Areas Of Punjab Research Articles

Impact of Long-Term Camel Milk Consumption on Hepatic and Renal Biomarkers of Camel Nomads—An Observational Cross-Sectional Study from Southern Punjab, Pakistan

Abstract Objectives Camel milk is gaining popularity worldwide owing to its unique biochemical composition and therapeutic benefits. In persona to available data on camel milk's potential health attributes against noncommunicable diseases, this study examined camel milk's effect on hepatic and renal biomarkers of milk consumers. Materials and Methods An observational cross-sectional study was conducted on 51 camel nomads in the periurban areas of South Punjab, Pakistan. Structured questionnaire based on sociodemographic, dietary assessment, and blood sampling was done following simple random sampling technique to evaluate hematological, hepatic, and renal biomarkers. Results The results indicate hematological parameters including mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), and mean corpuscular volume (MCV) to vary significantly between camel and cow milk consumers. Comparatively higher mean values of MCH, MCHC, and MCV, that is, 29.55 pg, 32.76 g/dL, and 89.61 fL, respectively, in male camel milk consumers than in females of the same group were observed. Camel milk consumption for the extended duration was found to anticipate significantly (p < 0.05) higher total serum protein contents, 17.38 g/dL in males and 15.23 g/dL in females than observed in cow milk consumers. Conclusion The study validates that camel milk chronic consumption impacts some hematological changes to a significant level while indicating nonsignificant changes in renal and hepatic markers. Our study entertained sample population from one camel rearing region of the country. To better understand preventive and therapeutic properties of camel milk consumption against hepatic or renal disorders, sample populations from different regions may be enrolled and monitored for camel milk consumption, dietary patterns, and disease prevalence.

Forecasting Mango Production and Area in Punjab, Pakistan for 2021-2029

Production of Mango in Pakistan has increased due to use of improved farm inputs and better management practices. Despite an increased production and rising demand in the export market, the potential of mango export has, however, not been fully achieved. Pakistan has comparative advantage in the production of Mango and enormous potential exists for its export in the vast Middle East market. The Punjab province of Pakistan which account for 63% of the country's total mango output. The objective of this study is to predict the area and output of mangoes of Pakistan's Punjab province for the year 2029. For this purpose, the 63-year data from 1957-2019 has been collected from Crop Reporting Service Punjab. Box-Jenkins method has been used to build an appropriate Univaraite ARIMA model. The best model was chosen after a comparison of the models' mean absolute percentage error, root mean squared error, stationary R-square, and other properties. The area's acceptable model was ARIMA (1,1,0) and production’s acceptable model was ARIMA (1,1,1). Additionally, this estimate predicts that by 2029, the area will be (246.46-279.63) hectors and output will be 1358.10-1538.47) million tons. The results of this study will be useful to government planners, marketers, businesses and purchasing nations.

Climate Induced Factors Affecting Income Diversification in Flood-Prone Areas of Punjab, Pakistan: An Application of Income Diversification Herfindahl Index

Climate Induced Factors Affecting Income Diversification in Flood-Prone Areas of Punjab, Pakistan: An Application of Income Diversification Herfindahl Index

Prevalence of bovine herpes virus-1 among reproductive disorders in cattle and buffaloes in Punjab region of India.

Bovine Herpes Virus (BHV-1) is a virus prevalent among cattle and buffaloes which accounts for considerable reproductive failures. This study was undertaken with the objective of studying the prevalence of BHV-1 in reproductive tract infections of cattle and buffaloes in Punjab region in India. A total of 70 reproductive tract samples (like vaginal mucous, cervical mucous, uterine discharges, uterine pus and aborted materials like placenta, caruncles, foetal stomach contents, amniotic fluid and placental fluid) were taken from cattle and buffaloes from various areas of Punjab which were suffering from different reproductive disorders. The samples were screened for the presence of genome of BHV-1using PCR targeting gE gene. Out of 70 samples screened, only one sample was positive for the presence of BHV-1 genome which had an amplicon size of 468bp, specific to the targeted gene. The study concluded that BHV-1 has very low prevalence among reproductive disorders in cattle and buffaloes in Punjab region, but has increased over last few years, particularly in female cattle and buffaloes.

