Areas Of International Cooperation Research Articles

Regional economic integration in the Eurasian Economic Union: theory, lessons from the past and new opportunities

The article shows that the processes of world development initiate changes in various areas of international cooperation both at the global and regional levels. This is also happening within the framework of regional economic integration cooperation. The author proves that the modern transformation of integration processes has an impact on the development of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU). This process requires a comprehensive theoretical analysis and systematization. The purpose of the article is to analyze and evaluate integration processes in the EAEU. The scientific novelty of the article is the systematization of new phenomena and characteristics in regional economic integration in the world in the 21st century. The author also tries to formulate new tasks for the EAEU in building a progressive integration process. Another point of view, which the author substantiates in the article, is that the foundation for the development of integration in the EAEU should be taking into account ongoing global changes, previous experience of economic integration within the framework of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (Comecon) and the development of industrial cooperation between the EAEU countries and non-regional partners both in industry, and in agriculture, that means, in the real sectors of the economy. The author concludes that it is production cooperation in the real sectors of the economy in the EAEU that will ensure the necessary stability of both national economies and the progressive development of the integration process in the current conditions of the world economic process increased turbulence and the global system transformation. And since the EAEU faces such large-scale and vital tasks, then, according to the author, a reassessment and some redirection of integration efforts are required. It is on this basis that an adequate formation of new principles of financial cooperation in the EAEU is possible.

Digitization of the scientific library of ZVO: current state and prospects

The article is devoted to the issue of digitalization of scientific libraries of higher education institutions. The publications were investigating the current state and prospects of Ukrainian libraries digital transformation, university libraries were actually analyzed. It is proved that digitization determines the vector of development of the university library, significantly affects the model of library activity, the transformation of the traditional functions of the scientific library.
 There are some examples of storage and renewal of traditional library funds, and ensuring their availability with the help of digital technologies in the scientific library of Kharkiv National Pedagogical University named after H.S. Skovoroda.
 The areas of international cooperation and partnership with world libraries and institutions which are working in the field of digital technologies were analyzed. Special attention was paid to the possibility that scientists can use international databases Scopus, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, resources of the Research4Life platform in the libraries of higher education institutions.
 It is emphasized some advantages of digitalization of libraries of higher education institutions, such as: a convenient access to information for library users, increasing the range of library services, open access to the digitized rare and valuable publications, effective use of library space, wide use of library resources, increasing the amount of online library users.
 The role of the digital presence of the library of Kharkiv National Pedagogical University named after H.S. Skovoroda (electronic catalogue, electronic archive of the university, information and search resource "Scientometric profiles of scientists", etc.) in the educational and scientific space of the university has been specified. Ways of cooperation with Ukrainian libraries and institutions working in the field of digital technologies were considered. The effectiveness of popularizing scientific library resources through social networks has been proven.
 The importance of improving the efficiency of higher education libraries through changes to access information was emphasized.

Scientific and technical activities in the sphere of transborder cooperation: european experience

Today, the issue of international cooperation is extremely acute and is of great importance both for the political and economic life of any country, and for the scientific and technical component of state development. In modern conditions, when the concept of borders as a separate strip between individual states has practically disappeared, the importance of establishing close cooperation between border areas is of invaluable benefit not only to these territories, but to the country as a whole. Not least, this fact concerns the scientific and technical sphere. The concept, essence and content of such an area of international cooperation as cross-border cooperation is given in the publication. It has been established that the institutional basis for cross-border cooperation is implemented through the creation of the so-called Euroregions. Successful examples of cooperation between European countries in the context of scientific and technical cooperation are presented. It is concluded that in order to further develop international cooperation between Ukraine and the member countries of the European Union, in particular, in the scientific and technical field, it is necessary to deepen contacts within the framework of cross-border cooperation. To achieve these goals, first of all, it is necessary to update the domestic regulatory framework in this area, modernize it, reforming it to the requirements of European legislation.

Possibilities of Simulation Technologies in the Implementation of Scientific Strategic Projects. #NeuroCHEburashka

The paper presents a project for the strategic development of the Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education Amur State Medical Academy for 2022–2030. The role and capabilities of the Accreditation and Simulation Center and simulation medical technologies in the implementation of this project are determined. The main vectors of network interaction with other universities, scientific organizations of the Region and the Russian Federation, areas of international cooperation are presented.

INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL COOPERATION OF UKRAINE IN THE POSTWAR PERIOD

The purpose of the article is to investigate the prospects of development of international scientific and technical cooperation of Ukraine after the war. The article presents the state of international scientific and technical cooperation of Ukraine in the prewar period. Methodology. The study is based on the comparison of data of the state bodies of Ukraine, intergovernmental economic organizations, opinions of international and Ukrainian experts, etc. The results of the study showed that Ukraine has positive prospects for the development of international scientific and technological cooperation. Numerous examples of foreign science and technology assistance during the war and initiatives to restore Ukraine after the war are illustrated. Foreign universities and various organizations provide significant support to Ukrainian students, researchers and professors who were forced to leave Ukraine as a result of the war. Many international companies in various industries offer technological support during the war and are willing to invest in the reconstruction of Ukraine in the postwar period. Practical implications. This article may be useful for the formation of the strategy of post-war reconstruction of Ukraine. Understanding the prospects for the development of international scientific and technical cooperation in Ukraine will allow to properly regulate the state policy. It will help to determine which areas of international cooperation should be given more attention, taking into account the assistance already provided by Ukraine's foreign partners. The article will be useful for companies that want to help Ukraine with their services or technology. It will help foreign partners understand what areas they should focus on when supporting Ukraine. Value/originality. The article is valuable for the people, the government and the world in understanding the prospects of Ukraine in international scientific and technical cooperation. The originality lies in the systematization of a large amount of knowledge and information on the topic. A comparison is made of the pre-war situation, the changes that are already visible, and the prospects. All this provides a holistic unique picture for a complete analysis of international scientific and technological cooperation in Ukraine.

THE CURRENT STAGE OF LEGAL REGULATION OF INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION IN THE INVESTIGATION OF TRANSNATIONAL ECONOMIC CRIMES

The article is devoted to the analysis of the current stage of legal regulation of international cooperation in the investigation of transnational economic crimes and the identification of shortcomings in international legal acts to determine the forms and directions of cooperation in the investigation of crimes of this category. On the example of international conventions in the field of international cooperation in criminal proceedings, bilateral agreements of Ukraine on international cooperation in the investigation of transnational economic crimes and multilateral regional conventions in the field of criminal procedure, it is shown that international cooperation of competent authorities of Ukraine and foreign countries. Transnational crimes are committed at three levels: universal, regional and bilateral. It is emphasized that bilateral agreements often contain significant gaps in legal regulation, especially in the area of certain types of mutual legal assistance in the investigation of transnational economic crimes, namely: they do not allow for the receipt and provision of comprehensive mutual legal assistance in criminal matters. economic crimes of a transnational nature; do not provide the prospect of expanding the range of forms of legal aid provided depending on the specific circumstances of the case and the state of criminal procedure legislation; do not contain norms on such areas of international cooperation in the investigation of transnational economic crimes as cooperation in the investigation of economic crimes committed with the use of modern computer technology, the use of video communications in proceedings, legal regulation of international search, arrest and confiscation assets obtained by criminal means, as well as proceeds from criminal activity (these areas are only mentioned in some bilateral agreements, without sufficient procedural details). Key words: legal regulation, international cooperation, economic crimes, transnational character, international conventions, bilateral agreements.

Compatibility in the Law of Treaties and Stability in International Law

Abstract Questions concerning ‘compatibility’ in the law of treaties have been at the heart of international disputes in recent years. The answers to these questions can have potentially significant repercussions for several areas of international co-operation. A fundamental premise of international law operates in the background to courts’ and tribunals’ approach to questions regarding compatibility in the law of treaties: the idea that, where possible, existing treaty relations should remain in place. That objective of maintaining stable treaty relations, while infrequently articulated, is central to the legal and political relations among states. This article explores the ways in which the concept of compatibility in the law of treaties is informed by that objective.

