Areas Of Mode Research Articles

Critical conditions for ignition of boron particles in chlorine

This paper provides an analysis of ignition and extinction conditions of boron particles (with a diameter of up to 200 μm) in a nitrogen-chlorine gas mixture. The analytical description is carried out in a dimensionless form without using the Frank-Kamenetsky distribution. This makes it possible to more correctly describe extinction conditions of particle. An analytical approach is used to analyze critical conditions, which consists in founding dependencies in the form of parametric functions. It is shown that, depending on the parameters of the gas environment (temperature and proportion of chlorine), there are hysteresis areas, areas of ignition and extinction, and areas of the crisis-free chlorination mode of boron particles.
 The obtained dependencies are compared with experimental results. Their satisfactory agreement allows us to confirm the kinetic parameters of the chlorination reaction of boron particles, namely the activation energy E = 60 kJ/mol and the pre-exponential factor k0 = 4 m/s.

Resting-state neural correlates of visual Gestalt experience.

Subjective perceptual experience is influenced not only by bottom-up sensory information and experience-based top-down processes, but also by an individual's current brain state. Specifically, a previous study found increased prestimulus insula and intraparietal sulcus (IPS) activity before participants perceived an illusory Gestalt (global) compared with the non-illusory (local) interpretation of a bistable stimulus. That study provided only a snapshot of the brain state that favors the illusory interpretation. In the current study, we tested whether areas that differentiate between the illusory and non-illusory perception, immediately before stimulus onset, are also associated with an individual's general tendency to perceive it, which remains stable over time. We examined individual differences in task-free functional connectivity of insula and IPS and related them to differences in the individuals' duration of the two stimulus interpretations. We found stronger connectivity of the IPS with areas of the default mode and visual networks to be associated with shorter local perceptual phases, i.e. a faster switch to an illusory percept, and an opposite effect for insula connectivity with the early visual cortex. Our findings suggest an important role of IPS and insula interactions with nodes of key intrinsic networks in forming a perceptual tendency toward illusory Gestalt perception.

Theoretical modelling of a rotating mirror Q switched CW CO laser

Theoretical model for a rotating mirror Q switched CW CO laser is presented. It considers 36 vibration levels including the ground level of CO molecule. Lasing on 20 rotational lines in 18 vibration bands is considered. The lasing on these lines takes place between the rotational sublevels associated with each vibration level. Hence one is required to develop the rate equations for the 36 vibration levels, 397 rotational sublevels and also the equations for the photon densities associated with the360 lasing lines. These equations include the varying loss experienced by the lasing mode as it traverses the gain medium due to rotation of the mirror. The discharge has a thermal gradient. To take this into account we divide the gain medium into two zones, a central one matching with the laser mode and the rest of the discharge zone as the second zone. The two zones are assigned two temperatures as per the calculated average temperatures in these two zones. The calculations of how the above variables vary with time are carried out with the help of a fourth order Runge Kutta routine in the two zones separately. For each time step the model also calculates the intersection areas of the laser mode with the two zones. The actual power profiles of all the individual lasing lines are obtained by combining their powers in these two zones and the corresponding intersection areas. An important application of this laser in additional frequency generation in nonlinear crystals, require time synchronisation among interacting pulses. Our results show that in each vibration band about 12 to –13 lines operate, but only 3 to –4 among them are strong and are well synchronised in time. Their growth is determined by cascade lasing, higher gain coefficient compared to their neighbours and preference of their growth due to rotational relaxation. The results at operation of the rotating mirror at100 Hz, shows that about 222 lines operate and about 65 lines shows this synchronisation property. The results have been validated with experimental data available in the literature.

Investigation into Beijing commuters’ exposure to ultrafine particles in four transportation modes: bus, car, bicycle and subway

Traffic-related air pollution contributes considerably to commuters' daily air pollution exposure. Ultrafine particles (UFP) is one of the most commonly measured traffic-related air pollutant during commuting. There are very limited studies on commuting exposure to air pollution in China. To fill the knowledge gap, we conducted the first study that compares commuters' UFP exposure among four modes in a Chinese city. In this study, we measured particle number concentration (PNC) levels of 63 trips in four transportation modes: bus, car, bicycle and subway in 2015 on a typical commuting route between urban and suburban areas in Beijing. We found that buses experienced the highest PNC (geometric mean (SD): 35,066 (10,856) particles cm−3), followed by bicycles (geometric mean (SD): 28,277 (7942) particles cm−3), then cars (geometric mean (SD): 16,302 (5156) particles cm−3), and finally the subway (geometric mean (SD): 13,245 (2936) particles cm−3). Within the subway mode, we detected the highest PNC at station entrances, followed by the transfer tunnel, while cabin areas showed the lowest levels. For the cabin areas of the subway mode, PNC concentrations were higher when the trains were overground than underground. Measures are needed to reduce commuters’ exposures, particularly those traveling by bus and bicycle. Switching the bus transportation system from diesel to cleaner power, such as compressed natural gas or electricity, may help.

