Areal Aspects Research Articles

Serb folk mythology in its areal aspects

Serb folk mythology in its areal aspects

Tectonic control over drainage basin of South Andaman Island: study toward hydro-morphometric analysis

Scientists and researchers in ancient and modern times have profoundly applied morphometric analysis to evaluate quantitative description of landforms or drainage basins and large regions.The objective of this study is to enlighten certain features like tectonic control over drainage basin, the hydro-geomorphic characteristics of the drainage system and the geomorphic maturity of terrain of South Andaman Island. After extensive studies, drainage system in this particular island is broadly classified into five major drainage patterns (dendritic, trellis, parallel, radial and centripetal). An attempt has been made here to investigate the in-depth morphometric characteristics of dendritic pattern of a fourth-order watershed. In earlier attempts, researchers have used morphometric analysis to calculate stream ordering, stream length, length ratio and bifurcation ratio as part of linear aspects and drainage density, stream frequency, form factor, circulatory ratio, elongated ratio as part of areal aspects. The present case study has been carried out in remote sensing and geographical information system (GIS) environment. Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission data has been used to prepare the digital elevation model and GIS to evaluate all linear, areal and relief aspects of this small drainage basin in South Andaman Island which was never unearthed till date.

Morphometric Analysis of Kolavadi Sub-Watershed in Bhor Tahsil Using GIS Techniques

The growing demand and competition for water from domestic, industrial and agricultural sectors reached utmost limit. Drainage basins, catchments, and sub-catchments are the hydrological units ideally suited for planning of conservation of land and water resources. GIS techniques are useful for analysis of morphometric properties of any watershad. Morphometric aspects: linear, relief, and areal aspects of Kolavadi sub-watershed of Upper Nira basin were analyzed using spatial tools and arc-hydro tool in Arc GIS 10.3. The bifurcation ratio (2 to 4.5) indicates structural disturbances and mature topography with higher degree of drainage integration. This watershed shows less elongated shape with low relief, moderate to gentle slope, moderate drainage density and highly prone to soil erosion. Techniques used in study and results are useful for planning and monitoring the sub-watersheds for sustainable development.

Computation of Watershed Parameters of Kansa Watershed in Satara Using Remote Sensing and GIS

In present study Kansa watershed in Satara district of Maharashtra was characterized for watershed parameters. Geographical Information Systems (GIS) and a high-resolution Digital Elevation Model (DEM) has been utilized for the estimation of morphological parameters. Several morphometric parameters have been computed and analyzed viz. linear aspects such as stream order, stream number, stream length, mean stream length, stream length ratio; areal aspects such as drainage density, stream frequency, drainage texture, elongation ratio, circularity ratio, form factor, constant of channel maintenance; relief aspects such as relief, relief ratio, relative relief, ruggedness number, length of overland flow. Impacts of morphometric parameters on flash flood characteristics have also been investigated. The presence of the maximum number of the first order segments shows that the basin is subjected to erosion and also that some areas of the basin are characterized by variations in lithology and topography. The form factor is 0.21, and the circulatory ratio is 0.42, which suggests an elongated type of catchment. Elongation ratio is 0.52, which indicates that watershed has high relief and steep slope. The estimated catchment characteristics may be useful to stimulate hydrological responses of the catchment.

Computation of Watershed Parameters of Kansa Watershed in Satara Using Remote Sensing and GIS

In present study Kansa watershed in Satara district of Maharashtra was characterized for watershed parameters. Geographical Information Systems (GIS) and a high-resolution Digital Elevation Model (DEM) has been utilized for the estimation of morphological parameters. Several morphometric parameters have been computed and analyzed viz. linear aspects such as stream order, stream number, stream length, mean stream length, stream length ratio; areal aspects such as drainage density, stream frequency, drainage texture, elongation ratio, circularity ratio, form factor, constant of channel maintenance; relief aspects such as relief, relief ratio, relative relief, ruggedness number, length of overland flow. Impacts of morphometric parameters on flash flood characteristics have also been investigated. The presence of the maximum number of the first order segments shows that the basin is subjected to erosion and also that some areas of the basin are characterized by variations in lithology and topography. The form factor is 0.21, and the circulatory ratio is 0.42, which suggests an elongated type of catchment. Elongation ratio is 0.52, which indicates that watershed has high relief and steep slope. The estimated catchment characteristics may be useful to stimulate hydrological responses of the catchment.