Особенности пространственного развития территорий (на примере субъектов РФ в составе Дальневосточного федерального округа)

The purpose of the article is to study the key factors and conditions affecting the state and spatial development of territories (based on the materials on social and economic situation of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation in the Far Eastern macroregion). The research methodology is based on the theoretical provisions of regional economic science, dialectical and systemic approaches, economic and statistical, specifically comparative, comparative and content analysis, the use of methods of logical comparison and expert assessments. The features of spatial development, which are typical for the regional level and affect not only the state and prospects of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and federal districts, but also the entire national economy of Russia, are analyzed. The Far Eastern Federal District is a dynamically developing macroregion with a potential for economic development, which was chosen as the object of research. Based on specific material, the reasons for the differences in the social and economic situation of its constituent regions are revealed, their key macroeconomic indicators are analyzed. The starting point for the analysis is the assumption that the transformational changes in the national economic system of Russia caused by the consequences of the global pandemic crisis naturally affect the functioning of industries and territories in a spatial aspect. The expediency of application of a systematic approach to the analysis of all components of the economic subsystem of the Far Eastern Federal District is substantiated. The factors affecting the territorial and sectoral structure of the economy of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation within the Far Eastern Federal District were identified. This made it possible to present the drivers of economic growth and make suggestions in the optimization of the relationship of all economic entities within the administrative and territorial entities that have distinctive characteristics and essential features. Recommendations for the improvement of the economic and financial condition of the Far Eastern regions, achievement of a balance of subnational budgets were formulated. Productive vectors for further research can be quantitative and qualitative assessment of factors affecting the rates of economic growth, volume and structure of the GRP of these constituent entities of the Russian Federation, substantive analysis of possible areas of international cooperation in the Eurasian space.

Promising areas of international cooperation in regulatory and supervision in financial markets

The article examines the problematic issues of state regulation and oversight in the Russian financial market. The dual nature of the Bank of Russia as a Public Federal Institute is considered. From the point of view of the authorities provided for the Bank of Russia to regulate and oversight in financial markets, the thesis of its unconditional qualifications as a state executive body is substantiated. In the context of the functional tasks of the Bank of Russia, the fundamental deficiencies in the organization, regulation and in the immediate implementation of prudential and behavioral supervision are identified and investigated. The regulatory and operational factors of the negative and unacceptable approach of the authorized body are disclosed to the implementation of supervisory powers in the financial market, predetermining the ineffectiveness of the entire state system to ensure and protect the rights and interests of investors in the domestic financial market. The article presents the results of systematization and analysis of data, the formation and operating of which carry out supervisory and law enforcement agencies, the overview of which characterizes the level of law enforcement, legality and financial discipline in the domestic financial market. The aspects of the illegal activities of economic entities in the financial market are considered and analyzed, in the perspective of these specific problems of market functioning and investing on it, the solution of which can be implemented in the framework of the interstate interaction of the competent federal authorities, in order to ensure legal order and financial discipline during implementation financial services. The promising areas of that international cooperation of state regulatory and supervisory authorities authorized in the field of national financial markets are identified, within which concrete recommendations have been developed.

ДОСТИЖЕНИЕ СОЦИАЛЬНЫХ ЦЕЛЕЙ УСТОЙЧИВОГО РАЗВИТИЯ В УЗБЕКИСТАНЕ: «НИКТО НЕ ДОЛЖЕН ОСТАТЬСЯ БЕЗ ВНИМАНИЯ»

The article is devoted to the review and analysis of measures taken in Uzbekistan in order to achieve the social goals of sustainable development (SDGs). The author notes that all measures are taken taking into account the main motto of the SDGs -“No one should be left behind”, which reflects the main trend in the development of international human rights standards, namely, ensuring special protection of the rights of vulnerable groups of the population. The article notes that the achievement of the SDGs is not only the most important task within the country, but also a priority area of international cooperation in Uzbekistan

Les anglicismes français relatifs au cinéma : entre la terminologie, les recommendations officielles et l’usage

The complex terminology of cinematography, where French and foreign terms meet and compete, reflects the nature of this domain, which is the area of international cooperation, of the exchange of thoughts and expression. In order to avoid the compulsory usage of foreign nomenclature, the creation and distribution of French equivalents have become the assignment of institutions such as the Commission d’enrichissement de la langue française and l’Académie française. Despite the development of indigenous terminology in the field of cinema, which is strongly associated with the international film industry, especially the American one, the circulation of Anglicisms remains significant. The objective of this article is to study English terms in the aforementioned domain. Therefore, firstly, the official recommendations of the Commission d’enrichissement de la langue française and l’Académie française for the employment of French terms in the field of cinema are presented. The second part constitute the analysis of the presence of English terms from the corpus, such as casting, flashback, steadicam, trailer, in contemporary French dictionaries, in relation to the official recommendations of the aforementioned institutions. Finally, we focus on the presence of Anglicisms and their French equivalents in French journalistic discourse on the example of the common press, in order to study the circulation of loans words and to examine whether they are actually substituted by notions of French terminology.

