Areas Of Large Cities Research Articles

Changes in midlife death rates across racial and ethnic groups in the United States: systematic analysis of vital statistics

ObjectiveTo systematically compare midlife mortality patterns in the United States across racial and ethnic groups during 1999-2016, documenting causes of death and their relative contribution to excess deaths.DesignTrend analysis of...

Residential Real Estate Market in the Context of Local and Regional Development

The aim of the work is to present the relationship between the development of residential real estate markets and local and regional development. It was found that the number of completed dwellings is strongly connected with the value of transactions on residential property markets in cities of over 200 000 inhabitants (confirmation of the theory of the residential real estate market as a “growth machine”). The value of transactions on the residential real estate market in these big cities proved to be strongly correlated with the number of natural persons performing economic activity and the share of persons working in the service sector in voivodships which would indicate regional development. Along with the increase in transactions on the residential real estate market, the demand for construction and renovation of flats and houses increases, as well as for works that cause an increase in the utility value of the property: finishing works, production and assembly of fences, hardening of the area or setting up gardens. The question arises as to whether natural persons performing economic activity do such works mainly in cities with more than 200 000 inhabitants and in suburbanization areas surrounding them (the hypothesis of local development), or the external effects of real estate markets as a “growth machine” have a supralocal range, somehow “leaking” beyond the areas of large cities and suburbanization zones (the hypothesis of regional development). Therefore, in-depth surveys are necessary.

Problemáticas y estrategias para la intervención y gestión en centros históricos de Italia, España y América Latina

El tema abordado surge de la línea de investigación vinculada con las intervenciones destinadas a la recuperación de Centros Históricos, que desde la década del 70 a la actualidad han cobrado un papel relevante y pasó a tener un rol destacado, dado que su reactivación plantea nuevos desafios, perspectivas y formas de actuar en ellos. En este sentido, el artículo presenta las estrategias de intervención y gestión desarrolladas a partir de la implementación de proyectos urbanos en estas áreas históricas de ciudades grandes e intermedias de Italia, España y América Latina, en el período de estudio mencionado. Se analizan las problemáticas que las han impulsado, las similitudes y diferencias de sus Centros Históricos, y se destacan las estrategias e instrumentos de intervención y gestión implementados; se identifican las experiencias integrales y los vínculos e influencias entre ellos. La metodología empleada es de alcance descriptiva y clasificatoria, basada en la identificación de casos

Modelos de agricultura urbana para a segurança alimentar: um estudo comparativo entre Singapura e Brasil

O setor de agricultura urbana está se expandindo rapidamente no globo terrestre, tanto para uso comercial como residencial. Sua escala varia de pequenas parcelas de quintal em jardins comunitários e escolares, bem como grandes fazendas comerciais localizadas nas zonas urbanas e perí-urbanas das grandes cidades. A atividade tem se utilizado de operações hidropônicas a produzir frutas, legumes e verduras desde terraços prediais a telhados industriais e mais recentemente em formatos de eletrodomésticos para utilização em lares residenciais e comercial. Todo esse desenvolvimento das atividades de agricultura urbana tem como foco subsidiar a segurança alimentar e nutricional das populações urbanas inclusas nas cidades com alto grau de densidade demográfica. Dessa maneira, o objetivo desse trabalho se pautou em melhor compreender como a atividade econômica da agricultura urbana atua na perspectiva da 'Segurança Alimentar' entre os países de Singapura e Brasil (representado por Cuiabá/MT). Quanto aos procedimentos metodológicos o estudo foi descritivo e exploratório utilizando como suporte registros fotográficos e depoimentos. Por fim, os resultados preliminares apontaram diferenças significativas entre os modelos e formatos de agricultura urbana adotados entre os países de Singapura e Brasil. Onde a agricultura urbana brasileira (representado por Cuiabá – MT) apresentou ser insipiente, de baixa escala e de pouca qualidade e capacidade tecnológica tendo como público alvo o atendimento de inúmeros bolsões urbanos de extrema pobreza e de carência de alimentos. Em relação ao País de Singapura os resultados demonstram uma agricultura urbana consolidada em vários formatos, desde fazendas verticais até fazendas em terraço de prédios e de interiores. E independente do formato apresentado mostrou ser muito produtiva e com alto grau tecnológico e preocupação ambiental e de bem-estar social as populações urbanas e perí-urbanas.

