Landscape Area Research Articles

К вопросу вычисления соотношения объема поверхностного стока воды, гидропотенциала предгорных территорий и общего количества осадков

The article is devoted to the analysis of the ratio of the volume of surface runoff, the hydro potential of the foothill landscape and the total amount of precipitation. A critical analysis was carried out using a well-known method for determining the quantitative assessment of surface runoff at given values of total precipitation and hydrological potential of the terrain of the landscape. The purpose of this work is to identify the ambiguity of the results obtained using a well-known technique and to develop a graph-analytical method for calculating the main indicators of the hydro regime of the foothill landscape. Research methods. The well-known CN curve method used to calculate surface runoff in foothill basins of landscapes is used as a base method. The results obtained. A graph-analytical method has been developed to calculate the required amount of precipitation for given values of hydrological retention indicators. Conclusions. The proposed method can be used in hydrological calculations in order to predict the expected surface runoff of areas of the foothill landscape.

Вариативность поверхностных горизонтов почв города Тюмени (Россия)

Urbanization is one of the main trends of the modern world. The growth of the urban population, and, as a consequence, the increase in the area of urban landscapes, leads to a significant transformation of the environment due to comprehensive human economic activity or anthropogenesis. Such changes affect not only natural landscapes as a whole, but also their individual components, such as soil cover. Anthropogenically transformed soils occupy significant areas within urbanized territories. The nature of the anthropogenic impact on soils is determined by the type of land use and is reflected in the profile of urban soils in the form of formation of corresponding anthropogenic horizons or changes in the properties of surface horizons. Field work was carried out within the boundaries of the city of Tyumen (57°09′ N, 65°32′ E), including both the core of dense urban areas and peripheral agricultural and recreational areas. The object of the study in this work is anthropogenically modified soils of the city of Tyumen. The description and diagnostics of horizons and characteristics were carried out on the basis of the “Classification and Diagnostics of Soils of Russia” [2004], taking into account proposals for the introduction of urban soils into the soil classification system of Russia. The research methods included morphological analysis of soils, determination of acidity, organic carbon content by the titrimetric method, soil texture by sedimentation method with pyrophosphate preparation. Statistical analysis of the data was carried out using the STATISTICA 12 “StatSoft” package (USA). The results showed that natural surface horizons are typical only for undisturbed soils of the recreational area. The soils of other functional zones demonstrated signs of anthropogenic impact, which were expressed in the form of changes in both the soil profile as a whole and surface horizon. The direction and intensity of anthropogenic impact correspond to the severity of the transition from natural to anthropogenic landscapes. The reaction of the surface horizons varies from acidic to strongly alkaline. The largest area within the city is occupied by alkaline soils. The Corg values fluctuate within 0.01-22.84%, with an average value of 2.7%. Loamic and siltic varieties predominate, among which silt loams are the most widespread. The composition of the major oxides is consistent with the soil texture. The contents of Fe2O3 and Al2O3 vary between 0.7-7.7 and 1.5-13%, their increased values are typical for soils on cover and loess-like loams. The SiO2 content in most urban soils is 60-70%. Within the urban area of Tyumen, 5 districts are distinguished according to with the morphology and properties of surface soil horizons. In the city center, urban stratified soils on sandy and silty loamy technogenic deposits with elevated pH and average content of Corg predominate. The northern part of the city is occupied mainly by peat soils on the site of mined-out areas of the Tarman bog massif with an alkaline reaction and а high content of Corg. In the western part on the city periphery, agrogenically transformed and postagrogenic soils with slightly acidic and neutral reaction and average content of Corg on loess-like loams can be found. In the northeast of the city alkaline agricultural soils predominate. In the southeastern part within the lacustrine-alluvial deposits, slightly altered soils with low pH values and low Corg content can be found.