A microstructure-based model for a full lamellar-interlamellar displacement and shear strain mapping inside human intervertebral disc core

The determinant role of the annulus fibrosus interlamellar zones in the intervertebral disc transversal and volumetric responses and hence on their corresponding three-dimensional conducts have been only revealed and appreciated recently. Their consideration in disc modeling strategies has been proven to be essential for the reproduction of correct local strain and displacement fields inside the disc especially in the unconstrained directions of the disc. In addition, these zones are known to be the starting areas of annulus fibrosus circumferential tears and disc delamination failure mode, which is often judged as one of the most dangerous disc failure modes that could evolve with time leading to disc hernia. For this latter reason, the main goal of the current contribution is to incorporate physically for the first time, the interlamellar zones, at the scale of a complete human lumbar intervertebral disc, in order to allow a correct local vision and replication of the different lamellar-interlamellar interactions and an identification of the interlamellar critical zones. By means of a fully tridimensional chemo-viscoelastic constitutive model, which we implemented into a finite element code, the physical, mechanical and chemical contribution of the interlamellar zones is added to the disc. The chemical-induced volumetric response is accounted by the model for both the interlamellar zones and the lamellae using experimentally-based fluid kinetics. Computational simulations are performed and critically discussed upon different simple and complex physiological movements. The disc core and the interlamellar zones are numerically accessed, allowing the observation of the displacement and shear strain fields that are compared to direct MRI experiments from the literature. Important conclusions about the correct lamellar-interlamellar-nucleus interactions are provided thanks to the developed model. The critical interlamellar spots with the highest delamination potentials are defined, analyzed and related to the local kinetics and microstructure.

Using Functional Connectivity Magnetic Resonance Imaging to Measure Brain Connectivity in Preterm Infants.

The use of functional connectivity magnetic resonance imaging (fcMRI) in research involving preterm infants is relatively new, and its feasibility in this population is not fully established. However, fcMRI images reveal functional neural connections that may be useful in establishing the mechanisms of neuroprotective interventions in preterm infants. The aim of this study was to determine the feasibility of using fcMRI to measure differences in functional neural connections in nursing intervention studies. A pilot study was conducted as part of a longitudinal, randomized controlled trial (RCT) testing the effect of a feeding intervention on neurodevelopmental and clinical outcomes of preterm infants randomly assigned to one of two groups: a patterned feeding experience (PFE) group and a usual feeding care (UFC) group. The fcMRIs were done at term-equivalent age. Visual, motor, and default mode networks were analyzed. Seven infants were studied (four were in the PFE group, and three were in the UFC group). Participants were selected sequentially from the parent RCT. Clear images were obtained from all participants. Differences were noted among PFE and UFC infants: Infants receiving PFE were hyperconnective in the default mode (caudate, anterior cingulate cortex, and precuneus) and motor networks (middle temporal and middle occipital areas) and hypoconnective in others areas of the default mode (hippocampal and lingual regions) and motor networks (precentral and superior frontal cortices) relative to UFC infants. No differences were noted in visual networks. The feasibility of using fcMRI at term-equivalent age in preterm infants who participated in an RCT on the effect of a nursing intervention was shown. Differences in connectivity among infants by group were detected. Further research is needed to show the benefit of fcMRI in studies of preterm infants given the costs of the procedure as well as the uncertain relationship of this early outcome measure to long-term neurodevelopment.

