut” and “fill” profiles, are compared to uncropped (“native”) profiles within and below the zone of soil disturbance typically involved in landforming. Although the topsoil features of landformed profiles differ to those of native profiles for each of the three soil types, the oldest and most pedologically differentiated soil type exhibits the greatest change from the native state following the cut and fill operations. In this case, landforming has served to scalp or mix a thin topsoil layer with significantly more clayey, alkaline and sodic subsoil material, which accounts for landowner observations of poor cotton yields on this soil type. Topsoil properties of the landformed profiles of the other two soil types are not as limiting to plant growth, and so the potential side-effects of landforming on crop production are less.

The coastal oasis: ice age springs on emerged continental shelves

As ice caps expanded during each of the last five glaciations, sea level fell at least 120 m below current levels, exposing continental shelves worldwide to create vast areas of new land. As a result of this exposure, the ecology, climate, pedology, and geology of global shorelines were dramatically transformed, which in turn altered the carbon cycle and biodynamics of this new landmass. In this paper, we focus on a little-known hydrogeological phenomenon that may have had profound influences on biodiversity, human evolution, and carbon storage during periods of severe climatic stress of the Pleistocene Ice Ages. We propose that freshwater springs appeared on emerged continental shelves because falling sea level not only drew down and steepened the coastal water table gradient, thus increasing the hydrostatic head on inland groundwater aquifers, but also removed up to 120 m of hydrostatic pressure on the shelf, further enhancing groundwater flow. We call this phenomenon the “coastal oasis”, a model based on three well-established facts. (1) In all coastal areas of the world, continental aquifers discharge a continuous flow of fresh water to the oceans. (2) Many submarine sedimentary and morphological features, as well as seepages and flow of fresh water, are known on and below the shelves from petroleum explorations, deep-sea drilling programs, and mariners' observations. (3) Hydraulic principles (Darcy's law) predict increased groundwater flow at the coast when sea level drops because the piezometric head increases by the equivalent depth of sea-level lowering. Sea level is presently in a relatively high interglacial position. Direct observation and verification of our model is difficult and must rely on explorations of terrain that are now deeply submerged on continental shelves. For this reason, we draw parallels between our predicted model and simple, well-exposed terrestrial hydrological systems, such as present-day springs that appear on the exposed shores of lakes whose free-air water levels fell during periods of aridity. Such modern examples are seen in the Caspian Sea and Dead Sea, the Afar Depression, and the Sahara Desert. These modern analogues demonstrate the likelihood that underground water will be more abundant on emerged shelves during sea-level fall, causing springs, oases, and wetlands to appear. Our model creates an apparent paradox: in tropical and subtropical arid lands, such as most of Africa, sea-level fall during hyperarid glacial phases would produce abundant fresh water flow onto emerged continental shelves as the continental interior desiccated. Thus, emergent shoreline springs provided new habitats for terrestrial vegetation and animals displaced from the interior by increasingly arid conditions, shrinking ecosystems, and dwindling water supplies. Such a scenario would have had a profound influence on the vegetation that spreads naturally to colonize the emerged shelves during glacio-eustatic sea-level lowstands, as well as creating new habitats for terrestrial mammals, including early humans.

The factors limiting crop production on the Mubangwe Farm, Malawi

Abstract. Mubangwe Farm, northern Malawi, was brought into cultivation from savanna vegetation with Brachystegia between 1970 and 1983 to produce tobacco, maize and groundnuts. Because of poor yields even with inputs of lime, N, P and K the fields were soon abandoned. The soils were only moderately acidic with little likelihood of Al toxicity. They held only small amounts of exchangeable Ca2+ (down to 0.01 cmolc/kg) particularly at depth. Phosphorus availability was low particularly in the subsoil. A minus‐one pot experiment showed that the growth of sorghum in topsoil samples was limited by lack of N, P, S and Ca. The lower availabilities of P and Ca in the subsoil are therefore likely to be major limitations to growth, allowing only limited root penetration. The loamy sand to sandy clay soils generally had small available water capacities (down to 0.07 cm3/cm3) which, with restricted root development, may have lead to drought in dry periods during the growing season. The findings emphasize the need to measure both subsoil and topsoil properties when new areas of land are being developed for crop production.

The prohibition of biological weapons: Current activities and future prospects

Deliberately induced disease or biological warfare is a source of increasing concern as we approach the twenty-first century, as its prevention is central to the security, health and well-being of the global community. In the simplest terms, biological warfare means placing the health of humans, animals and plants at risk from disease deliberately induced as a hostile act. Disease has caused more casualties in all wars than actual weapons of war and there is increasing — and justified — worldwide concern about new and emerging diseases. As the world population continues to increase, new areas of land are occupied and there is greater overcrowding in populated areas, with an ever-greater demand for both plants and animals as sources of food. This creates more opportunities for new or old diseases to spread among humans, animals and plants, with all the consequential socio-economic damage to the countries concerned.