Environmental Art Design of Tourist Attractions with Regional Culture Fusion and Digital Innovation

Abstract In the rapid development of society, the combination of information technology and scenic environmental art design is getting closer, bringing a new creative perspective and broad space for the design field. This paper explores the integration path of information technology, regional culture and environmental art design based on this trend. It puts forward an innovative optimization strategy of ecological art design for tourist scenic spots and successfully applies it to scenic places. To verify the effectiveness of this design strategy, the article adopts BP neural network model. It combines it with genetic algorithm for deep optimization to enhance the objective evaluation of the design results. To verify the effectiveness of this design strategy, the article adopts the BP neural network model. It combines the genetic algorithm to optimize it in depth, enhancing the objectivity of evaluating the design results. After rigorous testing and analysis, the design strategy of this paper has achieved remarkable optimization effects in the lighting, ecological and cultural design of the scenic area, especially in the picturesque area of mountain diversity and forest landscape, showing a high degree of diversity, the average value reached 4.75% and 4.75% respectively. At the same time, the average value of the planting proportion of native tree species surpasses 4.6, which proves that the optimized design strategy plays a crucial role in protecting and enhancing the ecology and culture of the scenic spot.

Relativizacija konflikata na području Svetske baštine UNESCO - slučaj manastira Studenica, Srbija

Conflicts in space encountered by participants in the development of spatial plans for special purpose areas of cultural or natural assets are numerous, and the most significant are between protection and development. The relativization of the conflict implies the harmonization, neutralization or minimization of mutually opposing interests and goals in that area. This paper investigates conflicts in the area of the Studenica monastery, a cultural property inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List in 1986, as well as in the area of the cultural landscape that surrounds it. In this particular case, conflicts were identified between the protection of cultural heritage on the one hand and the development of transport infrastructure, water management and the exploitation of mineral resources on the other. The task of spatial planning, as carried out for special purpose areas, is the relativization of conflicting interests in space. This paper shows that in relation to conflicting interests in the area of a world heritage site, not everything is contingent on the creation of spatial plans of special purpose areas, but rather on their realization, monitoring and evaluation, as well as on the corresponding capacities in general. The aim of the research presented in this paper is to point out the importance of spatial planning in the relativization of conflicting interests and goals using the example of the world heritage site planning of the Studenica monastery.

Greenspace and Land Cover Diversity During Pregnancy in a Rural Region, and Associations With Birth Outcomes.

Beneficial effects on health outcomes have been observed from exposure to spaces with substantial green vegetation ("greenspace"). This includes studies of greenspace exposure on birth outcomes; however, these have been conducted largely in urban regions. We characterized residential exposure to greenspace and land cover diversity during pregnancy in rural northern New England, USA, investigating whether variation in greenspace or diversity related to newborn outcomes. Five landscape variables (greenspace land cover, land cover diversity, impervious surface area, tree canopy cover, and the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) were aggregated within six circular zones of radii from 100 to 3,000m around residential addresses, and distance to conservation land was measured, providing a total of 31 greenspace and diversity metrics. Four birth outcomes along with potentially confounding variables were obtained from 1,440 participants in the New Hampshire Birth Cohort Study. Higher greenspace land cover up to 3,000m was associated with larger newborn head circumference, while impervious surface area (non-greenspace) had the opposite association. Further, birth length was positively associated with land cover diversity. These findings support beneficial health impacts of greenspace exposure observed in urban regions for certain health outcomes, such as newborn head circumference and length but not others such as birthweight and gestational age. Further our results indicate that larger radius buffer zones may be needed to characterize the rural landscape. Vegetation indices may not be interchangeable with other greenspace metrics such as land cover and impervious surface area in rural landscapes.

Museum Losses Amidst the 44-Day Artsakh War: A Reflection on the Displaced Artifacts and Collections

The article discusses the challenges surrounding the safeguarding of Artsakh's rich cultural heritage, with a particular focus on the preservation and protection of museums amidst and following the 44-day Artsakh war. It offers special scrutiny towards museums and collections that fell under Azerbaijani control as a consequence of the conflict. The museum sector emerged as one of the most severely impacted areas in Artsakh's cultural landscape due to the war. Approximately thirty private and state museums and collections were left in territories occupied by the Azerbaijani armed forces. Those museums that managed to evacuate their collections from the occupied territories encountered significant challenges in the aftermath. The challenges primarily revolve around the preservation and dissemination of cultural heritage. Questions arise regarding the appropriate locations for housing these values, the principles and contexts guiding their display, and the methods of presenting them to the public. Moreover, the issue of detachment from one's community adds another layer of complexity to the discussion. Therefore, the article explores three main aspects: It investigates the war crimes taken against cultural heritage in Artsakh throughout the 44-day Artsakh war by Azerbaijani armed forces. It examines the international legal mechanisms established to protect this heritage during and after the war. It scrutinizes the fate of museums forced to evacuate due to wartime dangers, as they, along with the communities they serve, became displaced entities. The study draws on comprehensive interviews conducted with museum directors, staff members, and officials from relevant departments within the Ministry of Education and Culture of Artsakh. Additionally, it relies on the analysis of videos disseminated by various Azerbaijani users across diverse online platforms such as TikTok, Twitter, Facebook, YouTube, and Telegram.