An automated voxel-based method for calculating the reference value for a brain tumour metabolic index using 18F-FDG-PET and 11C-methionine PET

ObjectiveThe tumour-to-normal ratio (T/N) is a representative index reflecting brain tumour activity by 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) and 11C-methionine (MET) PET. We proposed a new automated method of calculating the normal reference value (N-value) for use as the denomination of T/N. This method uses voxel-based analysis of FDG- and MET-PET images. We compared the results of this method with those of the standard region-of-interest (ROI) method.MethodsData sets were obtained from 32 patients with newly diagnosed glioma and 13 patients with recurrent brain tumour. Our methods were as follows: (1) FDG-PET and MET-PET images were co-registered. (2) The areas where the FDG uptake was higher than a set threshold were selected. (3) For the corresponding areas of MET-PET images, mode and mean voxel values were calculated as tentative MET N-values. (4) Applying the same coordinates to FDG-PET, the voxel values were averaged and used as tentative FDG N-values. (5) The threshold of FDG-PET and whether to use the mode or the mean voxel values were computationally optimized using learning data sets. (6) Applying the optimal threshold and either the mode or mean, N-values of FDG and MET were finally determined.ResultsN-values determined by our automated method showed excellent agreement with those determined by a manual ROI method (ICC(2,1) > 0.78). These values were significantly correlated with mean manual N-values (p < 0.001).ConclusionsOur new method shows sufficiently good agreement with the standard method and can provide a more objective metabolic index.

A Influência dos Mecanismos de Fomento no Processo de Internacionalização da Economia Criativa no Brasil: o caso da APEX no setor de arquitetura

O objetivo do trabalho é compreender de que forma os instrumentos de fomento, em particular o projeto Built by Brazil, criado pela APEX, podem aumentar a eficácia do processo de internacionalização das empresas de arquitetura do setor da economia criativa no Brasil. A fim de alcançar tal objetivo, a pesquisa é embasada nas áreas de Modos de Entrada, Economia Criativa e Ambiente Institucional, com uso de metodologia qualitativa baseada em estudo de casos múltiplos e análise de conteúdo das entrevistas realizadas. É possível destacar três principais conclusões da pesquisa: 1) há maior incidência do modo contratual como modo de entrada dos escritórios em mercados externos; 2) há certa insuficiência, na visão dos escritórios, de ações da APEX para fomentar a internacionalização; e 3) existem aspectos que ilustram o potencial da atual gestão do projeto Built by Brazil na potencialização do processo de internacionalização destes escritórios.

Topography of claustrum and insula projections to medial prefrontal and anterior cingulate cortices of the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus).

The claustrum has been the subject of intense research interest in recent years, driven in large part by its extensive connections with various regions of the cerebral cortex and by hypotheses surrounding its possible role in multimodal sensory and/or sensory-emotional integration. Here we employed neuroanatomical tracers to map projections from the claustrum-insular region to the medial prefrontal and anterior cingulate cortex of the common marmoset (Callithrx jacchus). These areas were selected based on their identification as "hub" areas of the default mode and cortical salience networks, respectively. Microinjections of fluorescent tracers, along with gold-nanoparticle-conjugated cholera toxin B-subunit and biotinylated dextran amine, were placed in subdivisions of the anterior cingulate area 24b/c and in medial prefrontal areas 32 and 32V. The resulting distribution of transported label showed rostral-caudal and dorsal-ventral topographic arrangement of claustrum connections and clear rostral-caudal topography of insular projections. Medial prefrontal connections were restricted mainly to a ventromedial strip located in the rostral half of the claustrum, with a second, smaller patch of cells in the caudal, ventrolateral portion. In contrast, injections into area 24 yielded dense, widespread connections from the dorsal claustrum, extending along its entire rostral-caudal length. Projections from the "classical" agranular, disgranular, and granular insular areas were sparse or nonexistent in areas 32 and 32V, with progressively increasing connections observed in more caudal tracer injections (i.e., in subdivisions of area 24). Transported label was observed in rostral peri-insular areas orbital periallocortex, orbital proisocortex, and insular proisocortex following all prefrontal injections. These data provide a structural connectivity foundation for interpretation of functional imaging studies, which often indicate activity in the "anterior insula" that may arise, in part, from claustrum and/or peri-insular projections to the anterior cingulate and medial prefrontal cortices. J. Comp. Neurol. 525:1421-1441, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Comparative clinico-haematological analysis in young Zebu cattle experimentally infected with Trypanosoma vivax isolates from tsetse infested and non-tsetse infested areas of Northwest Ethiopia.

