Vineyard Area Research Articles

Exploring the influence of habitat, ground refugia and behavioral strategies on the overwintering success of Drosophila suzukii, Matsumura.

The overwintering biology of Drosophila suzukii is poorly understood. While thermal tolerance studies suggest that winter morphotype females likely survive harsh winters given physiological changes that lead to cold-hardening, additional factors such as habitat selection are likely important but poorly understood. In the present study, we conducted a field study at three vineyard sites to investigate winter habitat selection, a semi-field study to measure survival outcomes depending on various ground refugia, and a laboratory study to evaluate vertical movement in response to simulated flood conditions often observed in winter. Our results showed three things. First, Drosophila suzukii was most abundant in wooded areas of vineyards and near pomace piles. Few were captured in the vineyard itself and even fewer were captured in the winery facilities. Second, insulating ground cover such as straw was beneficial to improving survivability. Third, while insulating ground cover was beneficial during stable periods below freezing, during warm-up periods where snow melts and subsequently floods the ground, fly mobility and vertical movement was critical for survival. Cold acclimated flies are active participants in their environment, even at freezing temperatures, navigating changing landscape features and adjusting their position in response to temperature and ground conditions. Our data showed for the first time that cold acclimated flies are capable of vertical movement even at freezing temperatures as water levels rise at the ground level during thaw events. Thus, the overwintering behavior and ecology of D. suzukii is more complex than previously thought, and there are likely several factors in addition to physiological cold hardening that contribute to overwintering success. © 2025 Society of Chemical Industry.

Vine Pruning Residues and Wine Fermentation By-Products: A Non-Exploited Source of Sustainable Agriculture, Albania Case

Albania, situated in southeastern Europe, enjoys a Mediterranean climate that is well-suited for grape cultivation. The vineyard area totals 7.202 million hectares. Since the 1990s, the country has experienced a resurgence in its rich winemaking traditions, which have gained considerable attention over the last decade. Alongside its significant wine production, large amounts of vine pruning waste and fermentation by-products are generated, estimated at over 50,000 t of prunings and 35,900 t of grape pomace annually. This waste is often burned, and the ash is used as fertilizer, releasing considerable CO2 emissions, and contributing to greenhouse gas levels. However, recycling these prunings into fertilizer by chipping and grinding them in the vineyard presents a sustainable choice, providing key minerals, nitrogen, phosphorus, and various micronutrients, thereby reducing the dependence on synthetic fertilizers in farming. Characterized by small plantations, the vine pruning issue needs site-specific, economically feasible solutions for the farmer. Additionally, there is unexplored potential for applying wine fermentation pressing residues as fertilizer for agricultural land or vineyards. The Albanian wine sector has significant untapped opportunities, such as employing vine pruning ash as a mineral fertilizer to help achieve sustainability goals.

Evaluating point source pesticide contamination via sprayer washing water dispersal: A northern Italian vineyard area case study.

Wastewater contaminated by plant protection products (PPP) from sprayer cleaning operations must be properly managed and disposed of, as it could represent a point source of environmental PPP pollution and pose risks to non-target organisms. Three conventionally and two organically managed farms in hilly vineyards of North-West Italy engaged in a participatory activity for sampling sprayer washing and resultant water. In total 52 samples of wash water (internal and external) were collected during two agricultural seasons and analyzed for six organic pesticides and metallic Cu. PPP concentrations in water collected after internal washing were up to 37.9 times higher than in water collected after external washing. Concentrations in water after external washing were surprisingly high. This may be explained by the characteristics of the sprayers, but also by farmers failing to comply with good practices during PPP use. To evaluate the possible impact on the aquatic environment of dispersal of wash water into a water body, the FOCUS "Stream" approach was followed. The concentrations thus estimated were almost always higher than the environmental quality standard for surface waters but below the toxicological endpoints for fish and Daphnia magna. With reference to the Italian guidelines for waste classification, only one sample would be classified as ecotoxicological hazardous waste and need to be properly managed. In conclusion, due to the nature of contamination, which is point source but diffuse in the territory, analytical data confirms the need for additional joint efforts to improve awareness in managing wastewater containing PPP and to decrease the impact of the agricultural sector.