Assessing nighttime lights for mapping the urban areas of 50 cities across the globe

Nighttime data from the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program Operational Linescan System have been widely used to map urban/built-up areas (hereafter referred to as “built-up area”), but to date there has not been a geographically comprehensive evaluation of the effectiveness of using nighttime lights data to map urban areas. We created accurate, convenient, and scalable grid cells based on Defense Meteorological Satellite Program/Operational Linescan System nighttime light pixels. We then calculated the density of Landsat-derived built-up areas within each grid cell. We explored the relationship between Defense Meteorological Satellite Program/Operational Linescan System nighttime lights data and the density of built-up areas to assess the utility of nighttime lights for mapping urban areas in 50 cities across the globe. We found that the brightness of nighttime lights was only in moderate agreement with the density of built-up areas; moreover, correlations between nighttime lights and Landsat-derived built-up areas were weak. Even in relatively sparsely populated urban regions (where the density of the built-up area is less than 20%), the highest correlation coefficient ( R2) was only 0.4. Furthermore, nighttime lights showed lighted areas that extended beyond the area of large cities, and nighttime lights reduced the area of small cities. The results suggest that it is difficult to use the regression model to calibrate the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program/Operational Linescan System nighttime lights to fit urban built up areas.

Legal problems of the introduction and application of digital technologies in the field of passenger transport

Urbanization continues. There is an outflow of population from small cities and towns to large ones. According to some estimates, 60% of the world's population will live in cities by 2060 (now 50%). The middle class is growing, and there are more and more people who buy cars. Consequently, the load on urban infrastructure and roads is increasing. The high number of traffic jams leads to negative consequences: the delay in the delivery of goods, the late arrival of people to work, etc. On the other hand, despite the best efforts of manufacturers, transport continues to pollute the atmosphere. Technologies continue to develop rapidly, new business models, rules of doing business in transport and ways to use it are emerging. Recently, there has been the emergence of such innovations as car sharing (the use of cars that are freely available in the city), various types of taxis that can be called up using a mobile phone, and improved urban public transport. In addition, the most current urban trends are the development of pedestrian areas in large cities, non-motorised transport, and bicycles.

Los peajes urbanos como factor determinante de sostenibilidad y competitividad en el transporte urbano: un estudio aplicado a Madrid

Urban road pricing is a highly contributory measure to improve sustainability in transport in the area of large cities. This article provides an assessment and analysis of changes in the mobility behavior of the citizens of Madrid as a result of the implementation of a hypothetical toll in the city center. According to the results obtained through a population survey of 1,298 citizens, the study concludes that the application of this measure would provide a significant reduction in car use, a considerable increase in the use of public transport and other sustainable modes (walking or cycling) and a significant reduction of urban congestion in the city center and its surroundings, which would help to achieve greater sustainability in transport for the region as a whole .

Развитие органов общественной самодеятельности на территории крупных мегаполисов Западной Сибири в первой половине 2000-х гг.

The problems of the territorial public self-government bodies formation in the large city area are considered in this research. The work of the public self-activity bodies in the West Siberia administrative centres is analysed as the object of the research.

Basic Study on Transepidermal Water Loss (TEWL) of infants living in urban and non-urban areas and their environmental factors

The aim of this study is to document Transepidermal water loss (TEWL) in infants living in urban and non- urban areas as well as individual and environmental factors, and to search for any distinguishing features and correlations. A significant difference was observed in trans epidermal water loss in children residing in a region located outside a large city or urban area, and a significant difference was observed also in cuticle water content measured at the same time. It was clear that infants living in an administrative district outside of an urban area retained more water in their cuticles than infants residing in a large city, and transpired more water through the epidermis. It was suggested that TEWL in preschool children may differ according to age and gender, and is influenced by outdoor humidity, outdoor temperature, surface temperature, and cuticle water content.

Ecological and Economic Importance of Mulching Within the Urban Areas of Large Cities of the Republic of Serbia

This paper indicates the advantages of using mulching in conditions of real exploitation in difficult terrain within the city area in the Republic of Serbia. The work was written to include impacts on specific ecosystems within cities, which are enerally very heavy: burdened...

“They Exist, Yet They Do Not”: ‘Chinese Greenhouses’ in the Suburban Space

The phenomenon of “Chinese greenhouses” in the suburban areas of large Siberian cities is discussed from the standpoint of actor-network theory. The author assesses the scale of the phenomenon based on the example of the Irkutsk suburbs, and analyzes its presence in the regional discourse. “Chinese greenhouses” are examined as a complex local social means through which suburban localities get integrated into translocal networks, and as a mechanism for the modernization of suburban areas.