BackgroundEthiopia, particularly in the Northwest region, is affected by both tsetse and non-tsetse fly transmitted trypanosomosis, with significant impact on livestock productivity. The aim of this study was to determine and compare clinical findings and haematological values between experimental infections induced by Trypanosoma vivax isolates from areas of either transmission mode. Sixteen young (aged between 6 and 12 months) Zebu cattle (Bos indicus), purchased from a trypanosome-free area and confirmed to be trypanosome-negative, were randomly assigned into four groups of four animals. Groups 1, 2 and 3 were infected with an isolate from a tsetse infested or one of two isolates from a non-tsetse infested area, and group 4 was a non-infected control. All animals in the infected groups were inoculated intravenously with 2 × 106 trypanosomes from donor animals. The experimental animals were monitored for eight consecutive weeks post infection for clinical signs, parasitaemia and haematological changes in packed cell volume (PCV), haemoglobin concentration (Hgb), total red blood cell (RBC) and white blood cell (WBC) counts, differential WBC count and blood indices (mean corpuscular volume [MCV], mean corpuscular haemoglobin and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration).ResultsInfection was characterized by reduced feed intake, weakness, pyrexia, parasitaemia, rough hair coat, enlarged prescapular lymph nodes, lacrimation, weight loss, pallor mucus membrane and dehydration. Body weight loss in all infected groups was significantly higher than in the non-infected control. Similarly, body weight loss was higher (P < 0.001) in animals infected with the tsetse infested isolate than with the non-tsetse infested isolates. The mean PCV, Hgb, total RBC and WBC counts were lower (P < 0.001), and mean MCV was higher (P = 0.01) in all infected groups than in non-infected control animals at different time points during the study period. Except for minor variations in haematological values, the overall changes were similar in all infected groups.ConclusionClinical signs and significant reduction in haematological values in the infected groups indicated the pathogenicity of the T. vivax parasites. Pathogenicity of T. vivax from the non-tsetse infested area can be considered as nearly as important as that of its counterpart derived from the tsetse infested area.

Possibility research of the use of energy reserve of aerial ropeway drives taking into account the twisting forces diagrams

Purpose. It is necessary to study the formalization of approaches to determination of energy reserves of aerial ropeways drives taking into account the twisting forces diagrams. Methodology. To determine the energy reserves the twisting forces diagrams were used. A method is based on the comparative analysis of areas of braking and power operation modes of ropeway drive. Their area depends on the road profile (length and overfall of clearance heights, carrying rope deflection) and location of the drive station (on the lower or the upper supporting points). Findings. The application of the method of energy accumulation in the braking mode with its subsequent consumption in the power mode enables to use the energy reserves of drives. Taking into account the relief, it is possible on the stage of planning to set the parameters the road profile, as well as to locate the drive station so that on the twisting forces diagram the areas of braking mode alternated with the areas of the power mode and were approximately equal in size. This, in turn, will save the electric power in the process of operation. Originality. The approach to determination of energy reserves of the aerial ropeway drives is offered. Practical value. The use of the offered method will help (before the construction) to calculate such a road profile, which will increase the areas of braking mode. The latter in turn will positively affect the size of the accumulated energy.

Protective effects of desferrioxamine and deferiprone on the spleen tissue of aluminum intoxicated mice: A Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy study

The present study was designed to examine the protective effects of the chelating agents desferrioxamine (DFO) and deferiprone (DFP) in aluminum intoxicated spleen tissue of mice by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The finding revealed the alterations on the major biochemical constituents, such as lipids, proteins, phosphodiester and nucleic acids of the spleen tissue of mice at molecular level. The significant decreased in the peak areas of asymmetric and symmetric mode of the phosphodiester groups from control to aluminum intoxicated, but improved it by DFP and DFO+DFP treatments respectively for nearer control value. The bands ratio at I1081/I1232 significantly decreased from control to aluminum, but enhanced it by DFP and DFO+DFP respectively. This result suggests that DFO and DFP are the phosphodiesterase inhibitor, recovered from chronic growth of diseases in the spleen. Amide I and amide II peak area values decreased from control to aluminum intoxicated spleen tissue, but treated with DFP and DFO+DFP significantly improved. This result suggests an alteration in the protein profile. The absence of OlefinicCH stretching in aluminum intoxicated spleen suggests an altered lipid levels. Concentrations of trace elements were found by ICP–OES. Histopathological findings confirmed the biochemical observations of this study. The results of the FTIR study were found to be in agreement with biochemical studies and demonstrated that FTIR can be used successfully applied to toxicological studies at molecular level.

