Port Area Research Articles

Numerical Study of Impact of Grain Profile on the Internal Ballistics of Solid Rocket Motor

Solid Rocket Motors (SRM) are engines that use solid propellants for generating thrust in a rocket. SRM plays a crucial role in rocketry. SRM is in widespread use nowadays not only for space purposes but also for the development of missiles and sounding rockets. SRM uses aluminized propellants to improve the efficiency of the rocket motor due to its high heat of combustion and density [1]. On combustion, aluminium gets converted to aluminium oxide (alumina - Al2O3), and the condensed-phase droplets of alumina act on the submerged and nozzle region’s insulation during SRM manoeuvring flight which can cause abnormal ablation of the thermal protection system.
 This work presents the numerical simulation of the flow field and particle dynamics in SRMs using the Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) tool. Simulations were carried out for a typical SRM by studying the effect of various geometrical parameters on motor performance. Important parameters addressed in this paper include (1) the effect of the ratio of port area (Ap) to throat area (At) and (2) the length of the grain on flow velocity and related particle impingements. Results show that for this study as Ap/At increases, velocity inside the submerged region decreases which in turn points to the fact that the particle impingements in this region decrease. However, this depends on various parameters like particle loading in the propellant, Ap/At, the geometry of the propellant, length of the motor, propellant formulation, geometry of the submerged region and so on. Hence, we cannot generalize this conclusion and one has to perform a detailed study.

Artificial fish nurseries can restore certain nursery characteristics in marine urban habitats

Port areas are subjected to multiple anthropic pressures that directly impact residing marine communities and deprive them of most of their essential ecological functions. Several global projects aim to rehabilitate certain ecosystem functions in port areas, such as a fish nursery function, by installing artificial fish nurseries (AFN). In theory, AFNs increase fish biodiversity and juvenile fish abundance in port areas, but studies on this subject remain scarce. Thus, the present study aimed to examine whether the use of such AFNs could restore part of the nursery function of natural habitats by increasing fish and juvenile abundance, and by decreasing predation intensity compared to bare docks. Two years of monitoring on AFNs showed they hosted 2.1 times more fish than on control docks and up to 2.4 more fish juveniles. Fish community structures were influenced by both treatment (AFN and Control) and year of monitoring. In general, AFNs hosted a greater taxonomic diversity of fish than controls. The predation intensity around these structures was significantly lower in the AFNs than in controls. Part of the definition of a fish nursery was thus verified, indicating that AFNs might be an effective restoration tool. However, we also noted that total fish abundance and Young of the Year (YOY) abundance decreased in controls, possibly due to a concentration effect. Further detailed monitoring is necessary to distinguish between these effects.

Aktivitas Port Clearance Pengurusan Dokumen PT. Pelayaran Sumatra Timur Indonesia

A procurement for the smooth arrival and departure of ships (port clearance) must be in accordance with existing procedures so that ships can leave the port and arrive safely at the destination port. The purpose of this study is to determine activities related to the clearance of document management by PT. Pelayaran Sumatra Timur Indonesia. This research is a type of qualitative descriptive research. In the research method, there are two types of data in this study, namely primary data and secondary data. There are 3 methods of obtaining the data needed during the research time including observation methods, interview methods and documentation methods. The results showed that the clearance activity of PT. East Sumatra Indonesia shipping there are several procedures for handling documents on ships, namely, checking shipping orders, checking cargo manifests or loading lists and checking cargo shipping lists or boot notes and other important ship requirements. The document clearance procedure is divided into two, namely clearance in and clearance out. The clearance procedure is the process of obtaining permits for ships that will arrive at the port to related agencies. Clearance out the procedure on PT. East Sumatra Indonesia shipping includes after the ship has finished carrying out activities at the port and will again sail out of the port area, the agent re-requests the ship's departure or clearance.

Selection of Dry Port Locations Using PROMETHEE Approach: Case for Türkiye

The aim of this study is to determine the most suitable location for a possible dry port in the Aegean Region of Türkiye based on various criteria. The concept of dry port, which is highly discussed especially in foreign literature, and accordingly, dry port location selection is examined as a multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) problem that requires various evaluation criteria. In this context, the PROMETHEE method, which is one of the MCDM methods, is used for dry port selection. As a result of the analyses, it can be said that in an environment where port congestion is increasing, dry ports can decrease this congestion, in this context, Türkiye is in an advantageous position and considering the global crisis events such as the pandemic called Covid-19, such applications will contribute to the overall efforts to strengthen Türkiye's logistics infrastructure. In the study, 10 locations were evaluated based on a total of 13 criteria. Among these locations, the location with the highest score can be considered as the most suitable dry port area.