300 Years of changes and persistences in the historic wine – growing area of Svätý Jur (Slovakia)

Svätý Jur represents a traditional vineyard landscape located in south-west Slovakia. We mapped and analysed changes and persistence in Svätý Jur to bring additional insight into the development of cultural landscapes in Europe. We digitised a unique map from the end of the 17th century, and a set of historical maps and aerial images from 1783, 1858, 1950, 1985, and 2017. The area of vineyards has decreased since the 18th century as a result of periods of cold weather, high taxes for vinegrowers and the spread of human plagues and vineyard diseases. Today, urbanisation is changing the area and character of the vineyards. This confirms the dynamic character of landscapes. We compared the persistence and found that it decreased over time until the last period, when persistence increased. The results are also presented in an upgraded Sankey diagram depicting the temporal aspect of changes and persistence in the area.

Climate change is likely to favour polyvoltine and invasive insect species, leading to more damage in the mid-latitude vineyards of Neuchatel

Climate change has major impacts on viticultural ecosystems worldwide, affecting wine production. Apart from direct impacts, the increase in temperature during the development season is likely to favour insect species, including polyvoltine ones, leading potentially to more damage in the vineyards. In this study, we examined the extent to which changes in mean temperature over the development season (March through September) can potentially increase the voltinism change the phenology and influence the reproduction of pest species in the vineyard area of Neuchatel (Switzerland). We first analysed long-term daily mean temperature data from 1970 to 2022 at the meteorological station of Neuchâtel. Then we used two climate scenarios (RCP4.5 and RCP8.5) to analyse daily mean temperature during the period 2023–2099. For both of these periods, we computed the number of growing degree days (GDDs) above 10 °C, as it is the base development temperature for many polyvoltine pest species. We then used specific bioclimatic models for two major pest species, namely the European grapevine moth (Lobesia botrana) and the American grapevine leafhopper (Scaphoideus titanus) to compare the current and future suitability of these two species to the air temperature conditions in Neuchâtel. Our results show an increase of about 425 GDDs since 1970 (+85 GDDs per decade). According to our models, values will continue to rise during the next decades, with a trend ranging from +28 GDDs per decade (RCP4.5) to +100 GDDs per decade (RCP8.5). This could lead to additional generations of polyvoltine pest species. A third annual generation can be expected in one year out of four for the European grapevine moth by the middle of the 21st century. While temperature conditions are currently moderately favourable for the American grapevine leafhopper, they are predicted to become highly favourable by the middle and the end of the century under both scenarios. These trends mean that climate change is likely to increase pest damage risks in the vineyards of Neuchatel in the future. Pest regulation will remain crucial in limiting major impacts on wine production.

Determination of Beneficial Insect and Mite Species in the Vineyard Areas of Hazro District (Diyarbakır)

There are many insect and mite species from different order sand families that cause damage to vineyards. Therefore, it is important to use biotechnical methods as well as biological and chemical control in a certain combination in the fight against harmful species in order to preserve the natural balance between living things in the ecosystem. In this way, it will be possible to protect and support the beneficial insect and mite fauna in the fight and control of harmful insects. For this purpose, the study was carried out weekly in two vineyards of 10 decares each between 2021-2022 years to check beneficial insect and mite species in the vine yard areas in Hürriyet and Yazgı neighborhoods of Hazro District of Diyarbakır Province. In this study, prey species were collected using the sweep net, Japanese umbrella, as well as the visual inspection method. The study yielded findings on Coccinella septempunctata (Linnaeus), which belongs to the Coccinellidae (Coleoptera) family, as well as Hyperaspis quadrimaculata (Redtenbacher), Hippodamia variegata (Goeze), and Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens), all of which belong to the Chrysopidae (Neuroptera) and Macaroeris nidicolens (Walckenaer, andTh), belonging to the Salticidae (Araneae) family. A total of 6 predator species, including Xysticus sp. belonging to the (Araneae) family, needs to be clarified.

Mapping of irrigated vineyard areas through the use of machine learning techniques and remote sensing

Effective and sustainable management of aquifers in regions with intensive groundwater use for irrigation requirements accurate mapping or irrigated areas to control water resource exploitation and plan rational water usage. This study proposes a cost-effective methodology based on satellite images to identify irrigated areas utilizing surface water and groundwater resources. The methodology integrates soil moisture estimations, environmental variables, and variables that affect to retention of water soil, that join a ground truth dataset, to estimate irrigated surface through a machine learning method during the irrigation period of 2021. Spectral data derived parameters and crop morphology, along with official data on agricultural parcels, were utilized to define vineyard irrigation areas at the plot scale within the Requena-Utiel aquifer in Eastern Spain. A machine learning classification technique was applied,yielding a remarkable precision of 91.8 % when compared to ground truth data.Discrepancies between the remote sensing-based irrigated area estimation and official data are highlighted. This study represents the most accurate plot-scale irrigation mapping of woody crops in the region to date.