The possibility of using underground chloride sodium brines in the territory of the Central Federal District to improve the efficiency, reliability and safety of power equipment of TPPs

Long-term use of ground sodium chloride brine at power plants of “Mosenergo” for the purposes of regeneration Na-cation unit of water treatment plants chemical plants provides the preconditions for operation of underground brines and other power systems of our country. Underground sodium chloride brines used in “Mosenergo” since 1979, when the first wells for the extraction of brines in the territory of TPP-22 was drilled.Currently production brines are well in 13 TPP of PJSC “Mosenergo”. Underground sodium chloride brines can be used to regenerate the sodium cation filters under the following conditions: salinity brines should be not less than 100 g/dm3; the ratio of sodium ion content (in mg-Eq/dm3) to the total rigidity brine (in mg-Eq/dm3) should not be less than 3.5. Performed zoning district on the possibility of using underground brine for regeneration of the sodium-cation filters On the basis of these requirements. The analysis of the possibility of using underground brine directly to the location of CHP stations in the northern part of the Central Federal District on the basis of geological and hydrogeological data. Particular attention is drawn to the area of large cities, where the use of underground brines most effectively. The conclusion about the possibility of using sodium chloride brines underground in most parts of the Central Federal District for energy purposes.

Numerical simulation of floor vibrations of a metro depot under moving subway trains

With the development of subway lines in urban areas, building structures are sometimes subjected to train-induced vibrations, and there is a need to develop prediction models to evaluate the vibration serviceability. In this paper, a new type of subway-depot system is investigated, where subway trains run through the top story of a 3-story metro depot, while the first two stories were developed for offices and shops to avoid the waste of large city areas. Considering the increasing use of such a structural system and the possible serviceability problems, the floor vibrations of a metro depot under moving subway trains were numerically simulated, where the train-track system was treated as the vibration source and studied separately, and the influence of train speed and fastener configuration on the vibration response was discussed. The metro depot was modeled taking the stiffness of the partition walls into account, and vibration responses of the building at different locations were compared and validated through field tests. Besides, vibration level of the second floor was evaluated using an acceleration index that considers frequency weighting. Finally, parameter analysis was carried out so as to provide some references to the vibration control.

Micro- climate adaptation of whole building energy simulation in large complexes

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the cooling demand during a summer day over a large city area before and after bioclimatic interventions in outdoor spaces by using whole building thermal simulation. This kind of interventions ultimately leads to a microclimatic change in a city. Prediction of microclimate data for a whole day in a large area due to changes in outdoor spaces is time and cost demanding. A model for prediction of hourly microclimatic data in a region for a whole day by employing Fourier analysis of past (measured) and future (simulated from a CFD analysis) microclimate data of a limited period (sunlight hours) was also developed. The whole building energy simulation software TAS-EDSL was applied for a quite large built space (∼500m×500m), for simultaneous simulations in all buildings in the area, and took into account detailed building construction data, mutual shading between buildings and local climatic conditions. In this context, strategies and practices that a building complex should follow in the future in relation to climate change could be investigated. Simulation estimations of cooling loads of building spaces were related to buildings’ age, orientation and height. Main outcome of the study was the ability to assess building energy performance due to exterior micro- climate improvement, simultaneously, for about 200 buildings.

Sweden: coronary and structural heart interventions from 2010 to 2015.

Sparsely populated and with wide non-urbanised areas, Sweden faces specific challenges in providing publicly financed, high-quality and equal healthcare to all parts of the country. As a result, a decentralised organisation for acute coronary care has been developed with coronary care units and catheterisation laboratories in several small- and medium-sized city areas. In contrast, highly specialised non-emergent interventional procedures are centralised to a few high-volume centres, mainly located at university hospitals in large city areas. Nationwide quality registries with nearly complete coverage facilitate healthcare quality improvement and form a basis for clinical research. In this report, we present an overview of demographics, healthcare organisation, quality registries and procedural data for coronary and structural heart interventions in Sweden over the past six years.