Implementation and Validation of SAFEPORT System at Sines Harbour

SAFEPORT safety system aims to daily reports to the Sines harbor administration, potential emergency situations regarding ships’ operation in port areas caused by extreme weather-oceanographic conditions, that may occur in the next three days. It consists of a set of numerical models and a qualitative risk assessment and forecasting. It uses forecasts provided offshore of the area under the study of sea agitation, wind and tide. The characterization of the response of the free and moored ships at a berth is performed using numerical models which deal with formulations in the frequency and time domain. The system issue alerts, through danger levels associated with risk levels of exceedance of recommended values for movements and forces imposed on ship mooring systems. SAFEPORT can be adapted to any port. So far, it has been developed and adapted to three terminals of the port of Sines, where three different ships were simulated. This paper presents the developments made to date of the safety system, in terms of its implementation and validation. The numerical models run every day, in real-time mode, in a computer cluster. The results are disseminated on a web page and a mobile application in a variety of formats.

Air quality trends for the ports of Los Angeles and Long Beach spanning the covid19 crisis: Part 1. Oxidant pollutants

Ports are major air pollution sources impacting downwind communities with emissions from port activities, nearby energy and other heavy industries, truck, train, and vessel traffic, and commuting traffic. The Ports of Los Angeles/Long Beach, denoted Ports, are the western hemisphere's largest, with plans for port electrification to reduce air pollution. The covid19 shutdown impacted the Ports, providing a real-world experiment on the effects of electrification on exposure to neighboring communities.Eight in situ surveys with a mobile air quality laboratory (14 trace gases, aerosols, and meteorology) were conducted spanning the covid19 shutdown to characterize the resultant air quality changes. These data were combed with time series (2015-) from six Port area air quality stations and TROPOMI satellite nitrogen dioxide NO2 column XNO2.In situ surveys showed dramatic NO2 decreases from Jul. 2019 to May 2020 (during the shutdown), with NO2 only returning towards pre-covid levels by Jul. 2022. Lesser covid19 NO2 decreases were observed by the air quality station data and satellite XNO2 for the Los Angeles Basin; both showed NO2 decrease during the shutdown and an extended time for recovery to more normal concentration (and underlying economic activity) - until 2022 - far longer than the shutdown. Overall, ozone, O3 increased, signifying that O3, formation is volatile organic hydrocarbons, VOH, limited, with the strongest O3 source(s) arriving from offshore. This finding suggests efforts to purely address air quality by electrification without addressing area VOH emissions could potentially lessen, perhaps significantly, the expected air quality and health improvements in downwind communities. The Ports’ area industrial sites were identified as driving these VOHs, as the inverse relationship between NO2 and O3 persisted during the shutdown when non-industrial VOH sources would have decreased.

OPTIMIZATION OF ROAD SAFETY PARTNERSHIP ACTION (RSPA) IN HANDLING TRAFFIC PROBLEMS IN THE JURISDICTION OF THE TANJUNG PRIOK PORT POLICE STATION

The Tanjung Priok Port in Indonesia faces challenges in traffic management and road safety. To address these issues, the Tanjung Priok Port Police Traffic Unit has implemented Road Safety Partnership Action (RSPA) activities. This study aims to determine the implementation of Road Safety Partnership Action (RSPA) activities carried out by the Tanjung Priok Port Police Traffic Unit in handling traffic problems in the Tanjung Priok Port area. The study incorporates various theories, including Rosen's cooperation theory, Terry's management theory (including planning, organizing, implementing, and supervising), Dr. E Mulyana's competency theory, and problem-solving theory. A qualitative approach with descriptive analysis was employed. The findings revealed suboptimal implementation of the RSPA activities by the Tanjung Priok Port Police Traffic Unit in addressing traffic and road transportation issues. Furthermore, the competence of the Satlantas Polres Pelabuhan Tanjung Priok personnel in executing the RSPA activities was also deemed suboptimal. The active system and methodology employed in the RSPA activities have not been fully maximized. Therefore, optimization measures are required, including strengthening coordination and communication capabilities, empowering budget support and improving facilities and infrastructure in RSPA activities, enhancing the enforcement of traffic violations and management of traffic accidents, fostering personnel quality in executing the RSPA activities, implementing traffic engineering measures in anticipation of increased port activities related to transportation, encouraging community participation, and utilizing advancements in information technology, particularly in traffic engineering within the Tanjung Priok Port area.