Nomadic Roots and Contemporary Realities: An Exploration of the Waghri Community in Punjab

Nomadism persists as a relevant phenomenon in contemporary society. This study delves into the Waghri community, a nomadic community that originally hails from Gujarat but settled in Punjab for the past three or four generations. Having encountered stigmatisation during the British rule, the community was labelled a criminal tribe in the Bombay Presidency. This study aimed to understand the culture, belief and practice dynamics of the Waghri community, shaped by their nomadic history and current circumstances. Furthermore, it seeks to delve into their experiences with historical stigmatisation, contemporary adaptation strategies and the cultural forces moulding their identity and means of sustenance. This study was carried out in the urban areas of Punjab under the national project of the Anthropological Survey of India entitled Ethnographic Study of 226 De-Notified, Nomadic and Semi-Nomadic Communities. The data were collected using snowball and random sampling methods. The tools used for data collection included a structured schedule, focus group discussions and individual interviews. The findings of the study reveal that the migration of the Waghri community, driven by the pursuit of enhanced livelihoods, has resulted in a widespread presence across India, featuring various sub-castes distinguished by traditional occupations and territorial affiliations. Remarkably, these sub-castes lack social hierarchies, uniting around their common clan deity rather than fostering internal divisions. Devotees of the goddess Durga, the community now identifies as Devipujak. Engaged in the trade of recycling second-hand clothes, they have established harmonious ties with the neighbouring communities, predominantly residing in urban areas, as their livelihood depends on middle and upper-middle-class families. Despite facing stigma in their native Gujarat, the Waghri community finds acceptance in Punjab, where they are recognised more as Gujarati than Waghri. Economically disadvantaged and educationally marginalised, the community leads a precarious existence unaccounted for by the government. This study illuminates their resilience in preserving cultural traditions amidst uncertainties about their future. Their adaptation strategies, including social cohesion and niche economic activity, offer insights into social mobility, identity negotiation, and the complex realities of marginalised communities in India.

Geochemical insights of arsenic mobilization into the aquifers of Punjab, Pakistan

It is well known that groundwater arsenic (As) contamination affects million(s) of people throughout the Indus flood plain, Pakistan. In this study, groundwater (n = 96) and drilled borehole samples (n = 87 sediments of 12 boreholes) were collected to investigate geochemical proxy-indicators for As release into groundwater across floodplains of the Indus Basin. The mean dissolved (μg/L) and sedimentary As concentrations (mg/kg) showed significant association in all studied areas viz.; lower reaches of Indus flood plain area (71 and 12.7), upper flood plain areas (33.7 and 7.2), and Thal desert areas (5.3 and 4.7) and are indicative of Basin-scale geogenic As contamination. As contamination in aquifer sediments is dependent on various geochemical factors including particle size (3–4-fold higher As levels in fine clay particles than in fine-coarse sand), sediment types (3-fold higher As in Holocene sediments of floodplain areas vs Pleistocene/Quaternary sediments in the Thal desert) with varying proportion of Al-Fe-Mn oxides/hydroxides. The total organic carbon (TOC) of cored aquifer sediments yielded low TOC content (mean = 0.13 %), which indicates that organic carbon is not a major driver (with a few exceptions) of As mobilization in the Indus Basin. Alkaline pH, high dissolved sulfate and other water quality parameters indicate pH-induced As leaching and the dominance of oxidizing conditions in the aquifers of upper flood plain areas of Punjab, Pakistan while at the lower reaches of the Indus flood plain and alluvial pockets along the rivers with elevated flood-driven dissolved organic carbon (exhibiting high dissolved Mn and Fe and a wide range of redox conditions). Furthermore, we also identified that paired dissolved AsMn values (instead of AsFe) may serve as a geochemical marker of a range of redox conditions throughout Indus flood plains.

Unspeakable and hidden: intimate partner sexual violence against married women in Pakistan

ABSTRACT Intimate partner sexual violence (IPSV) is a significant form of violence against women that remains largely under-researched in Pakistan, primarily due to sociocultural and religious factors. This study documents the nature and factors associated with IPSV against women in Pakistan by conducting qualitative in-depth interviews with Christian and Muslim women residing in both urban and rural areas of Punjab, Pakistan. A thematic approach was employed to analyse data gathered from seventeen participants. The findings revealed that the patriarchal nature of the society, privileged position of men within marriage, poverty and child marriages, consumption of alcohol and drugs, joint household system, legal ambiguities, and the absence of a supportive environment were contributory factors that increase the risk of sexual violence against women within intimate partnerships in the Pakistani context. It is crucial to acknowledge that sexual violence needs to be understood in the broader context of intimate partner and domestic violence. Additionally, there is a need for further research to explore the specific circumstances faced by women from diverse identity categories and to understand the multifaceted consequences of sexual violence on the physical and mental health of women.