Fragrant garden roses for landscaping and aerophytotherapy areas

Fragrant garden roses for landscaping and aerophytotherapy areas

РОЛЬ БЛАГОУСТРОЙСТВА ЖИЛИЩНОГО ФОНДА В СОЦИАЛЬНО-ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОМ РАЗВИТИИ РЕГИОНОВ

The article is devoted to the study of the impact of housing improvement on the socio-economic development of Russian regions. The main objective of the study is to determine the degree of relationship between the level of improvement and the quality of life of the population, as well as to identify factors that contribute to the sustainable development of territories by improving housing conditions. The article applies statistical analysis methods, including ranking of regions, calculating correlation coefficients to assess the relationship between urbanization and the level of improvement. The results show that landscaped areas attract investment and contribute to the creation of a comfortable environment, which has a positive effect on the quality of life and social stability of the population. The main findings of the study indicate the need for state support and an integrated approach to reduce regional differences and increase social stability. The peculiarity of the work is that the proposed practical recommendations for improving the quality of the housing stock are relevant for the implementation of regional and federal development programs.

ОЦЕНКА СОВРЕМЕННОГО СОСТОЯНИЯ РАСТИТЕЛЬНОГО ПОКРОВА Г. ОБЛУЧЬЕ ПО МУЛЬТИСПЕКТРАЛЬНЫМ ДАННЫМ

A sustainable development of regional towns and small settlements demands the urban modern landscape infrastructure study and assessment. For this purpose, geoinformation systems and remote sensing data are widespread used. The aim of the study was to analyze the green spaces in the small town of Obluchye (Jewish Autonomous region) using multispectral data with an assessment of indicators of the town sustainable development. The sources of information were as follows: Sentinel-2A multispectral products, the Rules of land use and development for Obluchye, field research materials, ICARP FEB RAS stock materials, special literature. The identification and analysis of green spaces distribution in Obluchye are based on calculation results of the normalized vegetation index (NDVI). It is stated that the NDVI value of 0.55 or more is the boundary value for the allocation of green spaces in Obluchye; 0.75 or more - for woody vegetation. The NDVI boundary value of 0.55...0.74 is for herbaceous and shrubby vegetation on lawns, unsettled areas, as well as for natural and produced meadows. The NDVI values of 0.75 or more in the image determine the forest vegetation of the Obluchye recreation zone, tree and shrub thickets along riverbeds and floodplain forests, and woodlands in the town built-up zone. The green spaces distribution across the town functional zones is uneven. The high and very high landscaping areas are characteristic of the Obluchye periphery and correspond to the zones of recreational and residential development. In most cases, tree plantations are located in a recreational area, mainly outside the town. However, all urban development zones have high values of landscaping average level (from 71 to 93%). The calculated indicators of sustainable development in Obluchye show, on the one hand, a significant exceeding level of landscaping (53%), as compared to the established norms (at least 40%). On the other hand, the share of green areas of common use in the total area of green spaces in Obluchye is very low – only 1.6%. Thus, there is a need in a qualitative improvement of green infrastructure in the town of Obluchye.