Identification of watershed preference management areas under water quality and scarcity constraints: case of Jhajjar district watershed, India

Groundwater quality, scarcity and over-exploitation of available resources have produced several critical problems in Jhajjar district, Haryana, India. Health problems associated with drinking of polluted groundwater and its escalating demands make management of groundwater more complicated and require more innovative scientific analyses for good strategies of water management. In this study, a comprehensive water management plan has been developed for seven sub-watersheds of Jhajjar district using the remote sensing and geographical information system techniques. This research work addresses a central concern: how an integrated watershed management system can be applied, which can solve both water quality and scarcity problem in semi-arid climatic conditions. About 30 parameters including linear, areal and relief aspects of watersheds were determined for these watersheds. The focus was given on the characteristics of drainage basins such as permeability, soil quality, slope, run-off time and time of concentration for watershed during a rainfall event. Analysis results show that most of the basins are of an elongated shape with low drainage density and texture, which makes recharge plan difficult. Based on the outcome of the morphometric analysis of sub-watersheds, various suitable recharge sites have been proposed along with recharge structures for various stream orders. This study will address the immediate need to incorporate groundwater quality and will also help in replenishing the groundwater resources if implemented.

Morphometric Analysis and Hydrological Inference for Water Resource Management in Atrai-Sib River Basin, NW Bangladesh Using Remote Sensing and GIS Technique

ABSTRACT Demand for irrigation water increases day by day along with meteorological vagaries and extension of irrigated area in the drought-prone Barind area of Bangladesh. This increasing stress on water resource is gradually making the area water scare. The study is aimed at studying the morphometric parameters of the Atrai-Sib river basin in the Barind area and on their relevance in water resource management based on satellite images and SRTM DEM. Computation and delineation of linear and areal aspects of the river basin and its morphometric components reveals that stream order ranges from first to eighth order showing dendritic drainage pattern. The basin represents homogeneity of soil texture; possibility of flash flood after heavy rainfall with low discharge of runoff; and is not largely affected by structural disturbance. Moderate drainage density of the river basin area indicates semi-permeable soil lithology with moderate vegetation. Mean bifurcation ratio of the basin is calculated as 3.92 and elongation ratio 0.75, which indicate elongated shape of the river basin with low to moderate relief bounded in the east and west by ‘moderate to steep’ sloping land area. It reveals a flatter peak of runoff flow for longer duration and gravity flow of water. The gentle but undulating slope of the basin represents ‘excellent’ category for groundwater management as the site is favorable for infiltration due to maximum time of runoff water percolation. The east facing slopes of the basin show higher moisture content and higher vegetation than the west-facing slope. The land use pattern of the area shows that major part (95.29%) comes under the cultivated land which will support future river basin development and management. Results obtained from the study would be useful in categorization of river basins for future water resource development and management, and selection of suitable sites for water conservation structures such as check dam, percolation tank, artificial recharge of groundwater through MAR technique etc.

Quantification of Runoff as Influenced by Morphometric Characteristics in a Rural Complex Catchment

This study addresses the critical scientific question of assessing the relationship between morphometric features and the hydrological factors that increase the risk of flooding in Kelantan River basin, Malaysia. Two hypotheses were developed to achieve this aim, namely: the alternate hypothesis (runoff, is influenced by morphometric characteristics in the study watershed) and the null hypothesis (runoff is not influenced by morphometric characteristics). First, the watershed was delineated into four major catchments, namely: Galas, Pergau, Lebir, and Nenggiri. Next, quantitative morphometric characters such as linear aspects, areal aspects, and relief aspects were determined on each of these catchments. Furthermore, HEC–HMS and flood response analyses were employed to simulate the hydrological response of the catchments. From the results of morphometric analysis, profound spatial changes were observed between runoff features of Kelantan River and the morphometric characteristics. The length of overflow that was related to drainage density and constant channel maintenance was found to be 0.12 in Pergau, 0.04 in both Nenggiri and Lebir, and 0.03 in Galas. Drainage density as influenced by geology and vegetation density was found to be low in all the catchments (0.07–0.24). Results of hydrological response indicated that Lebir, Nenggiri, Galas, and Pergau recorded a flood response factor of 0.75, 0.63, 0.40, and 0.05, respectively. Therefore, Lebir and Nenggiri are more likely to be flooded during a rainstorm. There was no clear indication with regard to the catchment that emerged as the most prevailing in all the morphological features. Hence, the alternate hypothesis was affirmed. This study can be replicated in other catchments with different hydrologic setup.