Determination of Capabilities, Knowledge, and Skills for Superior Human Resources through Competence in Employees in the Port Area at Tanjung Balai Karimun, Riau Islands, Indonesia

The community complains about the service at the sea passenger port in Tanjungbalai Karimun because it is considered unfriendly to passengers. This port is the only entrance to The Tanjung Balai Karimun Port and was built decades ago. One complaint is the surly service. The number of respondents in this study was 300. With the Slovin formula, 172 samples were obtained. The analysis tool used the AMOS software version 24. The following results were obtainedThe Capabilities' influence on the Competence metric is very indicative of a positive result. There is a strong positive correlation between the Determination and Knowledge to Competence variables. In this case, the Skills vs. Competence outcome is overwhelmingly favorable. Knowledge has a very favorable impact on the Superior Human Resources decision. In a highly encouraging turn of events, the Capabilities variable's determination of the Superior Human Resources variable was found to be true. Positive but unimportant result from applying The Skills variable to the Superior Human Resources variable. Competence has a highly favorable effect on the Superb Human Resources criterion. Competence on the job has a square correlation of 89.6%, whereas superior human resources has a correlation of 100.00%. The already-significant factors are being kept that way, while the determination of the Skills variable on the Superior Human Resources. One direct result of the diversity of abilities required of every organizer is the importance of encouraging "initiative." Able to use scientific principles to manipulate a wide range of objects. They can improve if they are honed and practiced to the point where their powers are increased to the point where they become experts or masters in one of the existing skill categories. Power is not about what one does but rather what one is capable of doing. Common government employees are needed solely for administrative duties.

Research and recommend the development model of international transshipment port at Cai Mep wharf area, Ba Ria - Vung Tau province

Globalization has changed the methods and processes of port operations and forced coastal countries with deep-water ports to exert every effort to leverage their geographical advantages to serve trade flows and benefit from supply and logistics activities by establishing an international transshipment port and is an important "link" in the global value chain. In line with this general trend, the Cai Mep port area has been selected and approved for planning as an international hub port based on the decision of the Prime Minister. However, in recent years, the Cai Mep port area has mainly handled Vietnam's import and export goods, and the volume of transshipment cargo through this area only accounts for over 04 percent of the total volume of container cargo through the port, which lags far behind transshipment rate of international hub ports in the world (about 30 – 40 percent). This article is to evaluate some issues in attracting transshipment flows to the Cai Mep port area and research to propose an appropriate management model for this port area, along with suggesting several innovative mechanisms and policies to support the establishment and development of the Cai Mep international hub port.

KESIAGAAN DESA TANGGUH BENCANA KAWASAN PELABUHAN DAN INDUSTRI LEBAK GEDE PULOMERAK

The Port Area and Industrial City of Cilegon, which has been known as the Chemical Industry area, cannot be separated from the threat of tsunamis, earthquakes and fires, so it requires countermeasures, among others, through preparedness efforts from many parties, especially the people living in it, so that the losses that occur can be reduced as little as possible. Therefore, this study aims to determine the preparedness of the people of the Pulomerak Area in facing the danger of earthquakes and tsunamis which is illustrated through community attitudes and behaviors towards disaster threats. Based on the results of the study, it is known that community preparedness in the Pulomerak Area against tsunami, earthquake and industrial disasters is in an unprepared condition when viewed from the parameters of knowledge and attitudes, policies, emergency response plans, disaster warning systems, and resource mobilization, Data is obtained from interviews and documentation. The results showed that the potential for industrial disasters varied based on the field of industrial business. The largest industry in Cilegon City is the chemical industry (36%), so the biggest potential industrial disaster comes from the chemical industry. Potential chemical industry disasters can be caused by industrial failures such as chemical leakage, industrial infrastructure, reactor tube explosions, gas leaks, fires, poisoning, radiation, and epidemics. The unpreparedness of the community in facing the threat of this disaster is partly due to many people who do not know the vulnerability of their area to disasters. Meanwhile, there have not been many efforts to improve disaster preparedness carried out by the government due to limited resources. However, the condition of community preparedness in the Pulomerak Area can still be improved so that the risks that occur can be suppressed