Study of medicinal plants used in ethnoveterinary medical system in riverine areas of Punjab, Pakistan

BackgroundThe use of medicinal plants to treat various veterinary illnesses has been practiced for millennia in many civilizations. Punjab is home to a diverse ethnic community, the majority of whom work in dairy farming, agriculture, and allied professions and have indigenous practices of treating animal illnesses using native flora. This study was designed to (1) document and preserve information about the applications of medicinal plant species in ethnoveterinary remedies among inhabitants of Punjab, Pakistan, and (2) identify popular plants for disease treatment by quantitative analysis of the obtained data and to assess the pharmacological relevance of these species.MethodsTo collect data from informants (N = 279), questionnaires and semi-structured interviews were used. The ethnoveterinary data were analyzed using principal component analysis, relative frequency citation, fidelity level, relative popularity level, and rank order priority.ResultsA total of 114 plant species utilized in the ethnoveterinary medicinal system were found, which were divided into 56 families and used to treat 16 different illnesses. The Poaceae family, with 16 species, was the most common in the region. The most commonly employed growth form in herbal preparation was herb (49%). The most used part in ethnoveterinary remedies was leaves (35%), while powder was the most commonly used way for preparing ethnoveterinary remedies (51 applications). According to principal component analysis, the most typically used species in the research region were grasses. Five grasses (Arundo donax, Desmostachya bipinnata, Eleusine indica, Hordeum vulgare, and Pennisetum glaucum) showed a 100% FL value when used to treat diuretics, helminthiasis, digestive problems, fever, cough, worm infestation, indigestion, galactagogue, oral infections, and genital prolapse. The maximum value of disease cured level (DCL%) was recorded at 87.6% for endo- and ecto-parasitic ailments in the study area.ConclusionThis study demonstrates that medicinal plants play an important part in satisfying farmers’ animal healthcare demands, making it a feasible practice. The study also provides a wealth of knowledge regarding ethnoveterinary methods for further planning and application, providing an option for farmers who cannot afford allopathic therapy.

Characterization of Erwinia amylovora causing Twig Blight of Loquat Tree in Loquat Growing Areas of Punjab and KPK, Pakistan

Characterization of Erwinia amylovora causing Twig Blight of Loquat Tree in Loquat Growing Areas of Punjab and KPK, Pakistan

Molecular Identification and Characterization of Indigenous Rhizobacteria from Haryana and Punjab and Their Inoculation Effect on Prosopis cineraria

India grapples with escalating soil salinity, projected to afflict 16.2 million hectares by 2050. Reforestation, vital in North India's sodic wastelands, counters severe degradation. Rhizobacteria that promote plant growth (PGPR) are essential for managing forests sustainably. These microbes help rhizosphere plants form symbiotic relationships that promote hormone production, nitrogen fixation, increased phosphate availability, iron sequestration, and defense against outside threats. The study aimed to isolate halo-tolerant microbial strains from salt-affected areas and studied their effect on tree species to alleviate their overall growth in Punjab and Haryana. We isolated 880 bacterial isolates from salt-affected areas in Punjab and Haryana; they have a variety of metabolic capabilities and are resistant to both salty and alkaline environments. Pot studies with a range of tree species verify the beneficial effects of particular bacterial strains, such as Pseudomonas mosselli and Klebsiella aerogenes, on soil &plant development metrics. Validation of these results by 16S rRNA gene sequencing highlights the potential of these isolates for soil remediation in salt-affected areas. The study highlighted the importance of microbial interventions in alleviating soil deterioration and fostering sustainable land use practices, and it suggests more field studies with different varieties of trees.