Thirty Years’ History of International Scientific Conferences in the National Library of Ukraine named after V. I. Vernadsky

Since the great historical event - the proclamation of the Act of Independence of Ukraine, the country has been expanding international cooperation in librarianship. The main areas of international cooperation, which is a priority in research institutions in the library business, are: conducting joint research; organization of international conferences, symposia, congresses and other events. Scientific conferences are one of the forms of dissemination of new information. In the modern information space, scientific institutions play an essential role in developing science, education and culture. Therefore, when evaluating a scientific institution, the number of international scientific and practical seminars, conferences, other events organized by the scientific institution, and materials (including collections of abstracts) of conferences are considered. Among the research institutions of Ukraine, which study the problems of library science, bibliography, bibliology, source studies, document science, archival science, biography, codicology and discography, history of book culture, computer science, social communications, the leading position is held by the most extensive library of Ukraine – the National Library of Ukraine, named after V. I. Vernadsky. Furthermore, the article analyzes the specifics of the organization of scientific conferences in a scientific institution, studies the directions and thematic content of such events, forms of conduct, their frequency during 1991-2021.

ВІДЕОКОНФЕРЕНЦІЯ ЯК ПРОЦЕСУАЛЬНА ФОРМА ВИКОРИСТАННЯ ІНФОРМАЦІЙНИХ ТЕХНОЛОГІЙ У КРИМІНАЛЬНОМУ ПРОВАДЖЕННІ УКРАЇНИ

The article deals with specific controversial issues concerning features of using videoconferencing in criminal proceedings in general as well as at its specific stages; also own conclusions and propositions are justified which are aimed at further development of criminal procedural legislation of Ukraine with the regard to the questions raised. The essence, meaning, advantages, current state, and perspectives of using videoconferencing in criminal proceedings of Ukraine and the area of international cooperation among the states in criminal justice are examined. The state of legal regulation of using videoconferencing in criminal proceedings is analyzed. Code of Criminal Procedure of Ukraine provides for using videoconferencing both in criminal proceedings of Ukraine and criminal proceedings with a foreign element. Based on the analysis of grounds and procedure of video-conferencing features of its usage both in criminal proceedings of Ukraine and in the area of international cooperation among the states in criminal justice are identified. Videoconferencing can be used based on the decision of an investigator, prosecutor, investigative judge, or court in each case taking into account circumstances of criminal proceedings and subject to grounds provided for by the Code of Criminal Procedure of Ukraine. Before the start of investigative (search) action or court session using video-conferencing one shall ensure that nothing prevents a person from giving testimony, making motions, providing evidence, etc. This fact is essential for the admissibility of evidence used in criminal proceedings obtained using videoconferencing. Conducting requested procedural actions by video-conferencing ensure that an accused person, a victim, and other participants have an opportunity to express themselves on the raised issues, make arguments aimed to rebut the conclusions of the opposing party, provide evidence and make motions during pre-trial investigation or trial. Specificities of conducting a questioning using videoconferencing in the area of international cooperation as well as advantages of obtaining testimony from individuals put into custody or serving a sentence in a foreign state using videoconferencing compared to traditional means are formulated. The issue of interrelation between videoconferencing and principles of criminal proceedings is examined and it is showed that using videoconferencing is fully consistent with principles of criminal proceedings. Videoconferencing is one of the procedural forms of using information technologies in criminal proceedings and is used to conduct an action, participants of which are geographically separated one from another and thus communication among them are conducted using the communication technologies that support real-time image and voice transmission.