Antara Bom Batu, Batam dan Jakarta: Perdagangan Keramik Hias Di Jambi Tahun 1980-2020

This research aims to analize determine the ceramic trade in Jambi through the Batu Bom Port which then the Ceramic Trade began to occur in the Sitimang Market and the impact of the ceramic trading activities in the Sitimang Jambi Market. Some of the problems raised are the beginning of the formation of the ceramic market in Jambi and the ceramic trade in Jambi after the closure of the Batu Bom Port. This research uses historical research methods. The findings of this study were the emergence of the ceramic market in Sitimang begins with a port that carries various commodities. Ceramics is one of the commodities brought by the ship and the existence of ship loading and unloading needs causes the Batu Bom Port area to emerge markets for shipping needs or sell products from outside vessels. However the Batu Bom Port was finally moved which caused ceramic traders to look for other ceramic trading centers such as Jakarta and Batam.

Heavy vehicles’ non-exhaust exhibits competitive contribution to PM2.5 compared with exhaust in port and nearby areas

Heavy port transportation networks are increasingly considered as significant contributors of PM2.5 pollution compared to vessels in recent decades. In addition, evidence points to the non-exhaust emission of port traffic as the real driver. This study linked PM2.5 concentrations to varied locations and traffic fleet characteristics in port area through filter sampling. The coupled emission ratio-positive matrix factorisation (ER-PMF) method resolves source factors by avoiding direct overlap from collinear sources. In the port central and entrance areas, freight delivery activity emissions including vehicle exhaust and non-exhaust particles, as well as induced road dust resuspension, accounted for nearly half of the total contribution (42.5%–49.9%). In particular, the contribution of non-exhaust from denser traffic with high proportion of trucks was competitive and equivalent to 52.3% of that from exhaust. Backward trajectory statistical models further interpreted the notably larger-scale coverage of non-exhaust emissions in the port's central area. The distribution of PM2.5 were interpolated within the scope of the port and nearby urban areas, displaying the potential contribution of non-exhaust within 1.15 μg/m3–4.68 μg/m3, slightly higher than the urban detections reported nearby. This study may provide useful insights into the increasing percentage of non-exhaust from trucks in ports and nearby urban areas and facilitate supplementary data collection on Euro-VII type-approval limit settings.

Rapid monitoring of cropland primary productivity and shipping activity in Ukraine.

Ukraine is an important global exporter of grain, especially to several countries with vulnerable food systems. The war in Ukraine may disrupt global food supply by limiting the planting, growth, and harvest of crops, or disrupting grain supply logistics. We apply a novel statistical modelling approach to satellite images of cropland in Ukraine for fast inference and exploration of cropping patterns and their influences in challenging environments. We also present satellite-derived cargo shipping activity as an accompaniment to these outputs to better explore the outcomes. Cropland Gross Primary Productivity in 2022 was 0.25gC/m2 lower than the 2010-2021 baseline period (p < 0.001). Similarly, cumulative annual cargo shipping activity ports in the Odesa and Mariupol regions were 45% and 62% lower in 2022 than in 2021, respectively. This suggests that cropland primary productivity has suffered during the conflict, and reliance on a few key port areas introduces vulnerability to the value chain.

Optimization of Solar Photovoltaic-Based Microgrid for Sustainable Energy Planning in Bajoe Port, Bone Regency, South Sulawesi: A Case Study

Electrification in rural areas is still inadequate due to the limitations of the main power grid. Therefore, harnessing available renewable energy sources, such as solar energy, is an appropriate solution. The solar photovoltaic (PV) system can be utilized either in connection with the main power grid or in standalone mode (islanded) and can be supported by other power generation sources through a microgrid approach to enhance reliability. This research focuses on the design of a power system backed by a single renewable energy source, based on Photovoltaic (PV) technology, for the administrative building and passenger waiting area of Bajoe Port in Bone Regency. The microgrid technology is applied to improve the reliability and continuity of the electricity supply. The limited power supply at the site will be addressed using a microgrid system that combines power from the main grid, PV modules, and emergency generators. The system modeling takes into account the sensitivity of global climate conditions and local load requirements. The HOMER Pro software is utilized as a simulator to optimize the designed system. The PV module, with an array area of 186.92 m2, will be installed in the parking area of Bajoe Port, which covers an area of 3,264.3 m2. The best result for the PV system design within the microgrid system, with a capacity of 41.5 kWp, yields an electricity output of 180,451 kWh per year based on the local average solar irradiation of 5.05 kWh/m2/day. The economic evaluation, expressed in terms of Net Present Cost (NPC) amounts to Rp. 421,251,000, with a Cost of Energy (COE) of 126.04/kWh. Moreover, the system can contribute 110,305 kWh/year to the main grid operated by the state-owned utility, Perusahaan Listrik Negara (PLN). Simulation results indicate that the designed PV microgrid system can contribute to the local daily electrical load, with a daily power requirement of 117.78 kWh and excess energy being sold to the PLN grid.