Application of amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation to the temporal lobe epilepsy with bilateral hippocampal sclerosis: an fMRI study

To study the changes of amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (ALFF) of the resting-fMRI in the mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (mTLE) with bilateral hippocampal sclerosis (HS), and discussed its underlying neuro-pathophysiological mechanism. The resting-fMRI data of 20 TLE patients with HS and 20 normal volunteers were performed ALFF analysis. The amplitude of the blood oxygenation level-dependent activation of the resting-state brain was investigated. The brain structures showing increased and decreased ALFF in TLE patients were demonstrated by comparing to normal subjects with 2-sample t-test with threshold of P < 0.01. By comparison with that of normal subjects, the regions showing increased and decreased ALFF in TLE patients were distributed in the brain symmetrically and bilaterally. The regions showing increased ALFF were distributed with center of limbic system, such as parahippocampal gyri, amygdala, hypothalamus, dorsal anterior cingulate gyrus and part of posterior insular lobe, as well as the neocortices such as primary sensorimotor cortices, occipital cortices, inferior temporal gyri, orbital gyri, and the subcortical structures of verbal brainstem and mesial cerebellum. The point with maximal increased ALFF (T = 6.02) located in the right precentral gyru (15, - 12.51). While the regions showing decreased ALFF covered the areas of default mode, such as posterior cingulate cortex/ precuneus and medial prefrontal cortex /ventral anterior cingulate cortex, as well as other structures such as dorsal lateral prefrontal cortices, superior temporal gyri, caudate heads, dorsal brain stem and the posterior cerebellum (3, -78, -21) with the maximal decreased ALFF (T = -4.42). The method of ALFF allows the direct observation to the epileptic activation in TLE. The increased ALFF is considered the facilitation such as the epileptic activity generation and propagation; while the ALFF decrease is considered the function inhibition in these regions, especially implies the suspension in the default mode activity.

Design of terahertz photonic crystal fibers by finite difference frequency domain method

Terahertz photonic crystal fibers are analyzed and designed using a full-vectorial 2D finite difference frequency domain method with nonsplit-field anisotropic perfectly matched layers absorbing boundary conditions. By analyzing the effective mode areas of fundamental mode and second-order mode, a phase diagram which describes the regions of single-mode and multimode operation as well as the non-confined fundamental mode regime is obtained in the terahertz region. The single-mode terahertz photonic crystal fibers with near-zero flattened dispersion are designed based on this method by optimizing the structure parameters.

Recent Experimental Progress in Electron Cyclotron Resonance Heating and Electron Cyclotron Current Drive in Magnetically Confined Fusion Plasmas

A review of recent experimental results in electron cyclotron (EC) resonance heating and EC current drive (CD) (ECCD) is given. Special emphasis is put on the recent developments of new schemes in which EC waves can heat and drive current in magnetically confined fusion plasmas. These comprise scenarios to overcome the density cutoff experienced in application of the classical first-harmonic ordinary mode (O1) and second-harmonic extraordinary mode (X2) schemes as well as to increase the CD efficiency of EC waves while maintaining their good localization. In particular, we discuss recent experimental progress in tokamaks, stellarators, and spherical tori in the areas of the second-harmonic ordinary mode (O2), third-harmonic extraordinary mode (X3), and electron Bernstein wave schemes [mostly Ordinary-eXtraordinary-Bernstein (O-X-B) scheme] as well as experiments in which the combination of ECCD with lower hybrid CD leads to a synergetic increase of the ECCD efficiency. A particular application of ECCD that has recently received much attention and is therefore reviewed in this paper is the suppression of neoclassical tearing modes (NTMs) by ECCD. We show that the theoretically predicted requirements for ECCD in terms of deposition (maximizing the ECCD driven current density) and injection in phase with the O-point of the magnetic island associated with the NTM (which is needed when the island width falls below the deposition width) have been verified experimentally. Also, many of the elements needed for constructing a reliable, feedback-controlled NTM suppression system for ITER based on ECCD have now been demonstrated experimentally, and the next step, which is their integration into a reliable scheme, is well within reach.