International community in search of legal answers to the digitalisation challenges

The purpose of the study is to analyse the regulatory potential of international law taking into account its main focus for the regulation of new relations associated with digitalisation processes. The research methodology consisted of formal-legal, formal-logical, interpretation of law as well as general-scientific methods. The research resulted in the solution of problems involving the determination of the key areas of international cooperation in respect of those issues in which the need for international legal regulation has already most clearly manifested so far. The authors attributed to them the international cooperation under the auspices of international organisations, primarily the United Nations, monitoring compliance with international law and preventing its possible violations, solving global problems such as climate change, sustainable development, migration, terrorism and armed conflicts. The novelty of the research lies in the very formulation of the problem as well as the conclusion that international legal regulation in the field of digitalisation should be based on international consensus. At the same time, it is possible to reach such a consensus both within the framework of existing international organisations, which can be adapted to address new issues due to their universality, and through the development of new international agreements.

Current problems of the institute of extradition in modern criminal proceedings Russian Federation

The Institute of extradition is one of the most important areas of international cooperation in the fight against crime, since this tool ensures the achievement of the fundamental principles of the criminal process, which include: the restoration of the rights of the victim violated by the crime, the application of fair punishment to the criminal, despite the differences in the legal regulation of this issue in the jurisdiction of different States. However, should the legal regulation currently, this institution does not have, and therefore the activities of law enforcement agencies in this part cause certain difficulties.The article analyzes some features of the legal regulation of the institution of extradition in the criminal process of the Russian Federation, identifies current problems of theory and practice of application. In addition, the author suggests ways to solve the problems of legal regulation of this institution. Attention is focused on the need to make changes not only to the legislative framework, but also to modernize the extradition mechanism itself. In addition, the current issues that arise in the course of the extradition procedure, both at the request of the Russian Federation and foreign States, are considered. 

International Cooperation among Tertiary Educational Institutions: Trends and Prospects

Within the conditions of rapid development of internationalization processes, the scale of international cooperation between tertiary educational institutions is growing at a quick rate. Currently, the practice of international cooperation between tertiary educational institutions is the most commonly encountered in the form of: international exchange of apllicants of tertiary education (students), teachers (educators), scientists; holding conferences, round tables, symposiums; exchange of information and data on improving the efficiency of the educational process. Therefore, the list of the above mentioned types of international cooperation between tertiary educational institutions is not exhaustive and is constantly updated. Based on the foregoing, the aim of the scientific article is to study the theoretical and practical aspects of international cooperation among tertiary educational institutions in the framework of determining current trends and future prospects for the development of such relations. Methods of analysis, synthesis, observation, description and comparison have been used to disclosure the theoretical and practical aspects of international cooperation among tertiary educational institutions in the framework of determining current trends and future prospects for the development of such relations. The scientific article has discussed and analyzed the dynamics of the students’ mobility from abroad, enrolled in tertiary education, as well as the level of students’ mobility in areas of the corresponding level of higher education in such countries, as: Germany, the Czech Republic and Sweden. The peculiarities of the functioning of the following international networks and university wide projects and platforms have been determined, namely: ACCESS, CALIE, European University Association, Eutopia, Inspireurope, International Association of Universities, MIRAI, Nordic Association of University Administrators, Nordic Centre India, Nordic Centre Fudan University, Nordic Institute of Asian Studies, SGroup European Universities’ Network, SANORD, Scholars at risk, SASUF, which have been formed as a result of international cooperation among tertiary educational institutions. According to the data of the European University Association, it has been established that tertiary educational institutions of Ukraine also take an active part in the system of international cooperation. For instance, 26 tertiary educational institutions of Ukraine act as Individual Full Members and Individual Associate Members of the European University Association. It has been established that the basic areas of international cooperation among tertiary educational institutions include: the development of international mobility in the framework of the exchange not only of students, but also of educators, researchers, and administrative staff; joint teaching and investigation activities; research cooperation.