A rule-based maritime traffic situation complex network approach for enhancing situation awareness of vessel traffic service operators

The development of the shipping industry has led to increasingly busy traffic near many port areas, which leads to higher demands for vessel traffic service operators (VTSOs), and challenges to maintain situational awareness. However, an effective rule-based method for analyzing waterway traffic from a systemic perspective to improve situational awareness is lacking. Therefore, this article proposes a method to assess the maritime traffic situation complexity for this purpose. Referring to the COLREGs, a rule-based maritime traffic situation complex network (R-MTSCN) model is established by taking ships as nodes, and the collision avoidance relationship between ships as the directed edges. In addition, network topology features such as degree, vertex strength, and vertex strength distributions are used to statistically characterize the evolution of the complexity of maritime traffic systems. By analyzing the AIS data of ships navigating the Yangtze River estuary, the concept of the proposed model is demonstrated, thus providing a pathway to develop intelligent, digital, and data-driven Vessel Traffic Services, aiming to enhance efficiency of vessel traffic management and improve maritime safety.

Analysis of Factors Causing Air Pollution on Ships

Air pollution on ships is a serious problem that can affect human health, the environment, and the operational safety of the ship itself. The aim of this study is to identify and understand the factors that contribute to air pollution on ships, as well as provide a better understanding of its impact on human health and the environment. This study used the research method of literature review. Data collection techniques are carried out by literature studies, data obtained through Google Schoolar. The results showed that poor air quality inside the ship can be caused by exhaust emissions from the engine, inefficient fuel use, the presence of an inadequate exhaust gas separation system, shipping in traffic-heavy areas or routes often used by large ships, fuel combustion processes, and weather factors. The impact of air pollution on human health includes respiratory disorders, cardiovascular disorders, to skin health problems. While the impact on the environment includes air pollution in the port area, water pollution, and soil pollution.

Analisis Pengendalian Kebisingan Melalui Pemetaan Untuk Mengurangi Paparan Populasi di Area Pelabuhan Batu Ampar Kota Batam

Batu Ampar Port is the largest loading and unloading port of the three existing loading and unloading port facilities in Batam and the largest port for manufactured goods used by companies to supply the industrial sector in Batam. In addition to having a positive impact, the Batu Ampar port also has a negative impact in the form of a decrease in environmental quality, especially the noise level generated by activities in the Batu Ampar Port area. In this study the noise sampling process used the Svantek tool, sampling was carried out for 24 hours with a time limit of 24 intervals, then sampling was carried out for 10 minutes at each time interval. The research results obtained were that from all sampling points the highest noise was in the East Pier area of 70 – 78.5 dB(A) at 08:00 – 23:00 WIB. While the area with the lowest noise level is in the BPJS flat area of 54.7 – 73.5 dB(A) at 06:00 – 05:00 WIB. It can be concluded that many of the noise values obtained exceed the quality standards in accordance with Kepmen LH No. 48 of 1996. This was due to several factors, namely loading and uploading of very dense containers which resulted in more and more work activities. Noise elimination measures in the Batu Ampar port area are important to do considering the results of noise measurements still exceed the quality standards, Barriers are one of the technologies that can be applied to reduce noise in the Batu Ampar port, Batam, both natural and artificial barriers, so the Batu Ampar port noise problem can be solved.