О новом выпуске Общеславянского лингвистического атласа «Личные черты человека» (ареалогический комментарий)

The article deals with spatial and temporal interpretation of the vocabulary, which is represented on the maps of new 12th volume “Personal characteristics of a human” of “Slavic Linguistic Atlas” (SLA). It gives the answer for the question what the Atlas maps tell. The article is based on the SLA materials that ensure reliability and truthfulness of the research results. The author interprets the revealed lexical isoglosses in terms of genetic, areal and typological aspects. 
 Analyzing the maps of “Slavic Linguistic Atlas”, the author states that three factors played an important role in the historical evolution of the Slavic dialect continuum, specifically the factor of genetically inherited, the factor of universal typological and the factor of contact convergence. This conclusion is affirmed with the vast materials and allows to reveal a complex pattern of areal relations between Slavic dialects.

Morphometric Analysis of Kito and Awetu Sub Basins Jimma, Ethiopia

Morphometric analysis is very important to evaluate watershed characteristics. Watershed characteristics are essential in watershed management, site selection for water resource projects, groundwater evaluation and proposing flood control measures. The present study aimed the morphometric analysis of Kito and Awetu sub-basins which drain into Kito and Awetu Rivers. Both rivers merge into a single river in Jimma town which is subjected to flood and sediment generated from both sub-basins. Topographic map of scale 1:50,000 was obtained from Ethiopian National Mapping Agency and satellite image of digital elevation model of fine resolution (12.5m x12.5m) was downloaded and used for morphometric analysis. GIS and remote sensing technique have been employed to generate and quantify morphometric parameters. Twenty-six parameters under linear aspects, areal aspects, and relief aspects were evaluated to characterize both Kito and Awetu sub-basins. Kito and Awetu Sub basins have both 5^th order stream and the 1st order encompasses 78% and 77% of total stream number respectively which indicates the presence of flashy flood. The drainage area, basin perimeter, stream length and weighted mean bifurcation is 113.21km², 82.65km, 270.33km, and 4.51 respectively for Kito sub-basin and 77.17km², 73.58km, 192.45km, and 4.45 respectively for Awetu sub-basin. The values indicate that both sub-basins are characterized by mountainous, steep slope and mostly homogeneous geologic materials. The elongation ratio of Kito and Awetu sub-basins are 0.62 and 0.64 respectively. Kito and Awetu sub-basins are both elongated and the rivers have slow hydrograph for a long time. Relatively, Awetu sub-basin is more elongated than Kito sub-basin. The study reveals that both sub-basins are susceptible to surface runoff and soil erosion but the rivers are long and easy to manage flood occurrence.

Investigations into the Morphometric Characteristics of Obibia Drainage Basin, Awka Urban Area, Nigeria

The aim of the study was to investigate the morphometric characteristics of Obibia drainage basin which is wholly located within the Awka Capital territory of Anambra State, Nigeria. The basin was delineated with conventional method from topographic map (Udi SW) on the scale of 1:50,000 published by Federal Survey office. Field survey was conducted for 9 months between April and December 2015 and data were obtained on linear, areal and relief aspects of the basin to ascertain the morphometric characteristics of the basin. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) reduced our 19 variables into 5 while Principal Component Regression (PCR) was employed to reveal the relative contributions of morphometric variables. Result shows a bifurcation Ratio R (Rb) of 3.00 around the month of the river basin indicating higher risk of flooding. The relationship between mean stream length and stream order shows that order 2 drifts too far away from straight line on plotted graph suggesting some structural imbalances. The study recommends proper urban land use planning within the basin that would preserve the natural condition of the basin.

Evidence of topographic disequilibrium in the Subarnarekha River Basin, India: A digital elevation model based analysis

Cratonic areas experience complex process-response changes due to their operative endogenic and exogenic forces varying in intensity and spatiality over long timescales. Unlike zones of active deformation, the surface expression of the transient signals in relatively tectonically stable areas are usually scant. The Subarnarekha River Basin, in eastern India, is a prime example of a Precambrian cratonic landscape, overlain in places by Tertiary and Quaternary deposits. A coupled quantitative-qualitative approach is employed towards deciphering tectonic and geological influences across linear and areal aspects, at the basin and sub-basin scale. Within this landscape, the transient erosional signatures are explored, as recorded in the disequilibrium conditions of the longitudinal profiles of the major streams, which are marked by a number of waterfalls at structural and lithological boundaries. Mathematical expressions derived from the normalized longitudinal profiles of these streams are used to ascertain their stage of development. Cluster analysis and chi plots provide significant interpretations of the role of vertical displacements or litho-structural variations within the basin. These analyses suggest that a heterogeneous, piece-meal response to the ongoing deformation exists in the area, albeit, determining the actual rate of this deformation or its temporal variation is difficult without correlated chronological datasets.