HIV/AIDS knowledge, attitudes and beliefs among Nepalese adolescents

This paper reports an exploration of Nepalese adolescents' knowledge, attitudes and beliefs of HIV/AIDS. Nepal is confronted with an increasing incidence of HIV/AIDS among adolescents and young adults. A priority of nurses and other health professionals in Nepal is the prevention of the spread of HIV infection. The first step in prevention is assessing the HIV/AIDS knowledge, attitudes and beliefs of adolescents. A cross-sectional correlational design was carried out in 2003 in a private school in Kathmandu, Nepal. A total of 150 adolescents participated in the study. Two instruments were used: a demographic questionnaire and the Youth Survey, which included questions on knowledge, attitudes and beliefs. The majority of the adolescents had a moderate level of overall HIV/AIDS knowledge, but lacked knowledge in the areas of mode of transmission and prevention of HIV/AIDS. Approximately 79% thought that AIDS was a big problem and 67% were afraid of getting AIDS. However, only 16.7% reported that they were likely to get AIDS, and 18.7% did not perceive living in Kathmandu as a risk for HIV/AIDS. The findings of this study will help policymakers and healthcare professionals develop a culturally sensitive and needs specific educational programme for urban Nepalese adolescents. The findings may also have lessons for public health and school nurses working in similar contexts. Nurses, and more specifically public health nurses in Nepal, need to play an active role in the development and implementation of educational programs on HIV/AIDS. Research needs to be done in rural as well as urban areas of Nepal on adolescents' HIV/AIDS knowledge, attitudes and beliefs.

Effect of formulation variables on coating properties and performance in the deep draw process

This study demonstrated correspondences between certain coating properties and observed failure modes in the deep draw process. Mode I failure, coating delamination at the cup edge, correlated with residual compressive stresses in the drawn coating. Neither crosslinker concentration nor prepolymer molecular weight in the ranges studied significantly affected residual stresses. However, residual stresses were strongly affected by the amount of wax in the coating formulation to the extent that coatings with less than 1.5% wax exhibited mode I failure, whereas coatings with 1.5% or more did not fail. Some of the coatings that exhibited mode I failure also exhibited mode II failure. Loss of adhesion on the cup wall, mode II failure, correlated with adhesive strength of the coating to the metal substrate, which in the present study was most strongly affected by crosslinker concentration. Coatings with 15 and 20% crosslinker exhibited extended areas of mode II failure, whereas coatings with 10% crosslinker showed no mode II failure. Increasing the molecular weight of the prepolymer improved adhesion somewhat, but not enough to affect the failure mode in the coatings tested, and wax had no measurable effect on the adhesion.

Comparison of Two Approaches to Teaching Beginning Band

This study investigated the effects of a comprehensive musicianship approach as compared to a performance-oriented approach to the instruction of beginning band students at the junior high level. In the comprehensive musicianship approach (experimental group) the students experienced an in-depth study of several of the elements of music as well as form, composition, and improvisation. Students in the performance-oriented approach (control] group) were taught according to the band method in use. A pretest-posttest design with the teachers nested within the treatment levels as well as a performance posttest specially] designed for the study were used to provide data. The resulting effects of the two approaches on the dependent variables revealed significant differences in the posttest scores in the areas of interval, meter, major-minor mode, and auditory-visual discrimination. All significant differences favored the experimental group. There was no significant difference in the performance test. This evidence suggested that members of both groups performed equally well.

Comparison of Two Approaches to Teaching Beginning Band

This study investigated the effects of a comprehensive musicianship approach as compared to a performance-oriented approach to the instruction of beginning band students at the junior high level. In the comprehensive musicianship approach (experimental group) the students experienced an in-depth study of several of the elements of music as well as form, composition, and improvisation. Students in the performance-oriented approach (control group) were taught according to the band method in use. A pretest-posttest design with the teachers nested within the treatment levels as well as a performance posttest specially designed for the study were used to provide data. The resulting effects of the two approaches on the dependent variables revealed significant differences in the posttest scores in the areas of interval, meter, major-minor mode, and auditory-visual discrimination. All significant differences favored the experimental group. There was no significant difference in the performance test. This evidence suggested that members of both groups performed equally well.

Distributed Data Processing Systems - Distributed Computer Control Systems: Similarities and Differences. A Panel Discussion

This paper introduces the five following papers which are the introductory statements made by the participants in a three-hour panel discussion. In this paper, the ideas leading to the formation of the panel discussion are presented and a hypothesis is stated to serve as the central theme of the discussion. In order to clarify semantic differences, a working definition of “distributed system” is proposed. In addition, three questions relating to specific areas of control mode, intercommunication, and system integrity are posed as a starting point for the discussion. The panel discussion was recorded and transcribed, and the edited questions, answers, and comments are included in these proceedings following the introductory papers.