Evaluation of the bioaccessible gastric and intestinal fractions of heavy metals in contaminated soils by means of a simple bioaccessibility extraction test

A study is made to evaluate the bioaccessibility of heavy metals in contaminated soils through a simple bioaccessibility extraction test (SBET), applied to the analysis of both the gastric and intestinal phases. Soils with high metal content of the Mapocho, Cachapoal, and Rancagua series were studied; they are located in suburban areas of large cities in the central valley of Chile. The bioaccessible concentrations of Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn were related to the main physicochemical characteristics of the soils and to the chemical forms obtained by sequential extraction.The elements Cd, Cu, Ni, and Zn are distributed in the soils between the exchangeable fractions, bound to oxides, to organic matter, and in the residual fraction. On the other hand, Cr and Pb are found mainly in the fractions bound to organic matter and in the residual fraction. The three soils have a high Cu content, (640–2060 mg/kg), in the order Cachapoal > Rancagua > Mapocho. The SBET test allowed establishing a different bioaccessibility for the elements in the soil. Cu was notoriously bioaccessible in both the gastric and intestinal phases in the three soils, reaching more than 50% in the Cachapoal and Rancagua soils. The other elements, regardless of the soil, were bioaccessible only in one of the phases, more frequently in the gastric phase. The multiple correlation study indicates that the metal forms have a higher incidence than the soil’s physicochemical factors on the extractability to evaluate the human oral bioaccessibility of the metals.

Vibration measurement in a metro depot with trains running in the top story

Metro depots are places for subway train to get parked and maintained. To avoid the waste of large city areas occupied by depots, there is a need of developing depots for commercial and/or residential use as well, and in that case the train-induced vibrations become the major concern. This paper presents a unique case study on the vibration measurement in a 3-story metro depot, where the first two stories are developed for offices and shops and the third story is used as the maintenance garage with trains moving in/out through the connecting viaducts. Acceleration time histories of rails and floors in the three stories were measured. Amplitudes and frequency contents of the vibrations at different locations are compared through the corresponding frequency spectra and 1/3 octave band root-mean-square (RMS) spectra. The influence of track positions on floor vibration is investigated, and the vibration level of the building is evaluated using two indicators. Finally, numerical simulation is carried out so as to provide some references to the vibration control.

Basic Study on Transepidermal Water Loss (TEWL) of infants living in urban and non-urban areas and their environmental factors

The aim of this study is to document Transepidermal water loss (TEWL) in infants living in urban and non- urban areas as well as individual and environmental factors, and to search for any distinguishing features and correlations. A significant difference was observed in trans epidermal water loss in children residing in a region located outside a large city or urban area, and a significant difference was observed also in cuticle water content measured at the same time. It was clear that infants living in an administrative district outside of an urban area retained more water in their cuticles than infants residing in a large city, and transpired more water through the epidermis. It was suggested that TEWL in preschool children may differ according to age and gender, and is influenced by outdoor humidity, outdoor temperature, surface temperature, and cuticle water content.

Socio-economic aspects of innovation projects in the transport

Some general aspects of design of magnetic levitation transport are considered. It is noted that during creation of transport on a magnetic suspension the main questions are: traffic safety, social and economic effect which will be reached from introduction of this type of transport, availability and mobility of the population, environmental friendliness, etc. A new type of transport can be effectively used in long-distance and suburban area of large cities to provide transportation from the center to the airports, sea, river and bus stations and transport hubs. It can be used for the cargo transportation. Creation of magnetic levitation transport promotes achievement of economic interests of the state and regions, gives rise to the development of promising areas of science and attract young scientists, researchers, development of new technologies, production processes, creation of new workplaces, etc. Material is intended for scientists, experts of transport, graduate students and students of higher educational institutions.

The Suburbanisation of Homelessness in Sydney, Australia

Homelessness in recent decades has been seen as highly spatially concentrated in the inner areas of large cities. Recent research suggests that homelessness remains spatially concentrated, though with some evidence of dispersion and the development of multiple clusters. This study analyses the spatial patterns of different types of homelessness under a relatively broad definition in Sydney, Australia using data from the national Censuses of 2001, 2006 and 2011. Convergence analysis is used to assess whether homelessness rates in different regions of the city have been converging or diverging. Homelessness in private dwellings, particularly in severely crowded dwellings, have indeed created clusters in Sydney’s western suburbs, while homelessness on the streets, in shelters and boarding houses remains concentrated in inner city areas. Growth in severe crowding in these suburban clusters and an increased concentration of boarding houses in inner city areas appears to have increased the spatial concentration of homelessness in Sydney over time. These findings are argued to be important for understanding the relationships between point-in-time homelessness distributions, the dynamics and processes that lead to these distributions and the underlying structural causes of homelessness.