Cutaneous leishmaniasis in the Libyan Arab Republic: distribution of the disease and identity of the parasite.

The endemicity of cutaneous leishmaniasis in northwest Libya was confirmed. Although the strains isolated from man had variable biological properties they were all biochemically similar according to the tests used. The Libyan strains resemble those of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in parts of the Middle East, but can be differentiated from urban or highland strains. It is suggested that the recent discovery of the disease is due partly to the improvement in medical services, and partly to the development of new areas of land for agriculture and housing.

Darwin, Lyell, and the Geological Significance of Coral Reefs

In the half century following Cook's entry into the Pacific in 1769, few tropical phenomena excited more attention than coral islands and the corals which evidently built them. In the eighteenth century corals occupied a critical position in the Great Chain of Being. Sometimes interpreted as animals, sometimes as plants, they built large topographic structures of limestone, and thus spanned the gap between the organic and inorganic worlds. ‘The strata which they form are at once living and fossil; we can see them in the act of production, and the mountains grow up to the day before us, new parts of our own earth.’ Towards the end of the century, after Peyssonnel had conclusively shown that corals were animals—variously designated as worms, insects, or molluscous worms—this bridging significance was transferred to the coral islands, new areas of land emerging from the ocean and newly colonized by plants and animals, as an analogue of the primeval earth. This creative process served for some to counterbalance the Huttonian vision of universal degradation: ‘Whatever destroying tendencies … exist on the earth, these renovating powers compensate for them’.

PELLETED INOCULATED LEGUME SEED

IN NEW ZEALAND extensive areas of new land are being sown to pasture each year. In many of these areas the soil does not contain the 'beneficial rhizobial bacteria which nodulate the roots of common pasture legumes. In some cases, if rhizobia are present in the soils they are only in low numbers ; also many strains present in the soils are not effective on all clovers being sown. This deficiency can be corrected by the cheap, simple procedure of seed inoculation. However, if full value is to be obtained from inoculation, the seed must be sown under conditions which favour the survival of the applied bacteria. Provided inoculated seed is sown promptly into a well-prepared seedbed and adequately covered, excellent results will be obtained. However, several practical problems at times make this difficult. With land development now largely confined to more difficult soils and situations, inoculated seed may have to be held after inoculation, is sometimes sown into dry soil under dry conditions, and is frequently broadcast without adequate covering. In such circumstances, there is a gradual desiccation and death of the bacteria. Sometimes when sowing inoculated seed it is an advantage to be able to sow the seed with acid superphosphate, but this practice is injurious to the legume bacteria.

A Popular Misconception Regarding Humidity and the Need for Closer Liaison Between Meterologists and Ecologists

At school we are taught that the Gulf Stream greatly affects the. climate of the British Isles. We learn that a considerable belt around the coast of a continent differs from the interior in having a more humid and equable climate than the latter. This effect of bodies of water on the neighbouring land is apparently not confined to the great oceans. It is commonly believed, for instance, that the areas of unusually heavy rainfall on the northwestern side of Lake Victoria and at the north-east corner of Lake Nyasa are due to the presence of these lakes. Some years ago an eminent South African, Prof. Schwartz, wrote a book about the Kalahari. In it he proposed a scheme for damming the Zambesi and diverting much of its water southwards into the great hollows of the waterless country of the so-called desert of the Kalahari. He had two objects. The first was to irrigate great areas of new land, on which to settle land-hungry farmers. The second, the one which interes'ts us, was to save water which now runs down the Zambesi to waste in the Indian Ocean, and to spread it out over the land to evaporate directly and to be tranispired by the growing crops, with the object of raising the humidity of the air and increasing the rainfall of the droughtstricken north-western parts of the Union of South Africa. Prof. Schwartz's scheme so captured public imagination in South Africa, that the Government sent a special expedition of meteorologists, engineers and agriculturalists to Ngamiland to report on it. The belief in the effect of water in moistening the air of the country around is extended also to smaller lakes and even to small streams, ponds and marshes. In ecological literature one constantly finds reference to the humidity of the atmosphere in the hollows containing such bodies of water. Preferences for certain humidity belts have been used by a number of research workers to explain certain inove-nents of locusts. A few years ago I decided to take some measurements of temperature and humidity at Lake Rukwa in Tanganyika, in order to try to understand the behaviour of the Red Locust, which I was studying there. This lake is a large body of water, being about 85 miles long. The results surprised me greatly, as they seemed to be at variance with ideas which I understood to be generally accepted. I found that in the middle of the day in the dry season the air over the shallow flood water of the lake was certainly damper than inland, but the differences were very much less than I had expected. Even 200 or 300 yards gut over the water the air was very far from saturated, and relative humidities of only 40 or 50% could be read. Coming inland there was a decrease in humidity, but this ceased at a very short distance inland. Sometimes even places where there was still wet mud left by the retreat of the flood showed as low a humidity as the completely dry and burnt up areas hundreds of yards inland.