Substantial contribution of inorganic carbon sources to CO2 emissions in calcareous vineyard soils in Germany

AbstractIn light of climate change and increasing global temperatures, it is important to equally prioritize the study of inorganic carbon dynamics in calcareous soils within temperate ecosystems, as has been done for arid or semiarid environments. A significant area of vineyards in Germany is established on calcareous soils. However, the potential influence of inorganic carbon on CO2 emissions in these vineyards has not been sufficiently explored when evaluating the carbon footprint of management practices in relation to carbon storage. Therefore, we aimed to differentiate between organic and inorganic sources of CO2 emissions from six vineyard soils located in the southwest of Germany that had previously received organic soil amendments (OA). Inorganic carbon content varied between 8 and 55 g kg−1 across different sites, with variations observed in the inorganic‐to‐organic carbon ratio. Soil samples were incubated under standard laboratory conditions for 48 h, and the source of emitted CO2 was determined using a two‐end‐member mixing model. The contribution of inorganic carbon to CO2 emissions was influenced by the quantity of inorganic carbon, with an increase in contribution with increasing inorganic‐to‐organic carbon ratio. On average, abiotic sources accounted for 5% to 40% of the emitted CO2 at the different sites, with one site showing no significant contribution of inorganic carbon. CO2 production from inorganic carbon was higher in the subsoil compared with the topsoil, likely related to the higher content of inorganic carbon in the subsoil. Notably, there was no discernible influence of OA on carbonate dissolution. This study emphasizes the significance of considering abiotic sources of CO2 emissions in addition to soil respiration in calcareous soils and highlights the need for further investigation to apply these findings at the field scale.

The Observed Changes in Climate Characteristics in the Trebinje Vineyard Area (Bosnia and Herzegovina)

The productivity and quality of grapes and wine are significantly influenced by changing climate conditions in vineyard regions worldwide. This study assesses changes in temperature, precipitation, and viticultural indices between the periods of 1971–1990 and 2000–2019 in Trebinje, a vineyard area located in the Herzegovina region of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Between the two periods, mean annual temperature increased by 2 °C and mean vegetational temperature by 2.4 °C, while mean precipitation remained within the range of climatological variability, with annual values increasing by 6% and vegetational values decreasing by 4.6%. Warming resulted in a longer duration of the vegetation season by 23.7 days, a reduced risk of late spring frosts, and an increased risk of very high temperatures during summer. These changes led to the reclassification of Trebinje vineyards’ climate from Region III to Region V, based on the Winkler index values, from a “temperate warm” to a “warm” category, based on the Huglin heliothermic index, and from “cool nights” to “temperate nights” based on the cool nights index. The category of the dryness index remained unchanged between the two periods. The findings emphasize the necessity for a renewal of the viticultural zoning and the development of climate change-adaptation plans for this region.

Viticulture and the European Union's Common Agricultural Policy (CAP): Historical overview, current situation and future perspective

AbstractThe grapevine is one of the most important perennial fruit crops worldwide. The historical stability of winegrowing methods has spanned almost 3000 years since the introduction of viticulture in Europe. However, in the last 70 years, the wine sector in the Europe has experienced substantial transformations. These changes are attributed to the widespread adoption of mechanisation and industralisation in the 1950s and the establishment of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP). The growing concern for the environment and climate change in the European Union (EU) has significantly influenced the successive reforms of the CAP. These reforms have resulted in the acquisition of new commitments to protect the environment, mitigate climate change and reduce biodiversity loss over the years. In this work, we carried out a critical analysis of the most relevant aspects of the new CAP and address the regulatory framework of organic agriculture in the EU as a tool for improving the sustainability of vineyards. Currently, Spain is the country with the largest vineyard area in the world, reaching 964,000 hectares. This represents 13% of the world's vineyards and 30% in the EU, which demonstrates the importance of this crop in Europe. Due to its relevance, we focused our critical analyses of the new CAP on Spain as a case study. The latest reform of the CAP, applicable for the period 2023‐2027, is the most ambitious in environmental terms and includes instruments such as reinforced conditionality, eco‐schemes and payments for agri‐environment–climate commitments. Finally, we propose that by integrating concepts and management strategies from current organic and regenerative viticulture together with historical strategies derived from treatises and classic authors across a wide range of societies and cultures, the goals of the new CAP can be successfully met. This will contribute to reuniting the past, the present and the future of viticulture for a more nature‐based winemaking.