Morphometric Analysis approach for Recharge and Soil Erosion potential in Agaram Watershed, Javadi hill range, Vellore District, Tamil Nadu, India

The present study makes an attempt to study drainage morphometry and its influence on hydrology of Agaram Watershed, Tamil Nadu, India. For detailed study, Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission (SRTM) data was used to create Digital Elevation Model (DEM), aspect grid and slope maps. Geographical Information System (GIS) was used in evaluation of linear, areal, relief and gradient aspects of morphometric parameters. The study reveals that the elongated shape of the basin is mainly due to the guiding effect of thrusting and faulting. The lower order streams are found mostly dominating in the basin. The mean Bifurcation Ratio of the entire basin is 3.80, indicating that the drainage pattern is not much influenced by geological structures. The Relief ratio of the basin is 0.018. This indicates that the discharge capability of the watershed is very high and the groundwater potential is meager. Morphometric analysis of Agaram watershed reveals that about 38% of the area was highly suitable for rainwater harvesting and about 25% of the watershed coming under high alarming of soil erosion. This study is very useful for planning rainwater harvesting and watershed management.

Typology of Russian regions by level of suburban railway transport: development and areal aspects of management

Typology of Russian regions by level of suburban railway transport: development and areal aspects of management

A Comparative Analysis of Drainage Morphometry on Hydrologic Characteristics of Kereke and Ukoghor Basins on Flood Vulnerability in Makurdi Town, Nigeria

The synergistic enforcement of the hydrographic behaviors of Kereke and Ukoghor river basins on the river Benue have been identified as the major contributors of the replete episodic flood hazard of Makurdi town. It is on this note that this study aims at analysing and comparing two categories of morphometric parameters; areal and linear/relief which influence runoff/discharge volumes and time lag of Kereke and Ukoghor river basins hydrograpghs respectively. This analysis provides a better understanding of their hydrographic characteristics and vulnerability to the flood hazard. The potential hydrographic variables examined include: runoff, peak flow, time to peak, infiltration, and overland flow. This was achieved using topographical maps of Makurdi sheet 251 NW and 251 SW on scale 1:50,000 published by Federal Survey of Nigeria (1965). These morphometric parameters were evaluated using ArcGIS 10.2 platform. Results indicated that both basins are 5th order basins with dendritic pattern. Kereke and Ukoghor basins have basin area 261.28 km2 94.82 km2, basin length 26 km/10.79 km, basin perimeter 76.28 km/40.15 km, bifurcation ratio 3.51/3.09, length of overland flow 0.56 km/ 0.42 km, form factor 0.39/0.85, circulatory ratio 0.56/0.70, relief ratio 0.45/0.91, drainage density 0.91/1.20, elongation ratio 0.40/ 0.60 and infiltration number 0.53/1.32 respectively. A comparison of the results of linear/relief parameters indicate that Okoghor drainage constitute fast peak flow and concentration time of shorter duration and hence higher flood vulnerability than Kereke drainage basin. On the other hand a comparison of areal aspects of morphometry Kereke river basin constitutes more vulnerability to flooding in Makurdi town than Ukoghor river basin with regards to hydrograph volume regimes. The outcome of the study is fundamental for prioritizing proactive and sustainable urban flood management, appropriate land use planning and zonation especially along their flood liable areas, storm water management and other general urban environmental degradation management.

UKRAINIAN-GERMAN LANGUAGE CONTACTS: A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE

The paper deals with the stages of language interference between Ukrainian and German in Galicia during the 18th-20th c. The loans from German make up a particular group of borrowings into the Ukrainian language with a versatility of their adaptation routs and factors. Up till now, numerous general studies of Germanisms in the Ukrainian language have appeared. However, most of them do not do justice to the areal aspect of the issue. Since linguistic contacts between Ukrainian and German in Galicia were the result of historical circumstances, they can be divided into the following periods: early language contacts were closely interwoven with the Magdeburg Law and the emergence of craft guilds and their organizations which consisted of ethnic Germans (13th c.); during the second period, German-Ukrainian language contacts evolved within the realm of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (14th-17th c.); during the third period, Galicia became a crown land of the Austro-Hungarian Empire (1772-1918); the fourth period encompasses the years of the German occupation (1941-1944). These language contacts left an important trace on the vocabulary of the Ukrainian language. A fresh insight into all the issues is not feasible without a thorough analysis of the historical data, as well as careful attention to the areal aspects. Keywords: language interference, language contact, target language, source language, borrowing.