Determination of fire intensity after forest fire by remote sensing: marmaris case study

Forest fires in Turkiye are a frequently encountered natural disaster, especially in recent years. After a fire, identifying the plant species to be used in the area and determining the intensity of the fire in the region are important for assessing the area’s capacity for natural regeneration. In this process, geographic information systems and remote sensing methods and techniques are commonly used tools for assessing burned areas and fire intensities following forest fires. In this study, one of Turkiye’s devastating fires, the Marmaris fire, which began on June 21, 2022, is examined. Landsat satellite images, geometrically and radiometrically corrected, were utilized to determine the intensity of the Marmaris fire. As part of the method, the NBR (Normalized Burn Ratio), dNBR (Difference Normalized Burn Ratio), NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index), and dNDVI (Difference Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) indices were used for burned area detection. As a result of the study, information about the burned areas, fire intensities, and the regenerative capabilities of post-fire vegetation growth has been obtained. Furthermore, suitable pioneer plant species, considering the fire intensity, have been suggested for the restoration of burned landscape areas after the fire. This study is expected to serve as a guide for relevant public institutions and organizations, particularly the General Directorates of Forestry, enabling them to respond most effectively after fires and implement reforestation efforts considering the usage areas and growth capabilities of needle-leaved and broad-leaved plants.

The practice of multi-criteria decision analysis modeling in decision support for landscape planning

Abstract In this paper, after constructing the index system of garden landscape planning, the entropy weight method and hierarchical analysis method are used to combine and assign weights to each index. Using a multi-criterion decision analysis model to establish the decision matrix of landscape planning alternatives, the weighted normative value of each indicator is obtained to obtain the weighted normalization matrix for landscape planning. According to the matrix analysis to get the positive and negative ideal solution of each index, calculate the utility function value between each alternative and the perfect solution, and get the optimal decision-making scheme of landscape planning. The analysis of the three options for landscape planning found that Scheme S2 has the largest utility function value of 0.642, which is considered the optimal scheme. The analysis of the application effect of this scheme found that the proportion of garden green space in the Xinghua garden landscape area increased by 16.23 % compared with 2010, and the proportion of enterprise and institutional land decreased by 5.04 %. The analysis results of this paper show that the multi-criteria decision analysis model plays a highly supportive role in the decision-making of landscape planning, and lays a foundation for the decision-making of the optimal scheme in future landscape planning.

DETERMINATION OF THE AVAILABLE PART OF THE EARTH SURFACE TAKING INTO ACCOUNT THE LANDSCAPE AND THE WIND

Modeling the movement of a body along a ballistic trajectory and determining the area of the Earth's surface that a given body can reach is an important task for researchers in various fields. Additional influencing factors – wind and air resistance – complicate calculations. The models are even more difficult to simulate a heterogeneous landscape where there are mountains and depressions and for which adjacent surface sectors have significant elevation differences. In view of this, the development of modeling methods in the specified field, which will be both fast and effective, remains relevant. The purpose of the study is to describe the structure of the data and the working principles of the model for determining the reachable area of the Earth's surface for a body thrown at an angle to the horizon. The methodological basis of the research is the computer simulation method and general scientific methods. An approach to modeling the landscape area reachable from a point by ballistic trajectories is proposed. The basis of the approach is to specify the surface in the form of a matrix, the elements of which are objects with fields of height values. A generator of discrete maps for further processing has been created. The method of calculating body launch angles optimal for reaching target points is determined. A mechanism for determining unreachable areas covered by others and a mechanism for taking into account the effect of wind on the result, which do not require long calculations, are proposed. The matrix task of the surface with height differences allows us to talk about the prospects of research - the definition of dangerous areas for the needs of various spheres of activity.

Landscaping of settlements in the Aral Sea disaster zone (Kazakhstan)

The role of landscaping in ameliorating the environmental conditions within settlements surrounding the Aral Sea is paramount. The primary natural constraints affecting the proliferation of plant species in the green spaces of Aralsk include low winter temperatures, elevated summer temperatures, meager precipitation, and susceptibility to windstorms. An evaluation of the species composition of tree and shrub vegetation was conducted in landscaped areas belonging to social and cultural facilities, as well on private residential property, within the municipal boundaries of Aralsk. Plantings surveyed encompassed an area of approximately 34,000 m2. 89.5% of the flora is comprised of five predominant taxa: Ulmus pumila, Populus x canadensis, Haloxylon ammodendron, Platycladus orientalis, and Acer negundo. These species demonstrate resilience to both high and low temperatures throughout the growing season, and their availability as planting material in the region further enhances their suitability. Presently, the city incorporates 31 taxa of tree and shrub species in its green spaces. Notably, Ulmus glabra, Catalpa ovata, Platanus orientalis, Hibiscus syriacus, and Prunus padus have been introduced and were not previously observed in the city. Analysis of the age distribution reveals 68.7% of young trees, underscoring ongoing landscaping efforts within the city even amid a shortage of irrigation water.