LEGAL REGULATION OF INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION WITH FOREIGN COUNTRIES IN THE FIELD OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND SPORTS

The article studies the national and international legal framework for regulating relations in thefield of physical culture and sports. It has been established that studying and taking into account positiveforeign experience in effectively regulating relations arising in the field of physical culture and sports, forimproving the norms of national sports law, including for codifying the sports legislation of Russia, is oneof the important reasons for the development of international cooperation of the Russian Federation withforeign countries. Another important reason is the need to harmonize and unify the national legislation ofRussia in the field of physical culture and sports with international law. The development of international cooperation between Russia and foreign countries and international organizations in the direction ofensuring national security is especially relevant in the context of exerting pressure on Russian athletes in thepast decade at sports competitions and events of various levels. It is concluded that Russia needs to developall areas of international cooperation, since physical culture and sport at the national and internationallevels is an important tool for ensuring the sustainable socio-economic development of countries, a tool forpersonal development of a person, a tool for intercultural, partnership and friendly development of interstatecommunication and serves as a powerful incentive to increase the competitiveness of each country in thecontext of globalization.

The principles of criminal law in the aspect of protection of constitutional rights of citizens

Description. The purpose of the article is to identify the subject of crimes related to the violation of confidentiality of telephone conversations transmitted by means of communication or through a computer, to qualify the criminal activity properly and to distinguish them from other crimes and misdemeanors. The purpose of the article also covers the issues of the principles of criminal law, which can solve the problems of formulating certain rules of the law on criminal liability, designed to protect the constitutional rights and freedoms of an individual. Methodology. In the course of the study general and special methods of the legal science were used: comparative and legal method; formal and dogmatic method; dialectical method; statistical method. The results of the study made it possible to identify the areas for improving the principles of criminal law for breach of confidentiality of correspondence, telephone, telegraph or other kinds of correspondence transmitted by means of communication or through the computer, and the areas of international cooperation in this area. Practical implications. According to the results of the research, some proposals were made for a more precise formulation of the characteristics of the object as well as the elements of the objective element of the crime under consideration. Value / originality. Based on the authors’ approach to identifying the subject matter of a crime, which involves liability for violation of confidentiality of correspondence, telephone conversations, telegraph or other correspondence transmitted by means of communication or through a computer, it was determined what features of the subject matter of the crime in question should be recorded in laws and what principles of criminal law can solve the task set by the study.

DIRECTIONS OF INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION IN THE FIELD OF TRAINING OF POLICE STAFF

The scientific article examines the issues of areas of international cooperation in the field of police training. Emphasis is placed on the best practices of Western Europe, the United States and Canada. At first it was emphasized that in modern conditions there is a rapid development of international relations on the principles of integration and mutual enrichment, and not on the terms of rigid differentiation. It is determined that the interaction is especially evident in the field of international cooperation of European law enforcement agencies. The author found that international police cooperation is carried out in several main areas: 1) assistance in training for foreign law enforcement agencies; 2) joint research of problems of struggle against offenses; 3) exchange of experience in the field of police training; 4) provision of logistical and advisory assistance. Emphasis is placed on the fact that an important factor is the recognition by the international community among other areas and the need for cooperation in the field of personnel training. The author formulates the main directions of international cooperation in the field of police training, in particular: integration into international bodies and organizations in the field of police training; integration into international police educational institutions; integration into the education system of leading foreign educational institutions, study of experience, analysis of the work of structural units, study of the scale of social activity, the field of scientific research, etc .; creating conditions for the development of police education in a particular country with the help of international partners and the experience of foreign countries; provision-receipt on a mutual, and more often on a unilateral basis to foreign colleagues of means of equipment, communication, equipment for use in police training. Finally, it is noted that the most intensive and effective police cooperation is carried out by the police of highly developed countries with similar economic, political and social conditions, similar legal attitudes and principles of law enforcement.

СОЦИАЛЬНО-ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКИЕ ПРОБЛЕМЫ АРКТИЧЕСКОЙ ЗОНЫ РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ

The authors of this article briefly note the relevance of this topic; give the composition of the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation; consider the features of the development and functioning of this zone; briefly analyze the rich and diverse natural resource potential of the Arctic zone of Russia with the identification of natural and anthropogenic trends in the state of the zone and areas of international cooperation in the Russian Arctic with the identification of environmental threats. The authors in a concise form consider some features of the spatial development of the economy of this Arctic zone, as well as the formation and development of the Northern Sea Route, highlight the most important problems in the western, central and eastern parts of the zone. In conclusion, the authors draw brief conclusions from the entire set of problems they have considered.