Quantitative Morphometric Analysis of Bhadar River Basin, India using ASTER (GDEM) Data and GIS

The present study highlights the morphometric parameters of Bhadar River, located in state of Gujarat, India. In this study, ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model (GDEM) and Geographical Information System (GIS) have been taken to evaluate Linear and Areal aspects of different morphometric parameters using ArcGIS software. The study is mainly focused on morphometric analysis which revealed that the Bhadar River Basin is from first to seventh orders with dendritic type of drainage pattern. The results show that the drainage density of the Basin has been obtained low which indicates drainage texture is very coarse in nature. The result of Elongation ratio explore that the Basin is less elongated. Bifurcation ratio values of Bhadar River Basin have experience minimum structural disturbances.

Quantitative Analysis of Geomorphology and Flow Pattern Analysis of Muvattupuzha River Basin Using Geographic Information System

Morphometry and terrain analyses are important in geomorphology where quantitative measurements are made on physical characteristics of landforms. It is done mainly to understand the structure, processes and evolution of landscape. Analysis of the flow pattern in the basin helps to relate the runoff characteristics to the morphometric parameters. In this paper, an attempt is made to study the morphometric aspects of streams and terrain characteristics of landforms of Muvattupuzha river basin of Kerala along with its flow pattern analysis. Geographic Information System was used for generating vector maps of the boundary and drainage. SOI topographic maps of scale 1:50000 were used for extracting the vector maps using GIS software like MapInfo and ArcGIS. The Kaliyar River, Thodupuzhaaar and Kothamangalamaar joining together at Muvattupuzha and flowing down the south-west as a single river for about 115km after confluence and traversing a total length of 121km constitutes the Muvattupuzha river basin. The total drainage area of the river is 1554 km2. The Muvattupuzha river basin was sub divided into five sub-basins for analysis, namely Malankara, Kalampur, Kakkadassery, Thodupuzha and Muvattupuzha. The linear, areal and relief aspects were studied and related to the mean discharge and peak runoff of the basin and its sub-basins. The linear aspects of morphometry such as stream order, stream length, stream length ratio and bifurcation ratio and areal aspects like drainage density, stream frequency, form factor, elongation ratio, circularity ratio, length of overland flow were calculated for the river basin. The Muvattupuzha basin was found to be a sixth order basin with a mean bifurcation ratio of 4.6. The basin has an average drainage density of 1.34kms/km2. Since stream frequency depends on the drainage network, it also has a low value of 1.34/km2.The pattern of drainage was identified as dendritic showing that the drainage basin is composed of fairly homogeneous rock. The elongation ratio of Muvattupuzha basin was found to be 0.69 indicating that the terrain is elongated in shape. The length of overland flow of the basin is 0.81 representing a gentle slope of terrain with long flow path. The results show that the laws formulated by Horton with reference to quantitative geomorphology are applicable to most of the sub-basins of the Muvattupuzha river basin, situated in the highland and midland. However the law doesn’t hold good for lowland or coastal belt. This could be because of non-homogenous nature of bed rock. The longitudinal profile of the river basin which was developed using altitude and distance from river mouth clearly represents the morphometric parameters derived. Significant regressions were established for mean discharge and peak runoff on stream length, relief ratio, elongation ratio and area, but not circularity ratio. These relationships can be used to estimate stream flow at ungauged portions of the drainage basins. However, the applicability depends on uniformity in rainfall pattern, lithology, soil type and land use pattern of the basin considered.

Morphometric characterisation of gagar watershed in Kumaon region of Uttarakhand for management planning: A GIS approach

Soil and water are of crucial importance for mankind. Water scarcity is a burning problem for the hill agrarians. Viable sources of water like springs, which are plenty in hills, are drying up because of inadequate recharge of flow domain of springs and there is great disturbance in hydrologic cycle of hilly areas. Planning and management of available natural resources are essential for sustainable development in agriculture. Keeping this in view the present study was conducted to study the morphological characteristics. Morphometric characterization was accomplished through obtainment of linear, areal and relief aspects of the basin using GIS software Geomatica-9.1. It was observed that there was a decrease in stream frequency with increase in stream order. The drainage network showed that the terrain demonstrates dendratic pattern with coarse texture type. Lower value of drainage density of the study area indicated coarse drainage pattern and humid climate of the study area. The morphometric analysis of the watershed showed that, stream frequency and total length of stream segments decreased with increase in stream order. The higher value of bifurcation ratio indicated strong structural control on the drainage pattern. This study will be useful in the prioritization of soil and water conservation works for the efficient watershed management planning.

Language integration processes in linguistic area studies

Abstract Globalization has now become an integral part of our lives. One of the basic components of globalization is the integration process that involves all areas of human life including language evolution. We consequently look at this problem in terms of language and natural language processes influenced by a complex variety of factors—both interlinguistic and extralinguistic-focusing mainly on the linguistic contacts with emphasis on areal aspects.