Identification of traditional settlement landscape areas in Hainan based on unmanned aerial remote sensing imagery

Abstract To enhance the accuracy of recognizing traditional settlement landscapes in Hainan, this study introduces a landscape recognition model predicated on a full convolutional neural network (FCN). The research delineates the selection of specific types and sensors for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), employing UAV remote sensing technology to capture image data of Hainan's traditional settlement landscapes. The collected initial image data, laden with interference information, underwent a preprocessing step. On this foundation, the landscape recognition model for Hainan's traditional settlements was developed utilizing the FCN. The empirical results derived from deploying the model reveal the presence of ancient buildings within a 400-meter radius of the principal river. Notably, these structures predominantly span a distance ranging from 100 to 350 meters. The spatial distribution pattern of these ancient edifices notably centers around the Zong ancestral hall. Furthermore, when compared to other benchmark models, the proposed FCN model exhibits superior performance in recognizing forest, grassland, and farmland within the Hainan settlement landscape, achieving average recognition rates of 88.66% and 84.91%, respectively. This investigation underscores the significant potential for applying UAV remote sensing technology in identifying traditional settlement landscapes. It provides pivotal technical support and a reference point for the survey of forest resources and ecological monitoring, thereby enhancing the applicability and dissemination of UAV technology in landscape recognition tasks.

Przyrodnicze obszary prawnie chronione w województwie mazowieckim w latach 1999–2022

The article discusses the changes in the scope of natural legally protected areas, that occured after the administrative reform in 1999. It indicates the tasks carried out by the Self-Government of the Mazowieckie Voivodeship in the field of regional policy and spatial management in accordance with the principle of sustainable development. The Mazowieckie Voivodeship – created under the territorial division reform – covered a system of protected areas that included the Kampinos National Park, 164 nature reserves, 9 landscape parks and 29 protected landscape areas. In nearly 25 years, 26 nature reserves and one protected landscape area were created. The boundaries of the existing forms of nature protection have also been modified. With Poland's accession to the European Union, the most significant changes concerning legally protected areas have taken place. The implementation of EU law into Polish law resulted, inter alia, in the introduction of a new form of nature protection – Natura 2000 sites, complementing the existing system of legally protected areas. By March 2023, 80 areas of the Natura 2000 network had been designated and approved in the Mazowieckie Voivodeship. The article discusses how the position and competences of the regional self-government in the field of nature protection have evolved as a result of changes in the law. The voivodeship self-government took over competences in the field of landscape parks and protected landscape areas. As a result of the acquired rights, the Mazovian Voivodeship Sejmik, inter alia, established the Mazovian Landscape Parks complex and protection plans for landscape parks. The boundaries of the protected landscape areas have been specified. Spatial databases are also maintained in the field of protected areas. Key words: Mazowieckie Voivodeship, nature conservation, legally protected areas, landscape parks, protected landscape areas, green belt

Selected aspects of the organization of tourism and recreation in natural areas with different status of legal protection

An important place in the strategy of promoting health of modern societies, especially in the post-pandemic world, is played by orienting recommendations on how to spend free time towards tourism and recreation in the natural environment. The utilitarian nature of this type of activity is associated with the need to respect legal provisions, relating to the use of statutory forms of nature conservation, as well as non-statutory protection areas. The aim of the study is to characterize the tourist-recreational use in both of the abovementioned types of ecological habitats, and to indicate the similarities and differences in the conditions of this use, taking into account legally recognized forms of activity, and the permissible scope of infrastructure investments. Within the statutory forms of nature protection, the analysis includes national parks, nature reserves, landscape parks, protected landscape areas and NATURA 2000 areas. The characteristics of non-statutory nature areas include forests with special natural values, promotional forest complexes, world biosphere reserves, and UNESCO natural heritage areas. The analysis carried out, regardless of the status of the nature areas, indicates a legislative desire to maintain harmony between human needs and the ecological stability of the surrounding sub-natural spaces.