Phenomenology of Educational Exclusion at Secondary School Level in India

Secondary education redefines the academic foundation of the child and serves as a link between the elementary and higher education, which in turns help in developing a reservoir of intellectual human resource. India envisioned having universalization of secondary education and substantial progress has been made in achieving the goal. Many of the children entering the schools are unable to complete education and multiple factors are responsible for their dropping out. It necessitates to a deeper probe into the problem of exclusion of children from secondary education. Present study provides an in-depth understanding of the phenomenon of educational exclusion at secondary school level in India. Empirical Phenomenological approach was adopted to carry out this study. The study was delimited to one state of India i.e. Punjab. A sample of 72 dropped-out adolescents (54 boys and 18 girls), their parents (61) was drawn from the selected areas of Punjab using ppurposive sampling technique. Open-ended questions were asked to generate data that led to a textural description. Data analysis revealed nine composite textural theme swhich included (i) Gender Bias (in case of girls), (ii) Finnacial Constraints (iii) School Distance (iv) Family responsibilities (v) Physical disability (vi) Demotivating and Hostile teachers (vii) Learning Difficulties (viii) Failure (ix) Early marriage in case of girls.

Female Labor Force Participation and Fertility: A Survey Based Study of Southern Punjab, Pakistan

Rapidly increasing population is challenging for almost all the developing countries which triggers the issues like poverty, ill-health, illiteracy, lower living standard and environmental degradation. Female participation in labor force may increase the opportunity cost for bearing and rearing children. This increased opportunity cost for having children may put pressure on families to have less number of children and offer more women time in labor market. This induces the women to allocate more time to work and develops their preferences to have less number of children. However, taking the 400 respondents as sample size, this study was conducted in Multan division, known as area of southern Punjab, Pakistan. Keeping in view the non-negative nature of dependent variable, this study used Negative Binomial Model to find out the relationship between fertility and female labor force participation. The estimates of the model indicates that monthly income of wife, education and use of birth control devices are major factors lessening the fertility rate of females. However, this mechanism for lowering demand for children by family may be helpful in reducing fertility rate (number of children per women) and increasing economic activity and wellbeing by involving more and more women in paid work. In this way, a society can achieve the targets of birth control in an invisible way to impede the pace of undesirable population growth. Finding of proposed research may help population welfare department, Punjab and Pakistan Population council, provincial and federal government in formulating an indirect and invisible population/birth control policies to overcome the burden of over-population.

Phylogenetic Analysis of Bacterial Isolates Recovered from Salt-affected Soils of Haryana & Punjab, India

Excessive saline/alkaline conditions present a significant challenge to the environment and ecology, impacting yield, plant growth, and soil health. This study focuses on isolating and characterizing halophilic bacteria from salt-affected areas in Haryana and Punjab, India. Morphological, biochemical, and molecular analyses were conducted to assess their potential as plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) for mitigating salt stress in salt-affected soils. Four bacterial strains, identified as HR3-PM, PB01-KB, PB-424, and PB-466, were isolated and characterized. Morphological and biochemical assays revealed diverse traits among the isolates, including phosphate solubilization, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) production, and ammonia excretion. Molecular identification via 16S rRNA sequencing confirmed their taxonomic classification and revealed close homology to known bacterial species such as Klebsiella aerogenes, Pseudomonas mosselii, Lysinibacillus acetophenoni, and Pseudomonas stutzeri. Phylogenetic analysis provided insights into their evolutionary relationships. These salt-tolerant bacteria exhibit promising PGPR activities, suggesting their potential for sustainable agriculture and soil remediation practices in salt-affected soils. Harnessing their abilities could offer cost-effective and environmentally friendly solutions to mitigate soil salinity, enhance plant productivity, and contribute to global environmental stresses. Further research is warranted to fully understand and harness the biotechnological potential of these halophilic bacteria in salt-affected ecosystems, paving the way for a more sustainable environmental future.

Correlation between cancer risk and natural radioactivity in food samples of different areas of Haryana and Punjab, India

Correlation between cancer risk and natural radioactivity in food samples of different areas of Haryana and Punjab, India

SCALING UP OF SESAME PRODUCTION UNDER CLUSTER FRONTLINE DEMONSTRATION TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER PROGRAMME IN PUNJAB, INDIA