Minerality in Wine: Textual Analysis of Chablis Premier Cru Tasting Notes

The term minerality is often used to describe high-quality still white wines produced in cooler regions, such as Chablis. What minerality means in sensory terms and what is responsible for its presence is the subject of debate, however. This study explored the concept of minerality by analysing 16,542 Chablis Premier Cru tasting notes entered into CellarTracker between 2003 and 2022 on wines three to seven years old, together with weather, topography, and soil data for the Chablis area. The top three words used to describe Chablis Premier Cru wine were citrus, minerality, and acidity. Mentions of minerality declined between 1999 and 2019 vintages, whereas those of acidity, salinity, floral, orchard fruit, and stone fruit increased. The trends for minerality and salinity were slightly stronger with the year of tasting (2005 to 2022) than vintage. Bigram analysis indicated that consumers were more than 1.5 times as likely to refer to a stony kind of minerality as a saline one and only rarely smoky minerality. Use of the term minerality was correlated with growing season temperature and sunshine hours (negatively with each), as well as vineyard aspect (negatively with percentage vineyard area facing South or South-West), but not with Kimmeridgian soil type. The results imply that soils and geology are not a principal source of minerality in Chablis wine, but growing season warmth and sunshine are relevant to minerality. There is no simple explanation of minerality in Chablis wine; however, the recent decline in the use of this term for Chablis wine may be a consequence of three factors in combination: (i) it has become less fashionable; (ii) consumers are choosing “saline” instead of “mineral” when appropriate, but retaining it for “stony” sensations; and/or (iii) warming from climate change has reduced minerality.

Forecast of planting vineyards with local grapevine varieties in the republic of Serbia using the ARIMA models

Compared to the previous period, the vineyard area in the Republic of Serbia has decreased significantly. Although the planting of new vineyards is subsidized over a long period of time, not enough vineyards are planted to ensure self-sufficiency in domestic grapes, wine (wine products) and spirit drinks originating from grapes. This is especially case for vineyards with local grapevine varieties, which can be of great importance for the rural development and promotion. In this paper, utilized time series analysis, spe?cifically Auto Regressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) modeling was used to predict the dynamics of newly planted vineyard areas with all grapevine varieties and local grapevine varieties based on data from the previous 20 years (period from 2003 to 2022). The aim is to forecast the trends of newly planted vineyard areas, both for all grapevine varieties and vineyards with local grapevine varieties, for the period from 2023 to 2027. A time series refers to a structured sequence of observations. The structuring is frequently done in terms of time intervals. Forecasting time series data, or determining future trends, is one of the most crucial goals of time series analysis. Based on such analysis, it is possible to forecast the expansion of vineyard areas for the upcoming period. ARIMA models helped to determine five-year trends in data on newly planted vineyard areas. The forecast made in this paper showed that vineyard area of all grapevine varieties would be planted at an an?nual range of about 230 and 300 hectares over the next five years. The forecast for future annual planting for the same period (2023-2027) of vineyards with local grapevine varieties is in the range of only about 10 to 60 hectares. The obtained ARIMA forecast results, espe?cially for the forecasts for planting vineyards with local grapevine varieties, show that it is necessary to pay special attention to this problem and to initiate numerous measures and activities in order to increase the area of vineyards with local grapevine varieties in the Republic of Serbia.

Aging community, changing crops: The faith of grapes in Turkey

This article explains the social and economic changes that transpired in Turkey's rural areas by focusing on a vigneron village in the country's northwest. My goal is to show that the neo-liberalization of Turkey's economy in the 1980s and the privatization of state-owned production facilities in the 2000s exacerbated the devaluation of farmers' products and the depreciation of their labor. As a result of income unpredictability and an aging population, agrarian communities have either turned their vineyards into olive groves or uprooted them. Meanwhile, since the early 2000s, grape cultivation in Turkey has entered a wine-oriented phase primarily led by urbanites from non-agricultural sectors. Even though the percentage of wine grapes has increased in recent years, they mostly come from newly established vineyards of a new class of wine entrepreneurs. Based on 13 months of ethnographic research in vineyards and small-scale wineries in Turkey's Thrace, I argue that the peasantry in Turkey is in a transition that poses an indeterminate future for the country's grape cultivation and vineyard areas.