Spatio-Temporal Landuse/Landcover (LU/LC) Changes of Significant Landscape „Barćeve Špilje“

Changes in the land use/land cover (LU/LC) model caused by different anthropogenic and natural factors are an important object of numerous scientific research. In this paper, an analysis of the spatio-temporal changes (LUCCs) for the area of Significant landscape (SL) of the „Baraćeve špilje“ in the period from 1960 to 2021 was performed. Using aerial photographs and a hybrid classification method, LU/LC models and spatio-temporal changes (STCs) analysis were performed. The research showed that the abandonment of agriculture and the slow disappearance of anthropogenic influence led to the disappearance of low vegetation in the form of lawns, meadows and pastures, while the bushy vegetation and forest gradually prevailed. Finally, in accordance with the degree of protection of the studied area guidelines for stopping negative trends in LU/LC changes were considered.

Investigation of Selcuk University Alaeddin Keykubat Campus in Terms of Xeriscape Design

Drought and thirst are among the most important problems in today's world where water resources are depleted more rapidly due to global warming and climate change. The use of plant species with high water needs in landscaping causes an increase in the need for irrigation and more water consumption. For this reason, the need for xeriscape design in landscape areas has increased in recent years. The aim of this study is to examine and evaluate the xeriscape landscaping in Selcuk University Alaeddin Keykubat Campus in line with the xeriscape principles. As a result of the examinations, it was determined that the xeriscape design areas in the campus were generally created in accordance with xeriscape principles.

Institutional Analysis of Tourism Destination Development in Karst Landscape Area: Community-based Tourism in Ngelanggeran Village

The village of Nglanggeran in Gunungkidul possesses abundant natural and cultural tourism attractions. Through local wisdom and community-based tourism management, Nglanggeran has received numerous accolades as a Village Tourism destination. However, being part of the Karst Landscape Protection Area, Nglanggeran needs to consider a conservative and sustainable tourism development strategy that involves relevant stakeholders. This research aims to analyse the roles, positions, and interests of stakeholders within the community-based institution, which is the strength of Nglanggeran as a tourism village. The methodology combines literature study, content analysis, qualitative descriptive analysis, and Social Network Analysis using scientific articles and Regional Regulations (Perda) as data sources to map the institutional network patterns in Nglanggeran village. Aligning the institutional analysis results with the Perda containing tourism policy guidelines in the protected area, particularly the Karst Landscape Area in Nglanggeran village, yields recommendations to strengthen institutional functions in the effort to develop community-based and sustainable tourism in Nglanggeran village.

Effects of rainfall, sediment source–sink landscape, and hydrological connectivity on runoff more than sediment in a karst basin

AbstractUnderstanding the mechanisms underlying soil and water loss in karst basins is beneficial for water resources management and soil and water loss conservation. However, the effects of rainfall, sediment source–sink landscape, and hydrological connectivity on runoff sediment characteristics in karst basins are unclear. This study used sediment source–sink landscape and hydrological connectivity theories and a generalized additive model to analyze the changes and combined effects of sediment source–sink landscape patterns, hydrological connectivity, and rainfall on runoff sediment from 2000 to 2020 in the Yeji River basin in the karst region of southwest China. The results indicated that the average sediment transport modulus and runoff modulus in the Yeji River basin during 2000–2020 were 144 t·km−2·a−1 and 15 L·s−1·km−2, respectively. The karst surface and subsurface double‐layer hydrological structure resulted in a lower sediment transport modulus than in non‐karst areas. The sediment‐source landscape area decreased, sediment‐sink landscape area increased, and sediment source–sink landscape load ratio index slightly increased. Hydrological connectivity exhibited a decreasing trend over time, but the overall change was small. Changes in source–sink landscape patterns significantly affected hydrological connectivity. As the main affecting factor, rainfall and its combined effects with sediment source–sink landscape patterns and hydrological connectivity explained 85% and 95% of the variances in runoff, and 40% and 63% of the variances in sediment, respectively. These results suggest that a rational layout of the sediment source–sink landscape can effectively improve hydrological connectivity and regulate the soil and water loss process. Our findings have important implications for karst basin ecological restoration and protection.