FROM ARCHIVES SOURCES TO VIRTUAL 3D RECONSTRUCTION OF MILITARY HERITAGE – THE CASE STUDY OF PORT BATTERY, GDAŃSK

Abstract. The research presented in the article focuses on the development of methodological protocols - from survey to digital reconstruction - for the enhancement and protection of built heritage. Through the realisation of virtual reality-based digital models, it is possible to narrate the evolution and transformation of those places that constitute our historical memory. The European Project H2020 Prometheus, focused on the documentation of the Gdańsk fortresses Route, allowed applying these strategies to the Port Battery case study, presented in this paper. The coastal battery, built in the 19th century, is a brick ruin located in the restricted port area of Gdańsk, witness to several historical processes of transformation. To be able to represent the evolution of the building through history, the operational method regarded the digital acquisition of the building to obtain a detailed model representing the state of the battery. Then the archive research and the available historical maps allowed not only to make a comparison between the previous stages of construction and the actual situation but also to digitally reconstruct what has been destroyed. In this way, through Virtual Reality via Head Mounted Display it is possible to obtain an immersive, but accurate, experience of the digital reconstruction being able to re-live the history of a place.

Investigating beetle communities in and around entry points can improve surveillance at national and international scale

Beetles are commonly moved among continents with international trade. Baited traps set up in and around entry points are commonly used to increase chances of early-detection of incoming species and complement visual inspections. A still underestimated benefit of this surveillance approach is the high number and diversity of collected bycatch species. In this study, we exploited a multiyear surveillance program carried out with baited traps at five Spanish ports and their surrounding natural areas to investigate i) the importance of identifying bycatch to more promptly detect nonnative species belonging to non-target groups; ii) patterns of native and nonnative species richness and abundance inside the port areas vs. surrounding natural areas; iii) the occurrence of spillover events between natural areas surrounding ports and the port areas, and iv) whether the native species most commonly introduced into other countries are more abundant in port areas than in surrounding natural areas. A total of 23,538 individuals from 206 species representing 33 families were collected. The number and taxonomic diversity of the 26 bycatch nonnative beetle species testified that the identification of these unintentionally trapped species can provide additional information on ongoing invasions. Patterns of spillover and native species richness and abundance in port areas vs. surrounding natural areas highlighted a differential ability of different beetle families to colonize port areas. Finally, native species most commonly introduced into other countries were more abundant in port areas than in their surroundings, while the opposite trend occurred for native species that have not been introduced elsewhere. Our study highlighted that the use of traps baited with generic attractants can aid in early-detection of nonnative beetle species, and that the identification of native species can provide useful information on the risk of introduction in other countries.

Quantification of methane emissions in Hamburg using a network of FTIR spectrometers and an inverse modeling approach

Abstract. Methane (CH4) is a potent greenhouse gas, and anthropogenic CH4 emissions contribute significantly to global warming. In this study, the CH4 emissions of the second most populated city in Germany, Hamburg, were quantified with measurements from four solar-viewing Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometers, mobile in situ measurements, and an inversion framework. For source type attribution, an isotope ratio mass spectrometer was deployed in the city. The urban district hosts an extensive industrial and port area in the south as well as a large conglomerate of residential areas north of the Elbe River. For emission modeling, the TNO GHGco (Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research greenhouse gas and co-emitted species emission database) inventory was used as a prior for the inversion. In order to improve the inventory, two approaches were followed: (1) the addition of a large natural CH4 source, the Elbe River, which was previously not included in the inventory, and (2) mobile measurements were carried out to update the spatial distribution of emissions in the TNO GHGco gridded inventory and derive two updated versions of the inventory. The addition of the river emissions improved model performance, whereas the correction of the spatial distribution with mobile measurements did not have a significant effect on the total emission estimates for the campaign period. A comparison of the updated inventories with emission estimates from a Gaussian plume model (GPM) showed that the updated versions of the inventory match the GPM emissions estimates well in several cases, revealing the potential of mobile measurements to update the spatial distribution of emission inventories. The mobile measurement survey also revealed a large and, at the time of the study, unknown point source of thermogenic origin with a magnitude of 7.9 ± 5.3 kg h−1 located in a refinery. The isotopic measurements show strong indications that there is a large biogenic CH4 source in Hamburg that produced repeated enhancements of over 1 ppm which correlated with the rising tide of the river estuary. The CH4 emissions (anthropogenic and natural) of the city of Hamburg were quantified as 1600 ± 920 kg h−1, 900 ± 510 kg h−1 of which is of anthropogenic origin. This study reveals that mobile street-level measurements may miss the majority of total methane emissions, potentially due to sources located within buildings, including stoves and boilers operating on natural gas. Similarly, the CH4 enhancements recorded during the mobile survey from large-area sources, such as the Alster lakes, were too small to generate GPM emission estimates with confidence, but they could nevertheless influence the emission estimates based on total column measurements.