Rooting, Growth, and Maturation of Grape Cuttings Under Different Growth Regulators

With the development of viticulture in recent years, vineyard areas have increased and the demand for orchards with local varieties has grown. Propagation by cuttings is the most common method of grape propagation. The influence of growth regulators (zircon, heteroauxin, and kornevin) on the rooting, growth, and ripening of hardwood cuttings of grape varieties Voskehat, Garan Dmak, and Tozot was studied. The study shows that the use of growth regulators positively affects the growth and development of cuttings, strengthens roots, increases rooting, and promotes the growth and development of surface organs Among the regulators used, the best results were shown by growth stimulants heteroauxin and zircon. These stimulants can be used to ensure the high survival rates of less common varieties.

Tane heterojenitesine göre sınıflanan Cabernet-Sauvignon (Vitis vinifera L.) üzüm çeşidi salkımlarının bazı morfolojik özellikleri

Two experiments were conducted in two vineyards consisting of vines from the organic-certified Cabernet-Sauvignon/1103P graft combination and the conventional cultivation Cabernet Sauvignon/5BB graft combination. Vines were identified based on pre-dawn leaf water potential values according to stress levels in a Split-Plot Experimental Design. Grapevines were classified as <-0.8 MPa and >-0.8 MPa. These vines were further grouped into dryland-shallow soil and bottomland-deep soil areas, and for each area-soil type, Control, Stress 1, and Stress 2 levels were created. At harvest, the berries were divided into four groups based on their diameter: 10mm-12mm, 12mm-14mm, 14mm-16mm, and 16mm-18mm (In some measurements, no berries belonging to the 16-18mm category could be found). The grapes were grouped as Control, Stress 1 (S1 > -0.8 MPa), and Stress 2 (S2 < -0.8 MPa) based on size groups and stress levels, and certain morphological characteristics of the clusters were examined. The width and length of the clusters were not significantly affected by the area-soil type. Cluster weight, cluster volume, and number of berries per cluster criteria were influenced by stress levels. It was determined that organic vineyards with higher stress levels had fewer clusters compared to conventional vineyards. The number of berries in the clusters showed significant differences based on vineyard area and soil type, water stress levels, and berry size. In conclusion, in the Tekirdağ province, to obtain high-quality grapes from the cv. Cabernet-Sauvignon, it is considered suitable to utilize berries ranging from 10mm to 12mm in size, in conjunction with dryland-shallow soil conditions where the water potential (Ψpd) can decrease to as low as -0.8 MPa during the ripening period.

ВИНОГРАДАРСТВО ГУДЕРМЕСКОГО РАЙОНА ЧЕЧЕНСКОЙ РЕСПУБЛИКИ В ПЕРИОД РАСЦВЕТА ОТРАСЛИ

The article reveals the main factors and moments that characterize the develop-ment of viticulture in the Gudermessky district of the Checheno-Ingush ASSR in the 80s of the XX century. It is emphasized that this area is more suitable for viticulture than the "old" areas – Naursky, Shelkovskoy and Nadterechny. In confirmation, emphasis is placed on more favorable edaphoclimatic conditions, the possibility of introducing a non-covering and semi-covering grape culture, a higher adaptability of the population to the industry, due to the proximity to the Khasavyurtovsky District, where the population was engaged in viticulture much earlier. It was found that by the mid-1980s 8 specialized farms (wine collective farms) operated in the district, which are part of the production and collective farm association "Checheningushvino". The area of vineyards was systematically growing, the wine collective farms achieved high results in terms of gross production of grapes and grape yield capacity. A special place was given to securing vineyards for mobile groups of wine-growers (family contract) and tenants. The culture of grapes in the region occupied a prestigious place among other branches of the agro-industrial complex. It was especially noted that the processes of intensification of production were launched. High-value grape varieties with increased frost resistance were tested, allowing them to switch to a non-covering crop; the bushes were transferred to more advanced pruning, which were distinguished by a greater capacity in terms of load with shoots, etc. After the release of the Anti-Alcohol Decree and subsequent negative processes that led to the collapse of the country (and to military operations in Chechnya), the industry began to curtail. However, the experience accumulated by generations of growing grapes finds its application.