The present investigations were undertaken to assess the effectiveness of demonstrated technology of sesame cultivation at farmers’ fields for their awareness with the objective of narrowing yield gaps in sesame crop in the rain fed areas of Punjab, India. A total of seventy-five Cluster Frontline Demonstrations (CFLDs) were conducted on improved farm technology of sesame, in which the full package of agronomic practices for its cultivation were used with special focus on improved cultivars and Integrated Pest Management (IPM), which are major constraints in sesame production. The performance of the technology demonstrated under the CFLDs was compared with that of the traditional farmers’ practice. The yield enhancement, technological gap and extension yield gaps along with the economic analysis were studied for the three years during Kharif 2017-18 to Kharif 2019-2020. The average technology gap, extension yield gap and technology index of 1.43 quintal per hectare (q/ha), 1.54 q/ha and 20.4%, respectively, were recorded. The improved farm technology package demonstrated showed significant enhancement in the profitability of oilseeds in terms of gross returns and net returns besides additional returns (Rs. 9098–15215/- per ha) and incremental benefit-cost ratio (3.54–4.40). The demonstrated farm technology was found to have huge potential to enhance sesame productivity and profitability, thereby enabling farmers to earn better livelihood under normal and collateral farming situations. Keywords: Frontline demonstrations, Economics, Sesame, Extension gap, Productivity, Technology index

Socio-Cultural Discourses of Children Engaged in Child Labor in India: A Macro-Ethnographic Study.

Child labor is considered one of the main social problems that affect the community and has a physical and psychosocial impact on a child's health, growth, and development. The study aimed to describe the sociocultural discourses of children involved in child labor. A macroethnographic approach was used to collect the data from the selected community areas of Punjab, India. A community-based qualitative study using purposive sampling was carried out among children engaged in child labor (n = 8). The data were gathered through in-depth or semi-structured interviews and non-participant observation under four phases: community context assessment, egocentric network analysis, validation, and dissemination of study findings. The guide for consolidated criteria for reporting qualitative research (COREQ) was followed. Ongoing analysis was conducted using Spradley's analysis approach to identify the themes. Thematic analysis resulted in the emergence of various themes related to child labor, namely, adaptability, money-centric attitude, sense of being underserved, social deprivation, work burden, reduced emotional expression, workaholism, abuse, family shoulder, family cohesion, and sense of industry. Apart from that, inhuman living and working conditions, as well as school deprivation among study subjects, were observed. Poverty emerged as the single most compelling factor for child labor in India. The study concluded that child labor had a negative impact on children's overall development. An effective intervention to stop child labor is if vulnerable children are identified through primary healthcare, and a relationship of trust is built that allows for the provision of health care, education, support, and referral to additional services outside the health sector.

ROLE OF ANTIOXIDENTS ACCUMULATION AND PHOTOSYNTHETIC STABILITY FOR SUSTAINABLE COTTON PRODUCTION AND FIBRE QUALITY UNDER WATER STRESS CONDITIONS

One of the significant steps in developing water stress-tolerant, climate-smart cotton genotypes is evaluating and screening available cultivated germplasm. The current study was designed to evaluate the elite cotton strains developed for release in drought-prone areas of Punjab and Pakistan. Twenty-four cotton strains, along with two check varieties BH-184 and FH-142 were sown under RCBD in triplicates. The plant-to-plant and row-to-row distances were maintained at 30 cm and 70 cm, respectively. The recommended dosage of fertilizers N-P-K @ 100-36-37 kgs per acre was applied to all the treatments in all replications. The results revealed the presence of highly significant variations among cotton strains for studied plant parameters in twenty-four cotton strains. Correlation analysis unveiled the presence of highly significant and positive correlation of seed cotton yield with nodes per plant (r = 0.988**), sympodia per plant (r = 0.987**), transpiration rate (r = 0.983**), flavonoids (r = 0.982**), net photosynthetic rate (r = 0.979**), peroxidases (r = 0.968**), superoxide dismutase (r = 0.968**), bolls per plant (r = 0.914**), plant height (r = 0.885**), monopodia per plant (r = 0.725**) and ginning out turn (r = 0.430**) while the significantly negative correlation with CLCuV occurrence percentage (r = -0.526**). Cluster, principal component, and biplot analysis classify cotton strains into groups based on their performance under water-stress conditions. The results from PC1/PC2 biplot also verified the results obtained through correlations and further revealed that transpiration rate, net photosynthetic rate, peroxidases, superoxide dismutase, plant height, flavonoids, sympodia per plant, and superoxide dismutase were the most divergent traits and must be considered in developing a scheme to develop heat-tolerant cotton genotypes.

GENETIC CHARACTERIZATION AND PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF ELITE COTTON STRAINS FOR MORPHOLOGICAL AND PHYSIO-CHEMICAL TRAITS UNDER HEAT STRESS CONDITIONS

One of the key steps in developing heat-tolerant, climate-smart cotton genotypes is evaluating and screening available cultivated germplasm. The current study was designed to evaluate the key cotton strains developed for release in heat-prone areas of Punjab and Pakistan. Thirteen cotton strains, along with check variety BH-184, were sown under randomized complete block design (RCBD) in triplicates. The plant-to-plant and row-to-row distances were maintained at 30 cm and 70 cm, respectively. The results revealed the presence of highly significant variations among cotton strains for studied plant traits in 13 cotton strains. Correlation analysis unveiled the presence of highly significant and positive correlation of seed cotton yield with net photosynthetic rate (r = 0.982**), total chlorophyll contents (r = 0.976**), superoxide dismutase (r = 0.966**), bolls per plant (r = 0.786**), nodes per plant (r = 0.683**), plant height (r = 0.653**) and sympodia per plant (r = 0.623**) while strong negative correlation with superoxide dismutase (r = -0.952**). Cluster, principal component and biplot analysis classify cotton strains into groups based on their performance under heat stress conditions. These analyses verified the results obtained through correlations and further revealed that net photosynthetic rate, total chlorophyll contents, superoxide dismutase, plant height and sympodia per plant and superoxide dismutase were the most divergent traits and must be considered in developing a scheme to develop heat-tolerant cotton genotypes.

Dynamics of Household Consumption Expenditure on Food Items in Punjab

In the present era of rapid technological transformation it is worth studying the dynamics of household consumption expenditure on various food items as the change in technology has an impact on consumer's taste and preferences. Higher income, urbanization, other demographic shifts, improved transportation, and consumer perceptions regarding quality and safety are changing global food consumption patterns. Variations in food consumption have led to an increase in trade and changes in the composition of world agricultural trade. The study about the consumption expenditure was conducted on the basis of the data collected from two districts of Punjab i.e. Faridkot and Ludhiana. Then 200 consumers from urban area and 200 consumers from rural area were selected randomly so as to make a comparative analysis of dynamics of consumption expenditure in Punjab. To achieve the basic objectives of the study various suitable techniques were employed. For that purpose regression analysis in the algebraic form of linear, double-log and semi-log were applied. Engel's elasticity were also worked out. The study showed that there was a non-linear relationship between expenditure on the majority of the consumption items and income among urban consumers. The findings were supported by the Gini- coefficient for urban as well as for rural consumers and analysis showed that consumption disparity was more in urban areas than in rural areas in Punjab.

Understanding the diabetes self-care behaviour in rural areas: Perspective of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and healthcare professionals.

Diabetes self-care behaviour plays a crucial role in managing the diabetes effectively and preventing complications. Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and health care professionals (HCPs) of rural areas often face unique challenges when it comes to diabetes self-care practices (SCPs). Therefore, this study aim to explore the perspectives of patients with T2DM and HCPs on diabetes SCPs. Eight focus group discussions (FGDs) among individuals with T2DM and In-depth interviews (IDIs) with 15 HCPs were conducted in rural areas of Punjab, North India. Capability, Opportunity, Motivation, and Behaviour model (COM-B) was employed for thematic framework analyses. The study participants perceived that a limited understanding of diabetes mellitus (DM), beliefs in alternative therapies, drug side effects, attitudes towards DM (psychological capability), comorbidities (physical capability), family support (social opportunity), financial and time constraints, and weather conditions (physical opportunity) contributed to lack of DM SCPs. Physicians' guidance and support were motivating them to adhere to SCPs, especially when aligned with their sense of self-efficacy (reflective motivation). HCPs constraints in providing patient-centred care are due to training limitations (psychological capability) and a lack of essential resources (physical opportunities). Participants expressed need for comprehensive diabetes care (automatic motivation) through structured diabetes education intervention to improve diabetes SCPs. The study findings indicate that various factors influence diabetes SCPs from the perspectives of both patients with T2DM and HCPs and emphasizes the need for a multi-faceted approach to improve diabetes SCPs in rural areas. Implementing a structured diabetes self-care intervention strategy in rural areas may help for preventing and mitigating the impact of diabetes-related complications in rural areas.