МИНЕРАЛЬНЫЙ СОСТАВ КАК МАРКЕР ТЕРРИТОРИАЛЬНОЙ ПРИНАДЛЕЖНОСТИ ВИН ЗАЩИЩЕННЫХ НАИМЕНОВАНИЙ МЕСТ ПРОИСХОЖДЕНИЯ

The paper discusses methods for identifying wines based on regional characteristics, which consists of establishing a connection between the component composition of wines and soils corresponding to the area where grapes grow. It has been shown that markers of regional affiliation can be components whose content in wines practically does not change during the production process. The results of a study of the mineral composition of wines produced by the winemaking enterprise OOO “Imenie Sikory” are presented. Using atomic absorption spectroscopy using the Kvant Z spectrometer (NPF OOO “KORTEK”, Russia), 12 metal elements (Co, Mn, Rb, Cr, Cs, Al, Ba, Zn, Sr, Li, Na, Mg) were determined in the course of studies on atomic emission and absorption spectra. A study was also conducted of the mineral composition of soil samples from vineyards where grapes used for wine production grew. Using the methods of correlation and cluster analysis, as well as using the “random forest” algorithm (for wine samples, the initial data were the content of elements and their pairwise ratios), it was revealed that the mineral composition can serve as a marker of the regional affiliation of wine products, since the studied wine samples are within each variety have a stable mineral composition, regardless of the year of harvest (correlations between the year and the content of elements are insignificant), determined by the characteristics of the site where the grapes grow. Quantitative determination of the components of the mineral complex in combination with mathematical processing of the results allows us to establish the origin of the wines with a reasonable degree of probability. The mineral composition of the studied wines is unique and is determined by the soil characteristics of the vineyard areas of the “Semigorye” geographical object.

Detecting cool-climate Riesling vineyard variation using unmanned aerial vehicles and proximal sensors

The ability to detect and respond to vineyard spatial variation can lead to improved management—a practice known as precision viticulture. The goal of this study was to determine if remote sensors can enhance precision viticulture applications by detecting vineyard spatial variation. The hypothesis was that differences in vine spectral reflectance, as detected by remote sensors, would be associated with variations in viticultural variables due to known relationships with vine size, structure, and pigmentation. Riesling grapevines were geolocated within six commercial vineyards across Niagara, Ontario. Water status, vine size, winter hardiness, virus titer, yield components, and berry composition were measured on these vines. Remote sensing technologies subsequently collected multispectral data by unmanned aerial vehicles and by proximal sensing technology (GreenSeeker™), which were transformed into the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). Direct relationships between NDVI and vine size, water status, yield, berry weight, and titratable acidity were observed, as well as inverse relationships between NDVI and Brix and potentially volatile terpenes. Remote sensing demonstrated the ability to detect vineyard areas differing in measures of vine health, yield, and berry composition in certain sites and years; however, more research is needed to determine when these technologies should be used for precision viticulture applications.

Tokat İli Asma Alanında Bazı Asma Virüslerinin Moleküler Olarak Belirlenmesi ve Grapevine Virus A'nın Filogenetik Analizi

Grapevine (Vitis spp.) is one of the major fruit crop with high socioeconomic importance for Turkey. In vineyards, many harmful organism, especially virus infections, weaken the plant and lead to decreases in yield and quality, so it takes the lead in quarantine and certification. This study was carried out to determine some viral agents that cause yield loss in vines produced in Tokat, where viticulture is very important. Samples were collected from young leaves and one-year-old shoots of grapevines showing virus symptoms from some vineyard areas in Tokat Center and its districts. Collected 189 grapevine samples were subjected to the RT-PCR test, which is a molecular method using virus-specific primers, to detect the presence of Grapevine pinot gris virus (GPGV), Grapevine virus A (GVA), Strawberry latent ringspot virus (SLRSV). Out of a total of 189 plant samples, 80 (42.32%) of GVA, 3 (1.58%) of GPGV were detected and SLRSV (0%) was not detected. More than one virus was found in 2 (1.05%) of 189 tested samples. It was determined that the most common virus was GVA, the least detected virus was GPGV in plant samples collected from Tokat Center and its districts. Bidirectional sequence analysis of RT-PCR products of GVA-infected isolates were performed and phylogenetic analyzes were done by comparing them with reference isolates after they were aligned with the MEGAX computer program. Based on phylogenetic analysis studies, GVA showed differential branching with isolates registered in GenBank and isolates obtained in the study. GVA-infected isolates showed similarity with reference isolates at rates of 92-94%. In this study, molecular analysis of Turkish GVA isolates was performed. This molecular information is important as it will shed light on future studies.

Examination of Topographical Parameters in Vineyard Areas : Changes in the Szekszárd Wine Region

Examination of Topographical Parameters in Vineyard Areas : Changes in the Szekszárd Wine Region